Infrared spectra for altogether 21 binary systems of methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, hexanol,octanol and decanol with three solvents of benzene, hexane and cyclohex-ane at 25, 35 and 45℃ were measured using FTIR Sx20 spectrometer. The spectra were separated by peak - resolution technique. Quantitative relationships between true concentrations of associated species and phenomenological concentrations of alcohols were then calculated by peak -heights and full widths at half -maximum. The RK equation was used to take into account physical interactions between molecules. Standard association constants and corresponding enthalpies of association of linear dimerization and cyclotetramerization for those alcohols were then obtained.

A molecular thermodynamic model for alcohol - hydrocarbon systems is presented. With the use of standard association constants obtained independently from infrared measurements, the chemical interaction in alcohol - hydrocarbon systems can be clearly distinguished from the physical interaction, chemical parameters and physical parameters are then uniquely determined. With one adjustable binary parameter, the proposed 1-2-4 model can satisfactorily describe vapor -liquid equilibria for alcohol -hydrocarbon systems. The results with accuracy of Dy = 0. 0122 can also be obtained if universal association constants independent of the chain length of alcohols are used.

The kinetics of roasting process for FeCl2·2H2O was studied with a fixed bed reactor. The variables affecting roasting include temperature, particle size, gas flow rate and water content in gas. The controlling step of the roasting process was discussed. The apparent reaction rate constant and apparent activation energy were estimated and the latter was checked with thermal analysis.

A study on hydrodynamics and mass transfer characteristics was carried out in acontinuous counter-current sieve - tray extraction column of 25mm in diameter operated in the supercritical solvent region. The supercritical systems studied were carbon dioxide / ethanol / water and carbon dioxide / isopropanol /water. Correlation of all experimental data gave the following flow equation for a supercritical fluid extraction sieve - tray column: Where v=221. 32 m/h, n = 0. 54, m=- 0. 18 for carbon dioxide /ethanol /water system, v=195. 82 m/h, n = 0. 54, m= - 0. 03 for carbon dioxide / isopropanol / water system. The experimental data under steady state were used to estimate the parameters of mass transfer , NOLP , HOLP and KOLa, with a plug - flow model.

Investigations are made of heat transfer with supercritical water flowing in inclined tubes. A comprehensive set of data is obtained at pressure from 22. 0 to 28. 0 MPa, mass flow rate from 600 to 1400 kg/(m2· s), he at fluxes from 250 to 410kW/m, and inclinations of 10°and 14°. A new method of calculating two dimensional wall temperature field for non - vertical tubes is presented at the inside wall condition of neither temperature constant nor heat flux constant. Then heat transfer coefficients and Nusselt number are also obtained. Heat transfer coefficient data for normal heat transfer region and heat transfer deterioration region is correlated respectively. Special heat transfer behavior near the pseudocriti-cal region is analysed. Parameter distribution along the circumference induced by natural convection is also studied.

A model based on the concepts of free volume and activation energy was proposed to correlate fluid thermal conductivity. Firstly, the validity of this model was tested in terms of the results of molecular simulation on the square well fluid. Then, a correlation of liquid thermal conductivity with the heat of vaporization was derived by introducing the cell theory for liquids. For 40 diverse systems encountered in practice, the grand absolute average deviation is 1. 78 percent for 569 data points. Finally, a two parameter model correlating liquid thermal conductivity with temperature was presented. The correlation results of this model indicate that our method is superior to Jamieson model in a wide temperature range for most substances tested in this work.

The Energy -Minimized Multi - Scale (EMMS) model was extended to analyze both local heterogeneity and overall heterogeneity in vertical cocurrent - up particle - fluid two - phase flow. This analysis elucidates the transition from the dense fluidization regime to the dilute transport regime in relation to the so -called saturatuin carrying capacity, and also explains the coexistence of two different regions, dilute at the top and dense in the bottom, in a unit, which causes axial heterogeneity. It is indicated that the stability condition for dilute transport is different from that for dense fluidization, resulting, therefore, in different flow structures. Both local and overall heterogeneity can be attributed to energy minimization. Wall effect plays a positive role in minimizing energy, and therefore causes radial heterogeneity. Experiments showed that radial heterogeneity could be suppressed by alternate contraction and expansion of the cross - sectional area of a unit.

A kinetic model is proposed for producing invert sugar from sucrose by immobilized yeast cells and its application in batch fermentation is presented in detail. A solution of the kinetics differential equation is given to describe the effect of fermentation time, stirring speed, immobilized cells size and substrate concentration on the inversion coefficient. Some dynamic parameters of inversion reaction have been determined. A power factor and a resistance factor are defined and an expression for calculating optimum fermentation conditions is given. All theoretical formulas have been verified by experimental results.

Reaction kinetics data were measured for the regeneration reaction of ethyl nitrite used for the catalytic coupling reaction of carbon monoxide in an atmospheric flowing gas -liquid reactor. The corresponding macroscopic kinetic model was established as the form RA=KpNO with activation energy of 19. 46 kJ/mol and frequency factor of 0. 341 mol/(m3 ·Pa· s). Parameter calculations were carried out with a double - film model of gas - liquid reaction. The results show that the regeneration reaction is a first order quick reaction and the reaction rate is mainly controlled by mass transfer in the liquid film. The activation energy of the intrinsic reaction is 22. 86 kJ/mol and the frequency factor is 1. 741×108s-1.

In this paper, the effects of the main factors such as monomer ratio, concentration of initiator and polymerization temperature on the composition and molecular weight of vinylidene chloride - vinyl chloride copolymer, and the rate of copolymerization were studied in the suspension process. The reactivity ratios of vinylidene chloride and vinyl chloride weremeasured at the temperature of 30, 45 and 70℃. The drift of copolymer composition was discussed. A rate model was proposed and the model parameters were evaluated at the temperature range of 35-65℃. A molecular weight model was also established to give the quantitative relation between viscosity - average molecular weight and concentrations of dichloroethane and initiator, and polymerization temperature.

The formulas of the squeeze film damping and viscous damping are derived by solving the motion equation of a heat exchanger tube enclosed in a concentric sleeve with (N -1)concentric support plates. An experimental study of squeeze film damping and viscous damping for a four span heat exchanger tube enclosed in a concentric sleeve is carried out in quiescent water in order to verify the result of theoretical analysis. The relationship of viscous damping with the inner diameter of concentric sleeve and tube - sleeve eccentricity is presented. The relationships of squeeze film damping - support plate thickness and tube - support plate hole eccentricity as well as tube - support plate hole clearance are obtained on the basis of experimental result. The design sizes of heat exchanger tube spacing, support plate thickness and support plate hole clearance are presented for reference.

From the viewpoint of rational utilization of energy, the available energy of con-vective heat transfer enhancement in a tube was studied by energy analysis. The enhancement usually not only increases heat transfer, but also raises flow resistance. Since the heat transferred and the work done in flow , both are different forms of energy, Energy was used to combine heat transfer with flow resistance. Several dimensionless factors and a dimension-less equation about the available energy lost (or exergy lost )were presented to analyse and appraise the enhancement. The Kenics static mixer was taken as a example for study . The theoretical analysis and the example studied showed that this equation can be used as an analysis criterion for enhancement investigation and engineering application.

The resiliency of a heat exchanger network, i. e. , its ability to adapt to the variations of streams specifications, attracts increasing research interests as the technology of networking has been widely applied in process industry. A simple NLP method was proposed to make a given stiff heat exchanger network resilient. The model aims at minimum adjustments of surface areas , and was constrained by realization of targeting temperatures of important streams as well as minimum consumption of utilities. The solution of the model supplied the adjusted values of surface area for each exchanger of in - between streams. The merits of convenience and robustness of the method were shown by examples. The method is expected to be utilized in heat-exchanger flowsheeting design in conjunction with a sophisticated program of synthesizing stiff networks since it is far more complicated to synthesize a resilient network directly. Should the method be used in revamping a working network, a cost effective plan can be expected since the model orients itself to the existing network.

Practical Engineering situations are very often uncertain in a number of ways. Randomness and fuzziness are two types of uncertainty. The first type of uncertainty is described by stochastic models. The second type of uncertainty is solved by the theory of fuzzy sets. Although the theory of fuzzy sets is relatively new, the calculus of fuzzy sets is well developed with various applications in engineering. The fuzzy sets theory can make it possible to study complex and ill - defined system which include uncertainties caused by fuzziness or vagueness. In this work, the reliability assessment of process equipment was studied by using the theory of fuzzy sets such as fuzzy synthetic evaluation and extrama of fuzzy function. The research results were successfully used in engineering practice.

In this work, the liquid - liquid equilibria (LLE) data of ternary mixtures 2-butanone -toluene -water at 303. 15 and 323. 15K, 2-butanone -4-methyl -2-pentanone -water at 293. 15, 303. 15 and 313. 15K, 2-butanone - cyclohexanone -water at 293. 15 and 313. 15K were measured experimentally. NRTL equation was used to correlate the experimental data. The equation parameters for the partially miscible pairs and the miscible pairs were obtained from binary and ternary LLE data respectively. The evaluation results all a-greed well with the experimental data.

A fuzzy synthesis method for multicomponent distillation sequences is proposed to deal with the contradictory rules in applying the heuristic method. This method uses all rules as the evaluation factors of split projects. The characteristic values of heuristic rules are based on the separation cost and the membership functions matrix from these characteristic values are then developed. Distillation sequences are successively determined by using the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method for split projects.

In recent years, artificial neural networks(ANNs) have been successfully used in many fields. In order to improve the accuracy of surveillance and diagnosis for large rotating machinery in chemical processes, first, the time domain signal is transformed into featuressuited for the learning of neural network, then, ANN(BP) is used to extract the features of the field vibrational signal. By means of the features extraced, it is easy to monitor the vibration situation of a machinery unit. Checking with practical vibration data has proved this method to be satisfactory.