The deflagration experiments were carried out in the 2000m³ experimental base to study the increase mechanism of overpressure wave induced by a semispherical porous barrier. In the center of semispherical acetylene-air clouds with a mixture ratio 7.8% was an ignition electrode that met ISO 6184 “Explosion Protection System" and NFP A68 “Guide For Venting of Deflagrations". The built-in semispherical porous barriers were concentric with the clouds. A data-acquisition system, with dynamic responding time less than 1ms recorded the explosion pressure-time diagrams of deflagrations. It was clear from the simultaneous records of the deflagration process that the flame propagated in sphere initially and became bent and folded at barriers. Meanwhile the burning rate increased. The experimental results showed that the deflagration overpressure increased with the increase of barrier radius and the number of barriers. The deflagration overpressure also increased with the reduction of interspaced ratio.

An experimental system of single wave tube was set up. The changes of injection gas and reflected wave intensity were studied systematically under different conditions with a special cold-saving packing placed in the end section of an accepting tube. The influence of weakened wave energy on refrigerating efficiency was investigated.By placing the cold-saving packing in the accepting tube,refrigerating efficiency could be increased by up to 5%. A mathematical model was established to describe the process of the flow in the tube and the heat transfer across tube wall.Numerical simulation was conducted on the process in the accepting tube.The measured values are in good agreement with the simulation results. The results of the study could be used for the restructuring, design and optimization of wave tubes.

A fast fluidized bed riser with 16m height and 0.10m ID was operated with FCC particles and in a wide range of operating conditions.The superficial gas velocity U_g ranged from 3.5m•s^-1 to 8.1m•s^-1, and the solids circulating rate G_s was from 50kg•m^-2•s^-1 to 201kg•m^-2•s^-1.Time series signals of solids holdup fluctuation were measured at a frequency of 900Hz using an optical fiber located at 8 axial and 11 radial positions.The nonlinear method was used to analyze the time series and consequently Kolmogorov entropy was calculated to describe the dynamic characteristics of the gas-solid flow behavior in the annular-core section. The results showed that Kolmogorov entropy could describe the annular-core flow structure. According to three marked characteristics of Kolmogorov entropy in the radial direction, three flow regions were identified：random-particles-controlled core region, chaotic-particles-controlled transitional region, wall-controlled annulus region.The change of Kolmogorov entropy in the radial direction was also interpreted based on the influence of solids on gas turbulence structures.

A fractional gas hold-up performance in mechanically agitated reactor (i.d. range is 0.382m to 1.16m) with mixed hydrofoil impeller 6k5 and Rushton turbine was presented. The effects of geometrical variables,including the ratio of impeller diameter,the distance between impellers,the clearance of lower impeller, gas sparger position, the baffle type,and the operating conditions such as agitator speed, the rate of gas, and the pumping mode of axial impeller 6k5 on fractional gas hold-up were investigated. With the dimensionless and dimensional methods, two correlations were proposed, but their prediction ability was not satisfactory.The correlation based on artificial neural network was established.It was able to predict fractional gas hold-up reasonably well and the relative mean error of generalization by this neural network model was within ±10%, if the parameters were in the trained range. The neural network model could be used for offline prediction and parameter optimization, and could be useful for scale-up because dimensionless parameters were used.

The molecular conformations of thiophene, 3-methylthiophene and 2,5-bimethylthiophene were investigated by using the semi-empirical calculation AM1 method and the static theory. Their adsorption rate on the molecular sieve catalysts surface and the stability of their carbonium ions were then obtained based on the molecular simulation on these molecules from their dipole moment, 2-dimensional electrostatic potential energy contours and 3-dimensional electrostatic potential energy isosurface. Also the curves of total potential energies for the further reactions of the carbonium ions of thiophene, 3-methylthiophene and 2,5-bimethylthiophene were obtained by this way. This could be used as a criterion to determine which cracking desulfurization rate is faster than others among thiophene, 3-methylthiophene and 2,5-bimethylthiophene. The results showed that the fastest one is 2,5-bimethylthiophene,and secondly 3-methylthiophene. This was in good agreement with the experimental data obtained in a fixed bed micro-reactor for catalytic cracking of thiophene, 3-methylthiophene and 2,5-bimethylthiophene.

A one-dimensional mathematical model was presented for the catalytic combustion reactor. The conversions of toluene, carbon monoxide and propylene and the profile of temperature with the height of the catalytic bed were obtained. The effects of waste gas flow rate,inlet concentration and inlet temperature on conversion were simulated. The conversions of toluene, carbon monoxide and propylene decreased with increasing waste gas flow rate. In the mixture, the effect of the inlet concentration of toluene on the conversions of carbon monoxide and propylene is slight, but the inlet concentrations of carbon monoxide and propylene did affect the conversion of toluene. Reciprocal inhibition effects existed in the catalytic combustion of toluene, carbon monoxide and propylene.

Mixing in the rotating packed bed is extensively intensified and therefore is of great potential as a novel reactor for fast reactions such as reactive precipitation to synthesize nanoparticles. However, the mixing mechanism and the effect of mixing on reaction have not been elucidated yet. In this paper, a new model to simulate the turbulent reactive mixing between two non-premixed reactants flow through a single net grid is presented in order to help understand the mechanism and the effect of mixing in the rotating packed bed. The standard k-ε turbulent model is applied and the momentary closure for the covariance in the equations of species transfer which are similar to the methodology presented by Toor is set up. The mixing layer thickness, mean concentration and concentration covariance are simulated under the experimental conditions reported by Saetran et al and it is found that calculational values by the model are in good agreement with the experimental results with average deviation of mean concentration less than 10%.

Principal component analysis (PCA) is a powerful tool in chemical process monitoring and product quality control. The number of principal components (PCs) is the essential parameter of PCA and ultimately determines the performance of this useful statistical method. Traditional selection methods are very subjective due to the monotonically increasing or decreasing indices they adopt. By exploring the minimum detectable fault magnitudes in the PCs space and residual space simultaneously, a new index of optimal critical fault magnitude (OCFM) was introduced and the number of PCs was selected by optimizing a function of the OCFM. The proposed method could incorporate the PCA fault diagnosing performance with the PCs selection procedure effectively, and has the advantages of forecasting PCA detection behavior of a specific fault and estimating the fault magnitude. The acquired results were then illustrated and verified by monitoring a simulated double-effect evaporator.

This paper presents an approach of water utilization networks design by the combination of water pinch analysis and mathematical programming. Water pinch analysis can discover the operational bottlenecks so as to identify the minimum freshwater consumption and determine the elementary rules for water utilization networks design based on the understanding for water using process. Based on the water pinch analysis, a superstructure of water utilization networks can be built which involves only feasible and better retrofit options. Then an improved mixed integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) model for the network superstructure is proposed which considers the freshwater usage, wastewater discharge and reuse of process. The approach overcomes the defect that water pinch synthesis designs the water utilization networks with loop and prevents the case that the superstructure is so large that it is difficult to solve. At last, the problem can be solved with the general algebraic modeling system (GAMS) to acquire the optimal design scheme of water utilization networks. Case study illustrates that the combined method could identify the minimum freshwater consumption and determine the reuse structure concisely and practically by water pinch analysis and reach global optimum of water utilization networks by mathematical programming.

A number of solvents for separation of ethyl acetate-ethanol were examined in a VLE experiment apparatus.The integrated properties of the solvents were investigated and the experimental data were correlated with the modified UNIFAC model. It was found from the results that binary mixed solvents (DMSO+DMF) were superior to single solvent (DMSO or DMF) for separating ethyl acetate-ethanol by extractive distillation.The modified UNIFAC model combined with experiments is a rapid,accurate approach to selecting the solvent for extractive distillation.

On the basis of single-phase flowing model, two-phase liquid/solid flowing theory was introduced to study numerically the flow induced corrosion of carbon steel in 3.5% NaCl+5% sand. It was found that the mechanics parameters of particle-phase including impact angle, impact frequency, impact velocity strongly influenced the hydrodynamic and mass transfer parameters (surface shear stress, mass transfer coefficient), which sharply increased erosion-corrosion rate of carbon steel within the limits of 0—18m•s^-1 flow velocity. The results further showed that the numerical corrosion rates were almost equal to the measured rates. Thus it was verified that under flowing condition the electrochemical corrosion action still played an important role in corrosion synergism of carbon steel. With further increasing flowing velocity, wear rate was still small, but it could not be ignored.

The adsorption equilibrium of bovine serum albumin (BSA) on a porous anion exchanger DEAE-Spherodex M in acetate buffer was studied by batch adsorption experiments. The steric mass action model (SMA) was used to express the adsorption isotherms. By linear chromatography experiments and the nonlinear least square fitting method, the SMA model parameters were determined. It was found that the characteristic charge and the steric factor became constant at pH values much higher than the isoelectric point of BSA, and ionic strength had a significant effect on the equilibrium constant by affecting the intensity of electrostatic interactions between BSA and the surface of the anion exchanger.

Ferrousion, elemental sulfur and their mixtures were investigated as energy substrates affecting the metabolism ofT. ferrooxidans N1. Also the roles of Fe²⁺ and of Fe³⁺ reaction with water in the leaching of sulfide ores were investigated. Based on scanning electron microscopy and theoretical analysis,a new leaching mechanism different from the previously postulated`direct oxidation mechanism’and `indirect oxidation mechanism’ for bacterial leaching was proposed.Sulfur metabolism of T. ferrooxidans N1 was assumed to greatly influence bacterial leaching of sulfide minerals. Experimental results showed that sulfur metabolism of T. ferrooxidans N1 produced H⁺,and developed the necessary acidic condition for the oxidative metabolism of Fe²⁺ in the liquid phase.Reactions among intermediates in the energy metabolism of T. ferrooxidans N1 promoted growth and facilitated sulfide mineral leaching and also altered hydration of ferric iron ions. Therefore the enzymatic intermediates in the metabolism of T. ferrooxidans N1 played a central role in the bacterial leaching process.

Substrate limited fed batch cultures were used to study the growth, metabolism and antibody production of HB 58 hybridoma cells. Glucose or glutamine limitation decreased specific growth rate. In the condition of glucose limitation, lactate formation and Y_Lac/Glc decreased, but Y_cell/Glc increased, which suggested that more glucose took part in TCA cycle. In the condition of glutamine limitation, the formation of ammonia and alanine and Y_Ala/Gln decreased, but Y_cell/Gln and Y_Amm/Gln increased, which indicated that more glutamine was incorporated into dehydrogenation reaction and its effective utilization was achieved.

Polyurethane/vinyl ester resin interpenetrating polymer networks (PU/VER IPN) were synthesized at room temperature by polymerizing ethyl acrylate as VER’s comonomer and simultaneous interpenetrating process. The curing process of the IPN was dynamically traced and semi-quantitatively analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR).The result shows that the network of PU was formed firstly and completely because of different polymerization mechanism of the networks and the influence of viscosity. The results of the compatibility of the networks detected qualitatively by differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), atomic force microscopy (AFM)and transmission electron microscope (TEM)showed that the phase range of dual continuous simultaneous interpenetrating networks obtained was in nanometer scale.A single glass transition temperature (T_g)，appeared for the IPNs with the component ratios of 80/20 and 70/30 and the compatibility between polyurethane and general vinyl ester resin was improved.Compatibility factor (θ) was obtained through calculation of T_g detected by DSC and theoretical T_g and the compatibility of the networks was further detected quantitatively.

A“two-step” method successfully in preparing polypropylene/montmorillonite nanocomposites (PMN) was introduced.In the first step, most amount of acrylamide (AM) was polymerized in-situ and intercalated into organic-montmorillonite (O-MMT) and at the same time a little amount of AM was grafted on polypropylene macromolecule chains. In the second step, the mother matrix prepared in the first step was blended with polypropylene (PP) to produce the PMN.XRD spectra showed that the montmorillonite in the composites had been exfoliated.SEM indecated absence of clear organic and inorganic phases in PMN. The tensile strength of PMN achieved 42.4MPa, which was increased by 26% against pure PP. The maximum value of toughness strength was 10.5kJ•m^-2, which was increased by 155% against pure PP. The results showed that the mechanical properties of PMN reached a desired level.

Nanosized γ-Fe₂O₃ and γ-Fe₂O₃/SiO₂ complex oxides were prepared by the sol-gel method, and sensing elements were fabricated. Phase composition, grain size, part
icle size distribution of the nanosized oxides were characterized by TG-DTA,X
RD,TEM and Zetasize distribution respectively. The sensitivity of the sensing el
ements to CO, H₂, C₂H₄, C₆H₆ and the effects of calcination temperature on the sensitivity of two typical elements were examined. The operating temperature of elements to different gases was obtained. The results showed that phase transition temperature, thermal stability,catalytic activity and gas sensitivity of γ-Fe₂ O₃ were enhanced due to the SiO₂ present. The thermal stability of gas sensing and catalytic materials based on γ-Fe₂O₃ was expected to be basically solved.

The molar conductance of electrolytes LiPF6-PC(propylene carbonate), LiPF₆•2DG(diglyme)-PC and LiPF₆•PMDETA(pentamethyldiethylenetriamine)－PC were calculated by using mean spherical approximation(MSA). The range of concentration was from 0.001 mol•L^-1 to 1 mol•L^-1. The dissociation equilibrium of salts is taken into account. The mean relative deviations were 5.6%, 4.2% and 4.7%, respectively.

A pigging model incorporating three different regions was developed for predicting the dynamics of the pigging operation in two-phase flow pipelines. The model incorporates a transient two-fluid model.The mixed Eulerean-Lagrangian approach was used to couple the transient model and the pigging model which can predict the pigging time, velocity and the change of pigging parameters. An experimental study was carried out to acquire two-phase transient flow and pigging data on a 380m long,81mm diameter horizontal pipeline. A computer-based data acquisition system was used to obtain detailed information of the flow behavior during experimental runs. The data include pigging time, inlet pressure, accumulated liquid in pipeline, pressure and pigging velocity distribution.The predicted results compared fairy well with the experimental data.

A shell-and-tube heat exchanger with separated baffles parallel to segmental baffles was proposed, and an investigation on velocity distribution, heat transfer and flow resistance characteristics in the shell side of the proposed heat exchanger and traditional single segmental baffled shell-and-tube heat exchanger was reported. After the experiment, the empirical relations of heat transfer and flow resistance were obtained. The heat transfer enhancement comprehensive evaluation factor η was in the range from 1.15 to 1.20 for Reynolds number (1.25×10⁴—3.35×10⁴). The results indicated that flow field uniformization was enhanced in the shell side of shell-and-tube heat exchangers by two separated baffles parallel to segmental baffles and the performance of heat transfer was improved by controlling the dimension of vortices. The results could be used as reference in further research.

Three-dimensional isothermal flow of polymer melt in the kneading-disc element of an intermeshing co-rotating tri-screw extruder was simulated by using finite element package POLYFLOW. Based on the velocity fields calculated, flow patterns of the melt were analyzed, and particle trajectories were visualized. The numerical results indicated that, in intermeshing co-rotating tri-screw extruders,particles went through three intermeshing regions during one cycle around the screws, thus achieving better plasticating and mixing than intermeshing co-rotating twin-screw extruders. Flow in the central region was also studied by using particle tracking technique,and residence time distribution (RTD) and trajectories for particles in this region were presented. The simulation results showed that there was no stagnation in the central region. This study provided a clear insight into the flow mechanism of tri-screw extrusion. It also provided a new method for studies of flow mechanisms in other complicated mixers.

Solids motion in the annulus of a spouted bed can be considered as a quasi-static deforming flow similar to that in a silo. Several simplified granular-flow models by Sullivan et al. including kinematic, potential and plastic theory, are investigated in this paper. The model of solids circulation by Morgan et al is combined with the above granular models to predict solids axial velocity in annulus. The finite element method is adopted and the complicated spout-annulus shape geometry is especially considered. Simulated results are compared with experimental data from He et al. It indicates that kinematic theory agrees well with experiments. The regressed kinematic constant B for annulus flow is greatly larger than that for silo flow. Potential theory obtains similar result with kinematic theory, but is incomplete in its physical significance. Plastic theory gives unrealistically oscillatory solution because of the over simplification of stress field. Finally, the Euler equations coupling the momentum transfer of solids with the frictional stress field are proposed for future study.

The gas-solids flow behavior was predicted by means of a hydrodynamic model of dense gas-solid flow in spouted beds. Constitutive equations describing the particle interactions and friction of particles and viscosity were incorporated into a hydrodynamic simulation computer program. The effect of operating conditions (inverted cone inclination and gas spouting velocity) on particle velocity and concentration in the three zones of spouted beds: spout, annulus and fountain were numerically studied. Both vertical and horizontal particle velocities increased with increasing spouting gas velocity in the spouted region. The diameter of the spout increases with decreasing inclination. As inclination is greater than 60°, there is a neck near the jet.

The multi-component incompatible phenomena of a single mass exchanger was analyzed and the method for the optimal flow rate of lean stream was proposed. Genetic algorithm was used to optimize the MEN. To solve the incompatible phenomena the method of encoding the number of trays of each mass exchanger was proposed. The method was illustrated with an example. In contrast to the result previously published, the final network obtained was the cheapest. Furthermore, the method could also deal with incompatible multi-component MEN.

The effect of alcohol on the aqueous two-phase system properties of SDS/CTAB/H₂O/Na₂SO₄ system was studied by the pseudo ternary phase diagram. The electrostatic forces (both attraction and repulsion) between cationic surfactant and anionic surfactant decreased because of the interaction of alcohol hydroxyl group and surfactant polar group. As a result, the phase area width of aqueous two-phase system increased. Long chain alcohol (more than five carbonatoms), which was in high concentration in the SDS/CTAB/H₂O/Na₂SO₄ system, caused the anionic aqueous two-phase system area to vanish and the cationic aqueous two-phase system area to become wider. The CTAB rich phase turned from top phase to bottom phase.

Thymosin α₁ was synthesized manually. The washing condition and the test of the degree of coupling were studied. In addition, the analytical method of crude product was set up. Thymosin α₁ was synthesized with the solid-phase method, by using the base-liable Fmoc group to protect the α-amino acid and N,N′-diisopropylcarbodiimide (DIC) as the coupling regent. The crude product was analyzed by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography, SDS-PAGE and liquid chromatography/mass spectroscopy.The synthesis yield was 84.89%. The analytical results indicated that the crude product contained much thymosin α₁, and the purity was 50.3%. DIC solid-phase chemical synthesis of thymosin α₁ was applicable, and the yield was improved greatly compared to other known methods.

The adsorption capability of paddy flour and maize flour for gaseous phase selective adsorption for ethanol dehydration was investigated via a bench-test fixed-bed adsorber at constant temperature. Ethanol concentration in the feed was 93.4%(mass) and each of the dried biomass was used as adsorbent, and breakthrough curves and temperature distribution in adsorptive bed were obtained for different bed depths, superficial velocities, granularities of adsorbent and temperatures. Bed pressure drop curves for different bed depths and superficial velocities were also measured. A product of ethanol purity of 99.5%(mass) could be obtained through both kinds of biomass adsorbent. When 99.5%(mass) of ethanol purity is defined as the breakthrough point, the production capacity for either adsorbent was within 0.0915—0.2256 (gram product/gram adsorbent). Tests on pure ethanol adsorption were also performed to extrapolate the selectivity of both adsorbents.

Decoloration of simulated wastewater containing dye reactive black K-BR by zero-valent iron was investigated. The results showed that decoloration efficiency increased with decreasing pH or initial dye concentration, and increased with increasing iron loading. The reaction followed first-order kinetics initially but deviated from first-order behavior with increasing time. Considering the decrease of active surface area of zero-valent iron with time,decoloration kinetics was expressed as ln(c/c₀)= K［1-exp(-k_dt)］/k_d.It indicated that k_d was independent of iron loading and pH, and decreased with increasing initialdye concentration. K was proportional to iron loading，and decreased with increasing pH or initial dye concentration.

To implement the strategy of pollution prevention in the development of reaction processes, studying the effects of reaction conditions such as temperature, pressure and concentration as well as various engineering factors, such as back-mixing, heat and mass transfer, on environmental performance of the reaction processes is very important.In this paper, potential environmental impact balance, proposed in the waste reduction algorithm, and PEI rate equation are recommended as a useful tool to be used to carry out this work. The application of the method is illustrated with the reaction of allyl chloride production.

Thermo-responsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-styrene)［P(NIPAM-co-St)］ hydrogel microspheres were prepared by surfactant-free emulsion polymerization. The effects of initiator dosage, stirring rate, phase ratio and polymerization time on particle size and monodispersity were investigated.The results showed that, with increasing initiator dosage,mean diameter increased slightly to a maximum, and then decreased drastically; meanwhile, the monodispersity of the particles became a little better at first, and then became worse significantly. With increasing stirring rate,particle diameter decreased while the monodispersity became worse. When the amount of phase rate increased, the mean diameter became larger simply, whereas the monodispersity became worse firstly and then became better again. As the polymerization proceeded, the mean diameter of the particles hardly changed, and the monodispersity became better gradually. The microspheres prepared under the optimum experimental conditions showed satisfactory particle size and monodispersity.

The effect of oleates as emulsifiers on graft copolymerization of starch with acrylamide (AM) and acrylic acid (AA) in the inverse emulsion system is studied in this paper .The effect of the kinds of emulsifiers, the proportion of mixed emulsifiers, the dosage of emulsifiers as well as the preparation methods of water-in-oil emulsion on monomer conversion, grafting ratio, and specific viscidity is discussed. The result indicates that calcium oleate or magnesium oleate as the emulsifier is better than sodium oleate or potassium oleate, and the mixture of oleic acid and its salt is better than any single compound.It is also concluded that monomer conversion reaches 99.7% and grafting ratio reaches 98.4% when m(oleic acid)/m(ol
eate sodium) is 60/40,m(starch)/m(monomers) is 1/1(among the monomers m(AM)/m(AA) is 4/1),v(oil phase)/v(water phase) is 1.2/1, initiator concentration is 2.4×10^-4mol•L^-1,reaction temperature is 45～50℃,and reaction time is 6 hours.When mixed emulsifers concentration is 6%, the intrinsic viscidity reaches 1100ml•g^-1.

A new submerged membrane emulsification apparatus using ceramic external membrane was introduced, which is attractive due to its simplicity, lower energy consumption, easier to integrate with other processes and scale-up. Using different pore size membranes, O/W emulsions with different particle sizes were prepared. The O/W emulsion with Sauter mean particle size of 1.98μm was obtained by using 0.69μm ceramic external membrane element, and the emulsion with Sauter mean particle size of 0.65μm was obtained by using 0.16μm external membrane element. The specific surface areas were respectively 3.78m²•g^-1 and 10.8m2•g^-1, fit for extractive r
eaction and biphasic reaction.

In this paper, the control of a butadiene distillation column is discussed and improved. At first, a neural network soft-sensor instrument of product quality was built based on abundant on-the-spot data collected by DCS and simulated data obtained by a theoretical model. Then, an inferential control scheme based on the soft-sensor was designed. By increasing logic and expert controllers in the inferential control arithmetic, the robustness of the system was enhanced. The practical application showed that the scheme could run smoothly over a long period and realized close-loop control of product quality.

A new heat resisting phenol-starch moulding material (PF2C4) was prepared.Its typical raw materials formulation, preparative technology and moulding technology were determined.The method of its quatity control was put forward and its properties and economic advantage were analyzed. The results show that typical raw materials formulation(mass percent)of the product is phenol-starch is phenol-starch resin∶hexamethylene-tetramine∶wood flour∶calcium carbonate∶magnesium oxide∶zinc stearate∶stearic acid∶Oil Aniline Black∶ultramarine=37.0∶6.4∶30.0∶24.0∶0.6∶0.6∶0.4∶0.5∶0.5.The preparative technological parameters of the product were mixed time ≥60min, temperature of the working roller 90—100℃, temperature of the idle roller 145—155℃, distance of the two rollers 2.0—2.5mm, warm-up time 4—5min.combining batch time≥45min.The moulding， technological parameters of the product were preheating temperature 100—110℃, preheating time 10—15min, moulding pressure≥25MPa, moulding temperature 180—185℃, moulding time 0.8—1.0min•mm^-1, exhaust ≥3 times. The quality of the product was controlled by bright outward appearance of sheet material of moulding material and Raschig flow property 80—120mm of moulding material.The properties of the product came up to the national standard of raw heat resisting phenol-for maldehyde material (PF2C4), specifically its heat properties (thermal deformation temperature 174℃) and electric properties (insulating resistance 6.0×10¹²Ω, dielectric strength 6.7MV•m^-1, dielectric loss tangent 0.03)surpassed greatly the national standard.It showed very good electric properties in moist environment.By comparison with raw heat resisting thermoplastic phenol-formaldehyde moulding material(PF2C4),the cost of raw materials consumption reduced by is 20.9%.