The theoretical model for mono-and multimolecular adsorption on solid surfaces proposed by the author in the previous paper[1] is further studied. By applying the concept of induced polarization ?taking place in the next layer of molecules as suggested by de Boer, and the concept of micro -adsorption states introduced into the model by the author, three groups of multimolecular adsorption isotherm equations are derived, in which the B. E. T. (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller)equation is only a rare special case, and the Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin isotherms are transformed under certain conditions as shown in the previous paper. Those equations can be used to describe the different types of physical adsorption isotherms classified by Brunauer. The physical picture of multimolecular adsorption can be considered to involve an uniform liquid membrane with the thickness of a few molecules.

On the basis of Lenoirs work, a new mathematical expression for x=0 has been derived, which is different from that of Kikic and Renno. Values of γ∞1 and for ten binary systems have been calcula- ted from GLC data according to the results derived in this work. When the experimental values of γ∞1 and were substituted into the UNIQUAC equation, the parameters were evaluted, and the vapor-liquid equilibria of these binary systems were predicted.

Scale-up of trickle-bed reactor was studied for butynediol synthesis. Three laboratory reactors were used: a stirred batch kettle for intrinsic kinetics, a continuous rotating basket reactor for macrokinetics of catalyst pellets, and a differential trickle-bed reactor with external liquid recycle for equipment development. The kinetic data obtained from the above reactors can be correlated to rate equations in power form. The experimental results obtained not only verified the relationships between external contacting effectiveness factors and liquid flow rate developed by Satterfield, but also indicated the dependence of liquid flow rate on higher and lower temperatures. The external contacting effectivess factor of butynediol synthesis in trickle-bed reactor thus determined can be used to correct the macrokinetic models of catalyst pellets determined from rotating basket. The corrected models can be checked by calculating the axial concentration and temperature profiles in an adiabatic plug-flow pilot equipment with fairly successful results.

The solubility of NH3 in multiple systems under high pressure is of extreme importance to the new integrated ammonia and urea process. This paper proposes a new method for calculating the vapor-liquid equilibria for aqueous ammonia solutions under high pressure. Based on the experimental data of the binary system NH3-H2O in the high concentration range, a model has been established for the activity coefficients of NH3 and H2O to describe the non-ideality of the liquid phase; and the modified SIRK equation of state for polar compounds has been used to describe the nonideali-ty of the vapor phase at high pressures. The reliability of this model has been examined in the light of the experimental date of the solubility of NH3 under high pressure in the systems NH3-H2O-N2, NH3-H2O-N2-H2-Ar-CH4, and NH3-H2O-N2-H2, the last from Cuerreri et al. Both the accuracy of calculation and the concentration range for applicability of this model have been found to surpass those of Curreris model.

The composition and state of silver-electroplated deposits exposed to light of different wavelengths have been investigated using XPS and AES. The results showed: ( 1 )The phototarnishing effects of different wavelengths had the following order: 1537 A>3650 A>sunlight. ( 2 )For the same wavelength, the longer the exposure time, the more serious the phototarnishing. ( 3 )Auger parameter measurement showed that Ag2O amounted to 42.9% of the total silver after exposure for 18 hours to 2537 A ultraviolet light, and 17.6% for 24 hours. ( 4 )XPS measurement showed that the surface of the silver deposit was first oxidized and chloridized when exposed to light in the atmosphere, and the silver chloride might then be transformed into Ag2O, which was eventually reduced in ultraviolet light into black superfine silver particles and AgO. After immersing a silver deposit in a Na2S solution, the part of the deposit reexposed to air above the Na2S solution became blue in colour, while remainder part still immersed in the Na2S solution was not tarnished. From the binding energy of Ag(3d) and S(2p) and from M4 VV and M5VV Auger lines, it could be deduced that the non-tarnished silver deposit was still metallic, while the blue coloration was due to Ag2S. Thus, the tarnishing reaction in air of the silver deposit after immersion in the Na2S solution may be written as follows. 4Ag + O2 + 2H2O + 2Na2S→2Ag2S + 4NaOH

Gas absorption with second-order irreversible chemical reactions in the falling liquid film of a non-Newtonian power-law fluid was studied. An analytical solution of the diffusion-reaction equation, which describes the process of absorption when the concentration of the reactant in the range of diffusion of the dissolved gas is virtually uniform up to the surface, has been obtained. A wetted-wall column was used to measure the rate of absorption and the second-order irreversible chemical reaction rate constant, for carbon dioxide in an aqueous polymer solution. It was found that the non-Newtonian character of the liquid film has a significant influence on the absorption rate and reaction rate constant. A comparison has been made, which shows that the analytical solution is in good agreement with the experimental results.

Multistage counter-current extraction process with alternating extraction and stripping is proposed to increase mass-transfer rate and decrease the number of stages. Based on a theoretical analysis, extraction cascade computation was made for two systems-extraction of ferric ions with N, N-di (1-methylheptyl) acetyl amide (N503), and extraction of H3PO4 with DBSO. The results of computation for the former system, when verified against experiment, showed that the extraction mass-transfer efficiency is notably higher than a common multistage counter-current process.

This paper describes in detail the effect of some factors on adsorption of Me, NH3 and CO2 from ammoniacal solutions by lignite when Cu, Ni and Co ions exist separately or simultaneously. A preliminary study is carried out on the adsorption mechanism. The adsorption by lignite is mainly physical on its surface, and chemical on the carboxylic and phenolicgroups of its humic acid. The order of affinity for lignite adsorption is NH3>Ni>Co>Cu, while the order of absorption capacity is Cu>Co>Ni> NH3. When stripping, the order is NH3>Ni>Co and Cu. Metals are fully recovered by stripping. Ammonia adsorbed by lignite from Me2+-NH3-NH4+-H2O is found easy to volatilize, only a small part remaining at 120℃. Carbon dioxide in solution is adsorbed physically on lignite, in amounts of less than 1% under ordinary hydrometallurgical conditions.

In this paper, the effect of salt on vapor-liquid equilibria for binary solutions is considered to be due to the formation of solvates, thus leading to a model of salt effect from which Furters equation can be deduced. Theparameter of Furters equation is represented by where C1, C2 are the solvation numbers of the two components, Some problems involved in the application of Furters equation were discussed. Experiments on vapor-liquid equilibria at atmospheric pressure for the systems, methanol-benzene-sodium iodide, methanol-carbon tetrachloride-sodium iodide and methanol-cyclohexane-sodium iodide were carried out, showing good agreement with the proposed mechanism and the deduced conclusions.

By using a method of anionic polymerization, the micro-structure of polybutadiene was studied for naphthalene lithium and butyl lithium as initiators, extracted naphtha and cyclohexane as solvents, and THF as a polar additive. According to experimental data, the following mechanism of polymerization was proposed: CH2CH=CHCH2Li Based on the kinetics of the chemical reactions and the theory of total probability, a quantitative relation between the content of the 1, 2-struc-ture in the product(Bv) and the concentration of the tetrahydrofuran was deduced: where From literature data including Et2O as well as tetrahydrofuran as the polar additive, the above equation has been generalized to: where: P. A. is the concentration of the additive.

Experiments were conducted in a pilot-scale gas-lift loop reactor with an upleg measuring 10 cm in diameter and 3.21m in height. The gas holdup at different gas injection rates and liquid recirculating velocities foreleven different liquid gas systems were measured, and the data correlated. The results yielded the correlation ε =0.647 for low-viscosity liquid systems. With the above correlation and a simplified momentum equation for fluid flow in the loop, the gas holdup and liquid recirculating velocity for a given gas injection rate in a given loop may be predicted by calculation, with an average deviation of ±3.2% and ±4.6% for ε and uL respectively.

An equation correlating bound rubber content A and molecular weight M of the monodisperse polymer has been proposed: A = Ke-b/M(2)(Fig. 3) Parameter b was shown to be constant for two types of cis-1,4-polybutadi-ene rubber(Ni-and rare-earth-catalyzed). From the second derivative of equation(2), it can be shown that when the molecular weight of the polymer is smaller than b/2, bound rubber content will decrease strikingly. Starting from Equation(2), Equations(5), (6)and(7)have been derived, for calculating, respectively, the molecular weight distribution Ws(M) and the weight and number average molecular weights, Mw and Mn, s, of the soluble rubber in the carbon black compound. The only parameter is b. Calculated values from these equations are in agreement with experimental values from Gel Pe-rmention Chromatography.

Measurements of the molar excess volumes VmE of the system benzene-cyclohexane have been made under atmospheric pressure at 298.15K, and the reliability of the results obtained has been checked by comparison with literature data. Experimental determinations of the excess volumes have also been carried out at 293.15K for the binary systems of cyclohexanone (x) with each of the four substances, benzene( I ), cyclohexanone(Ⅱ), cyclopentane(Ⅲ), and methylcyclopentane( Ⅳ ). The data obtained were fitted with the equation VmE = x(1-x) @i=0 Ai(1-2x)i. The coefficients A0, A1,A2 and A3 of the correlating equations for the four systems are respectively ( I ) -0.8440, -0.2589, -0.1654, -0.02286, (Ⅱ)0.7006, 0.3833, 0.2562, 0.1700, (Ⅲ)-0.2055, 0.2896, 0.3806, 0.2923 and(Ⅳ)- 0.1402, 0.3740,0.3488,0.2692, with a residual standard deviation σ of about 0.002cm3mol-1 for each system. The measurements were made with the continuous dilution method, where the dilatometer and the calculation method were partly improved.

The coupling reaction of α-naphthol with diazotized sulphanilic acid was used as a working reaction system for checking the effectiveness of the dual-sphere model in a stirred batch reactor. Experimental results showed that the model gives a better fit than Rys model. Experiments also showed that the working reaction system, together with the present model, can be applied as a measure for determining the mean size of sub-elements in an agitated reactor. On the basis of the size determined, a basis for scaling up agitated reactors was established.

The thermal conductivity of polymeric liquid of butyl rubber was determined at-100℃ by the transient method. The relations between thermal conductivity and conversion were obtained for two concentrations of iso- butylene: 20%, λ* 104 = 18.466 - 0.04266x+ 2.1213ln(x/3+1)/(x+3)30%, λ×104 = 17. 135-0.02564x+4.4192ln((x/3+1)/(x+3) Deviations of the experimental values from the calculated were well within ±1%. The thermal conductivities of liquid mixtures of chloromethane and isobutylene were also determined and plotted against concentration. The results of experiments were discussed.