A thermodynamic equation of state (EOS) for uncharged microemulsion system is established by combining the modified Carnahan-Starling equation and Hamaker equation, which describes the attractive interaction between droplets. By using this EOS, phase equilibrium properties of uncharged microemulsion systems are studied. The osmotic pressures of n-dodecylpentaoxyethylene ether(C₁₂E₅)-decane-water microemulsion system are calculated and predicted. The liquid-liquid equilibria volume fractions of sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate(AOT)-octane-water and sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate-decane-water microemulsion systems are calculated. The results are satisfactory.

The contributions of the high-order terms in virial equation are approximately incorporated into the truncated virial equations with three terms in this paper.By means of the approximate expression of second virial coefficient and some transformations and extensions of truncated virial equations with two and three terms，the general cubic equations of state proposed by Martin and Abott，and some quasi-empirical equations of state or their similar forms are derived approximately，such as van der Waals，Clausius，Redlich-Kwong，Usdin-McAuliffe (Fuller)，Martin，Peng-Robinson，Patel-Teja，Harmens-Knapp，Tong-Liu，LHSS，Modified Kumar-Starling，Du-Guo，CCOR，SIRK，Lee-Edmister equation，etc.The results indicate that the above equations are supported by statistical mechanics in some way.Besides，nine new cubic equations of state are obtained with the same method，some of which are flexible in form or parameters and prospective in application.

Experiment was conducted on the threshold pressure for atmospheric air through unconsolidated narrow-size distributed mini-sphere and sand particles at low flow rates. The threshold diameter calculated from measured threshold pressure showed that it did not follow the traditional similarity theory，but also affected by Kn_p. This is consistent with the authors’experiment on accurate permeability measurement, and can be explained as a result of gas flow slip effect within such micro-pore structure. The current work tends to find the method for predicting the permeability-threshold pressure relationship for unconsolidated porous structures so as to develop a basis for accurately measuring the thermophysical properties in the field.

An experimental study on the enhanced boiling heat transfer outside a tube with weak electric conduction fluid was conducted by inserting a electric field in the fluid. Relationships among high electric field voltage，heat flux，heat transfer coefficient and enhancement factor were obtained. The efficiency of EHD (electrohydrodynamics) enhancement for R11 and the different proportion mixture of R11 with R134a was analyzed. Analysis of consumption of the supplied electric field was carried out. The results have laid a foundation for exploring mechanism of EHD enhancement of boiling heat transfer and its practical application in engineering.

There are kickpoints on the curves about critical heat flux (CHF) and start point of minimum film boiling (T_min) of vapor liquid two phases flow. Changes of gradient occur round these kickpoints. There must be of singularity at the kickpoints in mathematics. Detection of signals can be obtained through wavelet translation, using the excellent local characteristics for space and frequency filed. The singularity and changes, which are hidden in signals, can be discovered by the characteristics of wavelet. Wavelets of boundary detection are used in vapor-liquid two phases flow for detecting CHF and T_min. This wavelet analysis method can detect, orient and rate these points of two phases flow and is confirmed by the experiments results. This study initiates a new experimental method for vapor-liquid two phases flow.

The BWR equation of state modified by Giorgio S. Soave in 1999 was applied to the saturated hydrogen solutions. The parameters needed in the equation of state were modified and optimized through fitting experiment data. p-V-T condition of the saturated hydrogen solutions as well as thermodynamic properties and phase equilibrium of hydrogen fluid can be accurately predicted with this equation. The mean relative error on vapor densities of H₂，D₂ and T₂ was 0.19905%，0.28173%，and 0.001295% respectively. The max relative deviation was -0.99511%,4.6664%, and -0.0040385% respectively. The mean relative error on liquid densities of H₂，D₂ and T₂ was 0.5504%，0.33704%，and 0.04703% respectively.The max relative deviation was 3.2950%，-2.2629%，and 0.12126% respectively. A rigorous thermodynamic model which can be used in simulation of hydrogen isotope-separation by cryogenic distillation was obtained.

A rigorous thermodynamic model was used to study the characteristics of cryogenic distillation column of hydrogen isotope system having feedback stream. The steady-state behavior was studied establishing a fundamentally sound model that is capable of accurately describing the separation process. The numerical algorithm which can provide better stability，accuracy and efficiency in computing time was developed to solve complex cryogenic distillation problems. A side stream was sent to an equilibrator as an internal feed stream and then mixed with the external feed stream of the column. The simulation results indicated the effects on the characteristics of cryogenic distillation column. The feedback stream was partly decomposed at the equilibrator into H₂ and D₂. Mole fraction of H₂ in the top product increased by 8.635%, and mole fraction of D₂ in the bottom product increased by 11.327%.

The solution of the population balance equation was obtained by using variable separating method. The solution is a new， valuable and practical tool for characterizing the crystallization kinetics， identifying the characteristics of crystallization， predicting and controlling the crystal size distribution in industrial crystallization process. Based on the solution， the crystallization kinetics of ciprofloxacin in 23%(vol) water-ethanol solution was investigated by batch cooling crystallization experiment.

In this work，a novel method of synthesizing reaction paths while considering influence of kinetics and environmental constraints is presented. A concept of equilibrium temperature interval is used to estimate kinetic attributes of reactions. Under a set of given raw materials and desired products, a set of potential intermediate chemicals, joint products are chosen through chemical reasoning on the basis of atoms and functional groups constituting the raw materials available. The reaction path network is generated with the atom balance equation obtained. Then some fuzzy rules are used to evaluate each reaction’s equilibrium temperature interval. Finally, a fuzzy model is solved to get all fuzzy objects such as economic and environmental object for each reaction, and a multi-objective programming problem is solved to get a series of reaction paths including the best pathway.

Based on the three-link energy flow structure theory，an optimization strategy for the distillation process under multiple period operation is presented.The highlights of the strategy are as follows：the problem solution is divided into two levels of single column and column system，and transformed exergy price c_U and to-be-recovered exergy price c_O are used as the coordination variables.Exergoeconomic models for the optimization of the whole distillation process (including single column and heat integration between columns) are established.The strategy and the model are applied successfully to the optimal design for the column system of a gas separation unit in a refinery under 3 period operation.The optimal scheme proposed is 29.4% less in energy consumption and 21.9% lower in the total cost compared to the exist traditional design.

Pyrolysis of several kinds of biomass was carried out in a fluidized bed at atmospheric pressure using nitrogen as fluidizing gas. A chaotic neural network model was set up to study biomass pyrolysis. Three schemes of network input were applied and compared in the simulation, and the most effective one which could make sound prediction about the pyrolysis products was determined. This scheme involved experimental operation parameters, biomass proximate analysis data and chemical component analyses data. A rational explanation for the three schemes was given based on the difference of the evolution and chemical structures between biomass and coal.

Plastic deformation of AISI304 stainless steel was carried out at -70 ℃ and 180 ℃. The distribution of dislocations was observed with transmission electron microscope (TEM), martensite phase content was determined by use of ferrmagnetometer, and the corrosion behavior of AISI304 stainless steel was studied by potentiodynamic polarization in 0.5 mol·L^-1 MgCl₂ solution at 50 ℃. The results showed that plastic deformation at both -70 ℃ and 180 ℃ made the dislocation density of AISI304 stainless steel increase with the increase of deformation. Martensite phase transformation was induced for deformation at -70 ℃, whereas it was not at 180 ℃. As the dislocation density increased, the breakdown potential of AISI304 stainless steel’s passive film became a little more positive. As martensite phase content increased, it became more negative and pitting corrosion resistance decreased.

Lysozyme extraction by mixed reverse micelles composed of sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate (AOT) and tetraethylene glycol phenylnonyl ether (PNE4) was studied. Taking into account the contributions of electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions, a theoretical model was established to describe the partitioning equilibrium. Experimental results demonstrated the reliability and usefulness of the model. It was found that the hydrophobicity of AOT was lower in the presence of Na⁺ than of K⁺, while that of PNE4 was independent of the cations. The enhancement of lysozyme surface hydrophobicity by Na⁺ was more significant than K⁺, while the adsorption ability of K⁺ on the inner surface of the reverse micelles was larger than Na⁺. Analyses and explanations of these phenomena were made by using electrostatic and thermodynamic theories.

ACA ion replacement gel is a novel ion adsorbent and is hopeful to be used to cure human toxicosis metallicus. In this paper the ion replacement kinetics process of Alginate-Chitosan-Alginate(ACA) and the mutual replacement process of Calcium Alginate(A-Ca) and Alginate-Chitosan-Alginate-Calcium(ACA-Ca) gel beads for Pb²⁺are studied by mobile boundary model. The model has high reliability. The ion replacement process is controlled by Particle Diffusion Control (PDC). The apparent diffusion coefficient is higher with increasing concentration of Pb²⁺ and is linearly related to R^-2. The reaction order of ACA for Pb²⁺is 0.76.

A new intravenous micro-bubble ultrasound contrast agent with three ester surfactants and other additives as its nano-shelled materials was prepared by sonication. Some paramemters in the process such as the selection of ultrasound power and time, the effect of the buffer pH value on the micro-bubble production, the adding style of the inner gas, the effect of different diluents on the micro-bubble flowing state, were studied. The preservation styles and in vitro contrast imaging of the micro-bubbles were investigated. Six dogs were used to verify the in vivo contrast effect of the prepared micro-bubble ultrasound contrast agent. The ultrasound contrast perfusion images of the dog’s kidney were gived.

Combustion experiments of Datong coal and its Ca-added samples were performed in a fixed-bed reactor at different heating rates and different O₂ concentrations. From the peak-fitting of SO₂ curve according to Gaussian function, the SO₂ formation temperatures of all kinds of sulfur forms were obtained. It was concluded that: (1) the combustion temperature of different sulfur forms was influenced by O₂ concentration and heating rate. They could evolve as SO₂ at lower temperature with increasing O₂ concentration or decreasing heating rate. (2) The added CaO and Ca(OH)₂ had better sulfur retention effect for the high reactivity. However CaCO₃ could increase SO₂ emission at a low temperature for its bad reactivity and its catalyzing effect on SO₂ formation. (3) The impregnation with stirring and ultrasonic treatment had much better sulfur retention effect than mechanical mixing for the high dispersion. (4) While oxidizing CaSO₃ to CaSO₄, a small amount of SO₂ was evolved.

The characteristics of desulfuration of high-sulfur petroleum coke are investigated with a pulse-differential fix bed reactor. The combustion tests are carried out with one representative coke with particle size of 60—70 μm between 830 ℃ and 950 ℃. In the experiment, sulfur is captured by calcium oxide addition, and then yields stable calcium sulfide. Through the tests, five important factors affecting desulfuration are found: temperature, Ca/S molar ratio, oxygen pressure, velocity of gas and intensity of SO₂ emission. Burning in air, the optimum Ca/S molar ratio is 2, and the optimum temperature ranges from 850 ℃ to 890 ℃. Intensity of SO₂ emission is related with temperature and velocity of gas. Velocity of gas and intensity of SO₂ emission have negative effect to desulfuration. Another important finding from the results on high-sulpher petroleum coke is that under the most optimum conditions, the desulfuration ratio in air is higher than that in pure oxygen.

A packed tower was used to investigate the removal of CO₂ from polluted air using aqueous alkaline solutions. Experiments were conducted with NaOH concentration 0.30—0.97 kmol·m^-3, MEA concentration 0.02—0.50 kmol·m^-3 and DEA concentration 0.10-0.50 kmol·m^-3 at 25 ℃. A mathematical model based on chemical absorption was proposed. The effective gas-liquid interfacial area (a_v) was calculated from the results of CO₂ absorption into aqueous solutions of sodium hydroxide. For the solutions of MEA and DEA, the overall reaction rate constant (k_ov)_expwas obtained from the results of the experiments and a_v calculated from NaOH-CO₂ system. The overall reaction rate of MEA is much higher than that of DEA. The predictions of the theoretical model were compared with the experimental data and results from literature. Both the experimental data and the results from literatures were in good agreement with the model predictions.

By conducting a series of coal batch cell flotation experiments, a number of digital froth images are captured. Two algorithms——the spatial gray level dependence matrix (SGLDM) and the neighboring gray level dependence matrix (NGLDM) are introduced to extract the visual textural characteristics of coal froth images. Based on these two matrixes, a series of textural features such as energy (E), entropy (ENTS), inertia (I) of SGLDM and small number emphasis (Fine), large number emphasis (Coarse), entropy (ENTN), second moment (SM), number nonuniformity (NN) of NGLDM are proposed to describe the coal froth textural characteristics.By using the software developed by the author with DELPHI language, the textural features of flotation froth images captured in laboratory experiments are extracted.The change tendency of each feature with flotation time is analyzed, and the relationship between each feature and froth textural feature is pointed out qualitatively. It is found {E, ENTS, I} of SGLCM and {Fine, Coarse, ENTN} of NGLDM really reveal the variation tendency of image texture of coal froth. However, the {ENTN, SM，NN} of NGLDM have little relationship with image textural characteristics of coal flotation froths. Choosing the reliable textural features {E, ENTS, I, Fine, Coarse, ENTN} as the input to a set of neural network called self-organizing feature mapping, all the images are classified into four patterns, and the average correct rate is 76.5%.

An emulsion liquid membrane process without mobile carrier was developed to separate aniline from aqueous solution. The effect of some factors on the transport of aniline was researched in the membrane process. These factors are the concentration of hydrochloric acid in internal aqueous phase，the pH in external aqueous phase (aqueous solution)，the type and quantity of surfactants，and the ratio of emulsion and internal aqueous phase. The experiment showed that，under suitable conditions，the concentration of aniline was less than 1.5 mg·L^-1 in the external aqueous phase treated by one-stage liquid membrane process when the initial concentration of aniline was 500 mg·L^-1 in aqueous solution. The effects of surfactant’s structure and property on the viscosity of membrane phase,the viscosity of oil/water interface and the mass transfer of aniline were discussed.

Based on predecessors’work, and the plant data of total conversion rate and number-averaged molecular mass, the Cauchy distribution of micro cores is proposed in terms of the principle of probability and statistics. The macro kinetic model with expressions of the total conversion rate and number-average molecule mass is derived from the macro mixed method. Additionally, the neural network sub-model and the regression sub-model are used in the model for building up the correlation functions of intermediate parameters k₁, k₂, and k₃ with the operation conditions. It is verified by the simulation and practical running results that the model can present practical process properties.

In this paper, the boiling points of methyltrichlorosilane-methylvinyldichlorosilane-toluene system and of the respective three binary systems are determined at 101.3 kPa with a new type of magnetical pump-ebulliometer. The VLE data of the three binary systems, are correlated with the Margules, van Laar, Wilson, and NRTL equations. The equilibrium composition of the vapor phase of three binary systems are calculated from Tpx by indirect method. Fugacity coefficients are calculated after accounting for the nonideality of the vapor phase, by using calculated virial coefficients. The model parameters of liquid activity coefficient are correlated by the least square method. The vapor pressure of the pure components are obtained by using Antoine constants from the literature. At the same time, the saturation vapor presure of methylvinyldichlorosilane is measured. The VLE data of ternary system are predicted by the Wilson equation. The calculated boiling points show good agreement with the experimental data.

In order to study the influence of solid-liquid interfacial energy on the filmwise condensation heat transfer performance, a correlation relating heat transfer coefficient with contact angle was derived with respect to liquid film flow and heat transfer at vapor-liquid interface. The calculated results for steam filmwise condensation indicated that heat transfer coefficient increased with increasing contact angle when the contact angle was within a certain range. When contact angle was very small (approaching 0°), the predicted heat transfer coefficient was consistent with the result of classic Nusselt theory.

The roles of adsorbed oxygen and lattice oxygen on the surface of VPO catalyst for n-butane selective oxidation were experimentally studied by using on-line mass spectroscopy (MS) transient response measurement in a fixed bed micro-reactor. The results showed that the lattice oxygen led to selective oxidation，while adsorbed oxygen led to deep oxidation. Gaseous oxygen could be adsorbed on the surface of the VPO catalyst and transformed to lattice oxygen but did not directly participate in selective oxidation. The diffusion of lattice oxygen from the bulk phase to the surface might be the rate-controlling step of unsteady state oxidation when n-butane selective oxidation and VPO catalyst re-oxidation were performed separately.Increasing the diffusion rate of the lattice oxygen and usable lattice oxygen capacity in VPO catalyst could remarkably improve the reaction performance in a fixed bed reactor.

The characteristics of the sea water flow in multi-stage flash (MSF) desalination devices were simulated via numerical method. Two applications were presented and compared with each other: one with four block-boards installed in each flash chamber, and the other without. The simulation showed that the large-scale circulations and vortices in the water flow would cause the exchange of fluid between upper and lower layers, which was favorable to flash efficiency. On the other hand, turbulence can enhance the exchange in the vicinity of free surface. The rationally-arranged block boards in the flash chamber would improve the structure of the circulations and vortices, so as to promote the exchange between upper and lower layers, but they would cause loss and reduce turbulence. A discussion about the optimal design of flash chamber was presented.

A Victorian (Loy Yang) brown coal was pyrolysed in a novel fluidised-bed/fixed-bed reactor under a wide range of experimental conditions. The experimental data indicated that HCN originated mainly from the thermally less stable N-containing structures in the coal. Significant amounts of NH₃ could be formed after the feed of coal was stopped as a result of the slow hydrogenation of the thermally more stable N-containing structure by H radicals. In addition to temperature, gas flow rate and coal feed rate could significantly affect the formation of HCN although the yield of NH₃ remained almost unchanged, indicating that HCN was not significantly converted to NH₃. The effects of coal feed rate on HCN yields were different at the temperature of 973 K and 1073 K.

A series of waterborne polyurethane (WPU) dispersions were synthesized from isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), polyester glycol (T-1136) and dimethylolpropionic acid (DMPA) via prepolymer mixture. It was found that the solid content, hydrolytic stability of PU emulsion and the cold crack properties of the cast film of WPU could be improved by using polyester and polyether as soft segment. The mechanical properties of the cast film increased and the elongation at break decreased with increasing content of hard segment and NCO/OH ratio. The water-resistance, solvent-resistance and wetting rub properties of the cast film of WPU would be improved by increasing the amount of TMP. Testing of the cast film showed natural gloss with silky hand feel, excellent adhesion and cold crack properties, water resistance, solvent resistance, and rub-resistance at 40% hard segment content, 1.3—1.5 of NCO/OH ratio and 3%—5% of TMP content.