Measurements of the viscosity and density of diethyl carbonate are reported at temperatures from 263 K to 363 K and at pressures up to 20 MPa.The measurements were performed simultaneously by using a vibrating-wire instrument operating in the forced mode of oscillation.The overall uncertainties of these results were ±2.0% in viscosity and ±0.2% in density.The measurements were correlated with the Tait-type equation for density and the Hard-sphere scheme for viscosity.The average absolute deviation and the maximum absolute deviation of the viscosity measurements from the correlation for diethyl carbonate were 0.54% and 1.98%, respectively.With regard to density, the average absolute deviation and the maximum absolute deviation of the present results from the correlation were 0.042% and 0.12%, respectively.Comparisons of the experimental data and measurements from literatures with the values calculated by the correlations at different temperatures and pressures were presented.

Hexane-HMDS（hexamethyl disilazane）, MM(hexamethyl disiloxane)-HMDS and hexane-MM binary systems isobaric（101.30 kPa）vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) data were measured with a modified Rose still.The saturated vapor pressures of HMDS and hexane at experimental temperatures were measured with the static method, and the Antoine parameters of HMDS were regressed.The experimental data were tested with the area test method and the VLE data were shown to meet thermodynamic consistency.Margules, van Laar, Wilson and NRTL models were used to correlate the experimental data.The results showed that the system of hexane-MM had higher average relative deviations, and the calculated data from four models agreed well with the experimental data of hexane-HMDS and MM-HMDS systems.

Experiments were carried out to investigate the flow and heat transfer characteristics of water/ethanol mixtures through five kinds of silicon microchannels with different geometrical parameters.The experimental correlations of flow friction and heat transfer were obtained.The effect of the geometrical parameters on the flow and heat transfer characteristics in silicon microchannels was remarkable.The friction factors of water/ethanol mixtures were the same as those of pure water, but the Nusselt numbers were different.It was also found that the entrance effect was notable for both flow and heat transfer in microchannels.

An experimental study was carried out to investigate the thermal performance of a capillary pumped loop（CPL）using water-Cu nanofluid as the working fluid.The study was focused on the influence of the Cu nanoparticle mass fraction and the operation pressure on the heat transfer coefficients of the evaporator，the maximal heat flux and the total thermal resistance.The experimental results indicated that the thermal performance of the CPL was improved by addition of Cu nanoparticles.There existed an optimum nanoparticle mass fraction about 1.0%.The influence of operation pressure on both the evaporating heat transfer coefficient and the maximal heat flux was remarkable.The heat transfer coefficient and maximal heat flux increased with increasing operation pressure.Compared with water，the evaporating heat transfer coefficient and maximal heat flux for nanofluid could increase by 40% and 18%，respectively when the nanoparticle mass fraction was 1.0% and the operation pressure was 15.74 kPa.

A heat transfer model of the simple loop pulsating heat pipe（PHP）was established to analyze the key influence factors for the thermal resistance and heat transfer rate of PHP.The results indicated that the thermal resistance of PHP included cooling thermal resistance and cycling thermal resistance.The velocity of cooling flow, cooling area, and the ratio of cooling area to heating area were the major factors affecting the cooling resistance, while the temperature of heat source and the charging ratio were the main factors affecting the cycling thermal resistance.The cooling temperature had less influence on thermal resistance.Heat transfer rate could be enhanced by the increase of cooling area, the ratio of cooling area to heating area, velocity of cooling flow, temperature of heat source, charging ratio, and reduction of cooling temperature.Enhancing the first three factors was the best way to increase heat transfer rate.The charging ratio varied from 10% to 80%, when the loop pulsating heat pipe was in the steady working condition, and the heat transfer rate increased a little as the charging ratio increased.

Activated carbon monolith is widely used as adsorbent to enhance the storage capacity of natural gas, which greatly inspires the investigation on adsorption dynamics of methane on this type of adsorbents.The differential pressure permeation method was used to measure the surface diffusion coefficient.The impacts of Knudsen diffusion, viscous flow and surface diffusion on total diffusion were investigated by using the Maxwell-Stefan model, and the dependence of these impacts on temperature and pressure was also discussed.An empirical correlation was proposed to calculate the surface diffusion coefficient.In the ranges of experiment temperature and pressure, the adsorption dynamic process was dominated by surface diffusion, while Knudsen diffusion was also important at a low pressures.As the pressure increased, the surface diffusion coefficient approached a constant value, however viscous flow kept continuously rising and contributing an important part to the total flux.

Mass transfer of atomization from a pressure-swirl nozzle was studied.Absorption rate was investigated in CO₂-H₂O， C₂H₂-H₂O，O₂-H₂O，CO₂-paraffin systems.The results showed that higher atomization pressure resulted in higher absorption rate, but the final concentration of liquid was almost independent of atomization pressure.By analyzing the force on a single droplet, the function of droplet velocity with time was obtained, and calculation results showed that the droplet velocity had a quick decent, and dropped to its terminal velocity in 0.6 s.A mass transfer model was built on the basis of the penetration model.The modeling value was in good agreement with the experimental value, with a relative error less than 20%.

The energy dissipation in the flow region in front of the orifice is one of the important components which contribute to total energy loss in orifice discharge.The concept of the contributing flow region in front of the orifice is proposed in this paper, which may help to explain the flow mechanism for orifice discharge.The range and main affecting factors of the contributing flow region in front of the vertical sharp-edged orifice were investigated experimentally by using the suspended tracer particles method.The orifice flow was simulated with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software Fluent 6.2.The calculated ranges of the contributing flow region in front of the orifice were basically in agreement with the experimental data.Moreover, the simulated orifice discharge coefficients were compared with the initial experimental data, which verified the reliability of simulation for their consistency.Correspondingly, velocity distribution, pressure distribution, flow pattern, and the range of the contributing flow region in front of the orifice were discussed under different operating conditions and orifice configurations.The characteristics of the energy dissipation in front of the orifice was compared between “small orifice” and “large orifice”.

At present，the liquid film model is widely used for predicting critical heat flux in gas-liquid annular flow.The model consists of the following parameters：onset of annular flow，entrainment fraction at the onset point and the equilibrium state，inception criteria for droplet entrainment，droplets deposition and entrainment rates，which all have predominant effects on the prediction accuracy.Most parameters in this model can be determined by some empirical correlations，which are valid in specific conditions.However，up to now，the entrainment fraction at the onset of annular flow has been always assumed.In this paper，based on the experimental data with steam-water as working fluid and obtained from the pressure range of 0.18—0.27 MPa，a new correlation was proposed for the entrainment fraction at the onset of annular flow，which could make the errors between calculations and experiments within 20%.

Plate falling film absorber with film-inverting configuration is a new type absorber that combines plate falling film absorption with film-inverting technique.An experiment set-up was built and a series of experiments were carried out to study the effects of different conditions, such as absorption pressure, solution flow rate, solution inlet concentration and temperature, and cooling water,etc.,on the absorption process.The performance of the heat and mass transfer for the film-inverting configuration was investigated.Such data can serve as the basis for the design and application of this type of absorber.

Based on the preparation of the uniform and stable Al₂O₃ nanofluid，two experimental schemes were developed，which validated that the ammonia bubble absorption effect was enhanced by adding Al₂O₃ nano-particles into the absorption solution.Two main factors which possibly induce the enhancing absorption effect were found：one was the stability of the nanofluid，the other was the pressure difference between the inlet of the absorber and the gas phase surface in the absorber.In the conditions of sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate（SDBS）additive，the Al₂O₃ nanofluid having good stability and enhancing absorption effect could be obtained，although the experimental results showed that the absorption effect of ammonia was restrained by only adding SDBS additive into the absorption solution.Under the bigger pressure difference the Al₂O₃ nanofluid could represent the enhancing absorption effect at the beginning stage of absorption.With the concentration of ammonia solution increasing，the absorption potential declined，but the enhancing influence induced by the nanofluid was more obvious compared with that with no nanofluid.The possible mechanism of the experimental phenomena was explained.This paper provides a reference for subsequent research on the heat and mass transfer for nanofluid and the thermochemical compressor of the minitype ammonia absorption refrigerator.

Thermal conductivity measurement accuracy of sands was experimentally studied with a hot disk thermal constant analyzer and water morphologies，distribution and evolution at pore scale were observed with charge coupled device（CCD）combined with microscope.It was found that thermal conductivities of samples with a low moisture content（<25%）could not be accurately measured.For samples with a low moisture content，the analysis showed that the water in the region adjacent to the analyser sensor mainly existed as isolated liquid bridges between/among sand particles and would evaporate and diffuse to relatively far regions because of being heated by the sensor during measurement.Water evaporation and diffusion caused the sample composition in the region adjacent to the sensor vary throughout the whole measurement process，and accordingly low accuracy of the obtained thermal conductivities.Due to high water connectivity in pores，the rate of water evaporation and diffusion in porous media of high moisture content was relatively slow compared with that in porous media of low moisture content.Meanwhile，water in the relatively far region flowed back to the region adjacent to the sensor by capillary force.Therefore，sample composition of the region adjacent to the sensor maintained constant and thermal conductivities of porous media with a relatively high moisture content could be measured with high accuracy.

Gasification in a combination of dual fluidized bed and high-density transport bed is becoming attractive for coal and biomass conversions.In order to achieve high conversion efficiency both technologies require a pneumatic riser（i.e.，transport bed）with high particle flux as well as high bed density.The present paper investigated how to build and control high solids flux and its accompanying bed density in a newly configured flow cycle based on circulating fluidized bed（CFB）.Coupling a moving bed to the bottom section of the CFB riser was proposed to increase the driving pressure for the riser and in turn to increase the particle holdup inside the riser bottom and also to increase the solids circulation rate in the entire cycle.Experiments in a 90 mm i.d.bed constructed according to the idea showed that solids circulation rate and particle holdup in the riser were highly dependent on the running status of the moving bed.Solids circulation rate higher than 400 kg&#8226;m^-2&#8226;s^-1 was realized at superficial gas（air）velocity of about 9.6 m&#8226;s^-1，and this circulation rate was accompanied with an evidently-dense flow in the riser bottom.The corresponding mass ratio of solids flux to gas flux was close to 40，a value much higher than that in usual CFBs.The paper investigated also the influences of secondary air flow and solids inventory on solids circulation rate and the dense flow region present in the transport bed bottom.

Slug flow was a flow of long bubbles and liquid slugs alternating in space and time，and under flowing conditions，it is intermittent and unstable.The fluctuation characteristics of liquid holdup，pressure and differential pressure of slug flow were investigated in a 40 m long，50 mm I.D.horizontal pipeline.By statistical analysis，it was found that the probability density distribution of the liquid holdup was bimodal distribution.The high liquid holdup peak was in correspondence with liquid holdup of the slug body and the low liquid holdup peak with liquid holdup of the film.The liquid holdup which was in correspondence with the respective peaks of probability density function was consistent with the mean liquid holdup of smooth stratified film and liquid slug.Moreover，the distribution of pressure was unimodal distribution or bimodal distribution，depending on the number of slug units，and the differential pressure distribution was unimodal distribution.These characteristics provide dependable slug identities for flow pattern identification.

The rheological properties of moderately concentrated suspensions were studied experimentally.This work was focused on the systems consisting of rigid，neutrally buoyant spheres suspended in a Newtonian fluid undergoing laminar tube flow.The frictional pressure drop was measured as a function of non-Newtonian power-law constants.The particle holdups of the suspensions were from 20% to 50%，and the flow rates ranged from 0.031 m&#8226;s^-1 to 0.22 m&#8226;s^-1 to ensure the laminar flow condition.The effects of solid concentration and flow rate on the rheological properties of the suspension were examined.With the increase of particle concentration and flow rate，a substantial increase in pressure drop of the suspension was observed.The particle size seemed to have little influence on the rheological behavior of neutrally buoyant suspensions.The rheological behavior of suspensions at a high solid concentration is correlated by a power-law fluid model.

The effect of competitive adsorption on catalytic cracking reaction of Dagang coking gas oil over commercial equilibrium catalysts LBO-16 was investigated in a confined fluidized bed reactor, and the competitive adsorption behavior of the characteristic ingredients was analyzed .The experimental results showed that competitive adsorption had strong effect on catalytic cracking conversion, but with the increase of mass ratio of catalyst to oil, the effect of competitive adsorption on catalytic cracking can be eliminated.Nitrogen compounds and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the feedstock had strong competitive adsorption effect that interfered catalytic cracking reaction of hydrocarbons and was an important cause of fast coke formation.With weakening of competitive adsorption behavior, the rate of dehydro-condensation reaction decreased , and hydrogen transfer reaction was obviously strengthened.

Mesoporous MCM-type catalysts with amine were synthesized by co-condensation of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) using n-dodecylamine as template under neutral condition, and then characterized by XRD, N₂ adsorption-desorption, IR and TGA.The results indicated that the incorporation of aminopropyl was successful, but the excess aminopropyl might destroy the mesoporous structure of the catalysts, which resulted in the decreases of specific surface area and pore volume.The influences of aminopropyl content and catalyst dosage on the cracking reaction were investigated.Under optimal condition, the yield of methylchloromonosilanes and conversion of high-boiling residues reached 63.3% and 76.6% respectively.

The copolymer (N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylic acid, NIPAAm-co-AA) was synthesized by the microwave irradiation method and its volumetric shrinking kinetics in Cu²⁺ aqueous solution was investigated in this paper.The volumetric shrinking kinetic constants and the activation energies for these copolymer hydrogels were estimated from their kinetic data.Furthermore, a mathematic model was established to describe the relationship between Cu²⁺ concentration and volumetric shrinking kinetic rate constant of copolymer hydrogels.The results indicated that the volumetric shrinking kinetics of these copolymer hydrogels was found to follow the pseudo-first-ordered kinetics.Moreover, their volumetric shrinking kinetic rate increased with increasing Cu²⁺ concentration in solution.Their response activation energies in the range of 36－42 kJ&#8226;mol^-1 decreased with increasing Cu²⁺ concentration at a temperature between 40—60℃.The regeneration experiment showed that the copolymer hydrogels could shrink/swell in response to temperature-swing in Cu²⁺ solution sensitively after shrinking (at 50.0℃)/swelling (at 6.0℃) for three times continuously.The tiny change of their shrinking/swelling ratio in the regeneration experiment showed a good repetition of hydrogel in response to temperature.

Chemical-looping combustion（CLC）with CaSO₄ as oxygen carrier is a novel combustion technology with inherent CO₂ separation.Based on the isothermal test with thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrum, the reduction of CaSO₄ with CO in a CLC process was discussed in this paper.The experiments showed that reaction temperature had a notable effect on both the reaction course and reaction rate of CaSO₄ reduction in the 10% CO atmosphere.When the temperature was below 900℃, there only existed a single reaction, CaSO₄ would only be converted into CaS, with CO₂ as the gas product.However, when the temperature was above 950 ℃, multiple reactions of parallel reactions and consecutive reactions would take place with the products of CaS and CaO.And the gaseous products would be CO₂ as well as SO₂ and COS, with the gaseous sulfide mainly in the form of COS.Moreover, with increasing temperature, the rate of the reaction of CaSO₄ and CO would apparently increase, but the mole fraction of CaS product in the solid residue tended to decrease.It indicated that the fuel reaction temperature should be below 950℃.

The fermentation process of butanedioic acid by Actinobacillus succinogenes NJ113 with glucose as substrate was studied in batch system.Kinetic models were proposed based on the Levenspiel and Luedeking-Piret equations of cell growth, product formation and substrate consumption.With the correlated model parameters, the model could provide reasonable description for the fermentation process at various glucose concentrations.From the kinetic analysis, the microbial growth of Actinobacillus succinogenes NJ113 gradually slowed down with increasing amount of organic acids, and the growth completely ceased when the amount of organic acids exceeded 23.435 g&#8226;L-¹ .Above this critical value, the concentration of biomass declined linearly with the rate of 0.024 h^-1 and the productivity of metabolite also decreased as the fermentation proceeded.The models proposed could be used for the development and optimization of butanedioic acid production processes.

Spherical activated carbons supported with elemental Ag, Cu, and Ni were synthesized by cation exchange of type 122 phenolic cation exchange resin followed by carbonization and activation.The pore structure and the metal loading state of the activated carbons were characterized with N₂ adsorption, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscope (SEM), respectively.Characterization results showed that metals in the activated carbons existed in elemental form, and the specific surface area and pore volume of the activated carbons decreased slightly compared with unsupported activated carbon.The desulfurization performance of the activated carbons was evaluated by adsorptive removal of thiophene from thiophene-cyclohexane binary solution with breakthrough sulfur capacity as the criterion for evaluation.The adsorption mechanism of thiophene on these activated carbons was discussed.The adsorption experimental results showed that the breakthrough sulfur capacity of Ag, Cu, and Ni loaded spherical activated carbons were 3.66，4.43 and 5.07 mg&#8226;g^-1, respectively, in contrast with 1.46 mg&#8226;g^-1 for unsupported carbon.

Updating the monitoring model timely to address the time-variant characteristics has vital significance in detecting abnormalities of chemical process and equipment breakdown exactly.The conventional ICA-based methods used to update the model have a high computational load and low efficiency.RUFS-ICA algorithm was proposed to model and monitor a fed-batch penicillin fermentation process on line.Compared with conventional ICA methods, the proposed method reduced the false alarm rate to 1.67% and basically overcame alarm failures.Compared with other methods, the algorithm could greatly decrease the computation time by about 54.1%, and saved the memory.

The online fault diagnosis for batch processes has received increasing attention.The most popular method is multivariate statistical methods (MSM), such as multiway principal component analysis (MPCA) and multiway partial least square (MPLS).Abnormal events can be detected by calculating the T² and SPE values of the sensor data without the need to build first principal based mechanism models while fault diagnosis is realized by employing contribution plot.In industrial applications to batch processes, especially to multiphase batch processes，however, contribution plot analysis is not always accurate and reliable, and the rate of wrong diagnosis is unfavorably high.To solve the aforementioned problem, a novel fault diagnosis strategy was proposed by combining dynamic locus analysis (DLA) and online dynamic time warping (DTW).The efficiency and accuracy of fault diagnosis were improved.The utility of the new fault diagnosis strategy was demonstrated through the penicillin fermentation case study.

A stabilizing space based multi-objective genetic algorithm (MOGA) was proposed to optimize PID controller parameters for the unstable first order plus time delay (FOPDT) plants.Two-controller structure was first adopted to guarantee that the stabilization spaces of PID controller parameters could be obtained by generalized Hermite-Biehler theorem for unstable FOPDT process.Based on the stabilizing space, a multi-objective genetic algorithm was put forward to solve the constrained multi-objective optimization problem for PID controller parameters tuning.Several numerical examples and simulation of unstable bioreactor were performed to verify the efficiency of the proposed method.

The failure processes of two epoxy coatings exposed in 3.5% NaCl solution and violet light were studied by electrochemical impedance spectrum (EIS) technology.The work was focused on the variations of phase angle at 10 kHz, relative dielectric constant and breakpoint frequency with the decline of coating performance.The results showed that the three parameters from high frequency range of EIS gave similar results and might reflect the variation of coating performance.When the phase angle at 10 kHz decreased to 40°, relative dielectric constant increased to 40, or the breakpoint frequency approached about 10 kHz, the coating resistances of the two epoxy coatings studied decreased to about 10⁶Ω&#8226;cm², and the coating performance was very low.Therefore, the parameters may be used as quick methods to evaluate the protective performance of the coatings.

Experimental observations during freezing of aqueous sodium chloride solutions indicated that ice front development occurred in three periods.The concentration distribution near the interface was analyzed to understand the interfacial regular morphology.Both concentration and temperature profiles near the interfaces were greatly influenced by the disturbance inside or outside the zone，which induced the competition between crystals.The distribution of liquid sub-cooling played a critical role in the competition processes.The investigation of the competition phenomena is helpful to understanding the freezing characteristics of biological tissues.

By using polarization resistance measurement and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), in field corrosion electrochemical detections of Q235 carbon steel and Q235 ultrafine grained steel immersed samples in Zhoushan Marine Corrosion Test Station were performed for 4 years.Dynamic corrosion data during exposure were obtained.Electrochemical detection results reflected not only the corrosion modalities and corrosion rates of the samples, but also the direct influence of marine environmental factors on the corrosion behavior. Seawater temperature was the major factor influencing the corrosion behaviors of carbon steels, and corrosion rates of these samples increased with increasing seawater temperature.The influence of seawater velocity and orientation of flow was less than that of temperature.

Ni-P and its nano-CeO₂ doped coating were electrolessly prepared in acidic condition，and their microstructure and anti-corrosion property were studied and compared.Scanning electronic microscopy（SEM），transmission electronic microscopy（TEM），X-ray diffraction spectrometer（XRD）and differential scanning calorimeter（DSC）were used to examine surface morphology and microstructure of coatings.The results showed that Ni-P coating had partial amorphous structure mixed with nano-crystals，while the Ni-P/CeO₂ coating had perfect amorphous structure.Upon heating，Ni₃P precipitation and Ni crystallization took place in both coatings but at different temperatures of phase change.In addition，the Ni-P/CeO₂ coating had sintered phase of NiCe₂O₄ spinels.The anti-corrosion property and passivity were improved in the CeO₂-doped coating because it was less liable to undergo localized corrosion and had a slower corroding rate than its CeO₂-free counterpart.During the co-deposition process，some Ceⁿ⁺（n=3，4）ions might be adsorbed to the metal/solution electrical double layer and hinder nickel deposition.Ni-P/CeO₂ coating’s perfect amorphous structure was probably due to the hindered crystal-typed deposition of nickel and the promoted deposition of phosphorous.

Solar liquid collector/regenerator combines solar photothermic transformation and liquid regeneration，effectively achieving liquid regeneration for solar energy-driven liquid desiccant cooling systems.In this paper a group of dimensionless heat and mass transfer equations describing the heat and mass transfer processes in the solar liquid C/R can be obtained by defining total temperature difference（ΔT₀）and dimensionless heat loss coefficient and validated by comparing with the related experimental data.Through the analysis of effect of inlet parameters of air and solution on the regeneration performance，it was found that when the air inlet temperature rose by 12℃ and humidity ratio decreased by 12 g&#8226;kg^-1，the increment of outlet concentration of solution increased by above 30% and 70% respectively and when the solution inlet temperature rose by 30℃，the increment of outlet concentration of solution raise increased by above 160%.From the effect of four kinds of variable groups，the increase of number of heat transfer units（NTU），flow rate ratio，total temperature difference ΔT₀ and Lewis factor Le could promote the regeneration of solution.Compared to the parallel-current regeneration，the increment of solution concentration in the counter-current regeneration case could increase by about 10%.

Various axial and radial concentrations of HCN, NH₃, NO and N₂ were measured during the gasification of coal water slurry (CWS) in a laboratory opposed multi-burner gasifier.The results showed that the majority of nitrogen pollutants (HCN, NH₃ and NO) came from the release of volatile nitrogen of coal during the rapid heating process of devolatilization.The maximum concentrations of nitrogen pollutants were produced at the nozzle plane and decreased away from the plane; moreover, the ordering in the aft-region was N₂>HCN>NH₃>NO.Increase of O₂/C ratio tended to favor the formation of N₂.Flow field distribution led to uniform radial concentrations at the exit and low concentrations near the side-wall in other axial positions.A proper amount of water in CWS tended to favor the formation of HCN and NH₃.However, the introduction of excessive steam played a role in restraining the release of volatile nitrogen and reducing the concentrations of HCN, NH₃ and NO.

In a drop tube furnace with the similar combustion conditions of actual furnace, coal char samples with various burn-off rates, were prepared in different environments and analyzed with N₂ adsorption analyzer at a low temperature and scanning electronic microscope (SEM).The results showed that both burning rates and burn-off rates of chars in O₂/CO₂ environment were lower than those in O₂/N₂ environment with equivalent O₂ concentration and same operating conditions.The CO₂ char (derived in O₂/CO₂ environment) showed lower specific surface area and specific pore volume than that of the N₂ char (derived in O₂/N₂ environment).During the combustion processes, pore structure parameters of all samples, such as S_BET and V_BJH decreased with the increase in burn-off rate.The results also indicated that the CO₂ char showed poor pore distribution among a region less than 5 nm but correlated with coal rank.SEM results also indicated the same regularity and agreed well with those determined by the N₂ adsorption method.

SNCR (selective non-catalytic reduction) using urea solution was used in a HG-410/9.8-YW15 boiler, whose combustion system included a pulverized-coal reburning system to control NO_x production.Tests were carried out at the load of 280 t&#8226;h^-1 ,345 t&#8226;h^-1 and 410 t&#8226;h^-1 .The experimental results showed that NO_x emission could be reduced under 200 mg&#8226;m^-3 (standard condition, 6%O₂, dry gas) with the SNCR system running.The increment of NSR (normalized stoichiometric ratio) resulted in an improvement of NO_x reduction efficiency, but the improvement was weak when NSR was greater than 2.5.A greater NSR also resulted in more ammonia slip, especially when NSR was greater than 1.25.N₂O emission reached the maximum as NSR was about 2.0.Ammonia slip increased and the existence time of the urea solution droplets decreased with increasing atomization steam pressure and the track distance of the droplets reached the maximum at an intermediate pressure.There was an optimal atomization steam pressure, which would result in the highest NO_x reduction efficiency of SNCR.And there was another optimal pressure of atomization steam, about 0.3 MPa, which would result in the least N₂O emission.

Tungsten carbide（WC）/carbon nanotube（CNT）nanocomposite was prepared by surface decoration and in situ reduction techniques.The structure，morphology and thermal stability of the sample were characterized by XRD，SEM and TG-DTA methods.The results showed that the sample which was composed of WC uniformly supported on the surface of CNTs exhibited high thermal stability in air.The electrocatalytical activity and electrochemical stability of the WC/CNT nanocomposite for the electroreduction of nitrobenzene were investigated by cyclic voltammetry.The results showed that WC/CNT nanocomposite exhibited better catalytic activity for the electroreduction of nitrobenzene than separate WC nanoparticles and CNTs，and it also had good electrochemical stability during the process of electroreduction of nitrobenzene in acid solution.

By using the layer-by-layer self-assembly technique，the complex membrane was prepared from sodium cellulose sulfate（NaCS）and chitosan，two kinds of polysaccharides with excellent biocompatibility.The process of membrane formation was studied，and the morphology of complex membrane，membrane formation mechanism，and dynamic features of the complex membrane formation were investigated by using scanning electron microscope（SEM），infrared spectroscopy，ultraviolet-visible light absorption respectively.The preparation conditions would affect significantly the formation of complex membrane and the layer-by-layer self-assembly formation was a one-order reaction process under the current preparation conditions.

A novel guar gum-g-poly(acrylic acid) superabsorbent was synthesized by the solution copolymerization between natural guar gum (GG) and acrylic acid (AA) using ammonium persulfate (APS) as an initiator and N, N′-methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) as a crosslinker.The effects of MBA concentration on the swelling kinetics and water absorbency of the superabsorbent were investigated, and the swelling behavior of the superabsorbent in various hydrophilic organic solvent/water mixture solutions, various cationic (NaCl, CaCl₂ and FeCl₃) and anionic (KNO₃, K₂SO₄ and K₃PO₄) saline solutions at different ion strengths were investigated, and the water-retention properties of the superabsorbent at room temperature and high temperature were also determined.The results showed that the superabsorbent was sensitive to hydrophilic organic solvent, and its water absorbency sharply decreased with increasing concentration of hydrophilic organic solvents; the water absorbency of the superabsorbent in various saline solutions decreased with the increase of ion strength.

A specific size of fir flour was treated with 20% NaOH solution，and fir flour/ZrO₂ hybrid material was prepared by the hydrothermal method using ZrOCl₂&#8226;8H₂O as inorganic precursor.Porous ZrO₂ ceramics was obtained after the hybrid material was treated at 800℃ in air.The morphology，micro structure and properties of the alkaline treated fir flour，hybrid material and ZrO₂ ceramics were analyzed by FESEM，FTIR，XRD and TGA.The results showed that cross-porous network structure of the tracheid and pit of fir flour were clear.The hydrogen bonds in cellulose were broken partly and the crystallinity of cellulose decreased，which caused an increase in reaction activity of cellulose.Under the hydrothermal condition，inorganic precursor was infiltrated into the tracheid and pit of fir flour.The hydroxyl groups from the hydrolysis of ZrOCl₂ reacted with the hydroxyl groups of the fir flour and interpenetrating network micro structure of the hybrid material was lastly formed.The decomposition temperature increased from 282℃ for fir flour to 298℃ for the hybrid material.The porous ZrO₂ ceramics had cage-like structure and the diameter of the pore was about 10—20 μm.

Molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) using quercetin as template molecules, methacrylic acid as functional monomers, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as crosslinking agent were prepared, and the binding sites of MIP were selectively modified with diazomethane.The effects of template molecule concentration, solvent and diazomethane usage on modification were discussed.The recognition capability and adsorption rate of MIP can be significantly enhanced by selective modification.Separation factor could be increased from 1.60 to 3.06 after modification when naringenin was chosen as competitive molecules, and the time needed for adsorption equilibrium could be reduced from 100 min to 60 min.Within a certain range, increasing template molecule concentration or diazomethane dosage, or adopting solvent which had weaker hydrogen bond action with template molecules could all improve the modification effect.The change of enthalpy, entropy and free energy of the different binding sites of initial MIP and modified MIP in adsorption process were estimated.From the point of view of thermodynamics, the modification effect and modification mechanism were further analyzed.

Epoxyethylene and epoxypropylene were polymerized by double metal cyanide (DMC) with unsaturated alcohol as initiator.The obtained polyether was sulfonated, and neutralized to prepare a salt-resisting surfactant.The surfactant resisted water salinity in a range of 2000 mg&#8226;L^-1 to 150000 mg&#8226;L-¹.In addition, the surfactant exhibited significant effect on reducing the surface tension of high salinity water from 80.5 mN&#8226;m^-1 to 37.1 mN&#8226;m-¹ at 30℃.Moreover, even when the concentration of calcium or magnesium cations in the water reached 10000 mg&#8226;L^-1, the surfactant solution remained colorless and transparent without deposition and flocculation.The experiment in oil field indicated that the salt-resisting surfactant reduced the viscosity of water-containing heavy oil from 85000 mPa&#8226;s to 14 mPa&#8226;s.After demulsification, the intrinsic viscosity of the dewatered crude oil decreased by half.

Poly（phenylene sulfide）（PPS）/ferrosoferric oxide（Fe₃O₄）composites were prepared via melt mixing.The morphology，mechanical and magnetic properties of PPS/Fe₃O₄ composites were studied.The results indicated that Fe₃O₄ particles were well dispersed in the PPS matrix.In contrast to pure PPS resin，both tensile strength and bending strength of the composites increased significantly，and impact strength was also improved; whereas overloading Fe₃O₄ decreased the mechanical properties.In addition，the magnetization of the composites was only dependent on the Fe₃O₄ loading.Therefore，addition of about 30%（mass) loading level of Fe₃O₄ was appropriate to obtain PPS magnetic composites with both good mechanical properties and high magnetization.

Uncertainties and regularities coexist in the projection and flight process of explosion fragments.The transient explosion of chemical vessels was viewed as polytropic process.Initial projection velocity of fragments was deduced by combining the polytropic process state equations and the work done by explosive gases pressure.Flight distance and flight velocity equations were obtained by solving acceleration equations and determining boundary conditions.Taking these equations as the objective functions, the uncertainty factors were analyzed and viewed as random variables.Impact probability in different distances could be obtained by random sampling of such random variables and accumulating the frequency in a specific flight distance.Then domino effect impact probability model was proposed by studying the secondary influence and multiple influences caused by fragments.The study reveals the mechanism of fragments generation, projection, flight and impact on target.The results lay a foundation for analysis of domino impact risk caused by explosive fragments in chemical industrial complex.

Compared with semi-spherical flammable gas cloud model, cylindrical model could represent cloud explosion accidents more exactly.Experiments of cylindrical gas cloud explosion were performed with 7.75 % of ethyne and 0.26 m³ of gas cloud volume and overpressures at 1.2 m and 1.6 m points from cloud center were recorded.A theoretical model of cloud explosion was established and SIMPLE algorithm was adopted in writing calculated codes.Compared with the test data, the maximum and average relative deviations of calculation results were 18.3% and 5.4% respectively, which showed that the codes met the need to simulate the cloud explosion.This work indicated that the explosion intensity was related to flame spread direction and the explosion field was not spherically symmetric.The maximum explosion overpressure close to the ground was about 3.3 times higher than that along the vertical direction when the ratio of height and radius of the cloud was 0.2.The explosion intensity increased with increasing ratio of height and radius of gas cloud, and the maximum overpressure should increase by 3.1 times when the ratio changed from 0.1 to 1.0.When the ratio decreased, the distance of flame spread increased and the time of inflammation delayed, which led to decreasing energy transfer of gas cloud and falling explosion overpressure.The research results are of some significance to predict the disaster of flammable gas cloud explosion.