For further improving the representation of vapor-liquid equilibrium data, a local-composition version of the Cubic Chain-of-Rotators (CCOR) equation of state for mixtures has been developed and tested on 42 sets of low-pressure and high-pressure binary VLE data (mostly polar systems). When compared to the conventional quadratic mixing rule, this version showed significant improvements in data fitting and an appreciably extended application range. When applied to low-pressure strongly polar systems, this new version gives, in general, better fit of VLE data as compared to the activity-coefficient approach-the popular Hayden-O Connell-Wilson model.

An instantaneous homogeneous complex reaction is essentially an unsteady-state diffusion-reaction process, in which product distribution depends upon the degree of micromixing of the reactants. A dual-sphere model is here developed. By taking a competitive second-order reaction system as an example and using an appropriate computational method, the influences of different parameters on the result of reaction have been simulated and discussed.

The elemental composition and chemical states of the surface film of silver-electroplated deposits with different treatment and aging time have been investigated by means of XPS and AES. The results showed: ( 1 ) Fresh deposit U0, stored indoors in a transparent desiccator for 5 days, was composed of the elements silver, oxygen, sulphur, chlorine and the matrix metal copper in addition to contaminating elements carbon, potassium and nitrogen; the content of elemental silver of a series of untarished deposits U0 and U1 decreased steadily with time, while elemental oxygen increased almost linearly. ( 2 ) The distributions of the elements silver and oxygen of deposit U1, treated with NaCl solution, were the same in Auger line scan, but for deposit U2, treated with Na2S solution, the coexistence regions of the elements silver and sulphur partly replaced those of silver and oxygen.The atomic ratio of S/Ag differed with the treatment of the silver deposit. The ratios for deposit U3, stored indoors in a transparent desiccator for 500 days, and for deposit Ts,stored indoors in a transparent desiccator containing air with 1% H2S for 24 hours, were much greater than that for deposit T1 which is exposed to sunlight outdoors for 24 hours. ( 3 ) The two dimensional Auger parameter plot showed that Ag2O amounted to 19% of the total silver in deposit T1, and was practically nil in deposit U0. (4) The anti-tarishing ability of fresh deposit increased markedly after treatment with certain reducing or complexing agents. Based on these results, the tarnishing mechanism and anti-tarishing principle were discussed.

The kinetic features of the gasification with H2O-H2 mixture of carbon deposited on the nickel catalysts for steam reforming of naphtha are reported in the temperature range 723-973K. Investigations were mainly carried out in a TG-monitored flow reactor system. Two kinds of industri nickel catalysts, the domestic Z402 and the British ICI46-1, were selected for study. Empirical rate equations of carbon gasification with H2O-H2 mixture were obtained for the lower and the higher temperature ranges respectively. Empirical rate equations of carbon gasification with steam alone were also given for comparison. TG-scan of the carbon gasification process revealed that steam alone does have an oxidizing effect on nickel catalyst, and that, with H2O-H2 mixture of suitable H2O/H2 ratio, this effect can be eliminated. This will prevent the catalyst from the undesired deterioration due to the repeated oxidation and reduction.It was shown that H? in the H2O-H2 mixture has two opposite functions. It has inhibiting effect through its negative reaction order. But it can also have on accelerating effect by keeping the Ni catalyst from being oxidized by steam. This is of significance for the lower temperature region where the rate of carbon gasification is usually low.

Based on Eyrings theory of rate processes, and taking into consideration the frequency of availability of new sites for passage of molecules from one equilibrium position to another, an equation relating viscosity of a binary mixture to its excess Gibbs free energy is The excess Gibbs free energy of activation G*E was found to have an optimum common ratio with respect to the corresponding excess Gibbs free energy GE. The frequency of availability of new sites is a function of composition and temperature. The calculated viscosity values for 10 binary systems (among which 3 are aqueous systems), cotnpared with 55 sets of corresponding data, were satisfactory, with a deviation range of RMS=0.002-0.09.

Taking cyclohexane as an inert reference solvent, the expanded solubility parameters of l-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, nitrobenzene and benzonitrile have been obtained by measuring total vapor pressures. An improved regular associated model was used to treat total pressure-composition data of binary mixtures of 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, nitrobenzene or benzonitrile with styrene or o-xylene. A program of non-linear least-square fitting was written in ALGOL language to fit the curves and to estimate the parameters on a (121) computer. The contribution of chemical interaction to activity coefficient was calculated. For l-methyl-2-pyrrolidone as a solvent, the result showed that chemical interaction is an important factor in separating styrene from o-xylene.

The ultrasonic degradation and copolymerization of polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) with partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) in ethanol/water (55/45) have been studied. The experimental results showed that the rate of degradation of PVAc follows Ovenalls equation approximately and that of HPAM deviates from the equation. The effects of the ultrasonic intensity and reaction temperature on the rates of degradation are the same. By irradiating 0.50% PVAc/HPAM (1/1 by weight) at 25℃ by ultrasound of 18.2 kHz with 2.4 A imput current on reversed main circuit for a period of 10 min, the yield of copolymer amounted to 4.3%. Its structure was identified by means of solubility test, IR, NMR, element analysis, electron microscope and phase contrast microscope, and the copolymer was proved to be mainly a block one.

The reduction characteristics of nickel catalysts have been investigated by thermoconductivity-temperature-programmed-reduction (TC-TPR) technique. Results showed that on these catalysts there exist three species of nickel oxide, for which the reduction temperatures were 400-500, 600-650, >750℃ and activation energies were 16.1,28,5, 65.5 kcal/mole, respectively. Their relative contents were markedly affected by preparation method, pretreatment conditions and reoxidation temperatures of the catalysts. Therefore, these species of nickel oxide are mutually convertible according to operating conditions.

The effect of irradiating EVA with electron beam, at less than the gel dosage(R8), on processability and mechanical properties has been investigated. Under such mild radiation, gel was not produced and the M. I. decreased so that both processability and mechanical properties was improved. With increase in radiation dosage, the M. I. of EVA decreases according to the following relations: Both x-ray diffraction and infra-red absorption spectrum showed that in the present experiments both the order structure and constitution of EVA, before and after irradiation, remained essentially the same.

Extensive experimentation on a simulated fouling test facility showed that cooling water initially fouled quite rapidly but ultimately the rate of fouling diminished to some constant, asymptotic values. Frequently it was observed that an induction period existed before the formation of any deposit, and an implicit solution of the Kern-Seaton equation could thus not be obtained satisfactorily by the trial-and-error method. Based on a large set of data, a new model was postulated to show the above mechanism of fouling: This exponential model involves an induction period, and linearized regression could be used to solve for the parameters Rf and A. Results of regression analysis of 60 runs with a TI-59 programmable calculator indicated that most correlation coefficients for the new model were greater than 0.9. With this new equation, the asymptotic fouling resistance could be estimated directly from experimental data.

Equilibrium properities of the partially miscible system of water and isobutyl aldehyde were difficult to measure due to the latters chemical activity, and as such, the accuracy of literature data is generally poor. Effective steps were taken in the present work to prevent oxidation and polymerization of isobutyl aldehyde, thereby insuring good reproducibility of the data obtained. In this work, vapor-liquid equilibrium and liquid-liquid equilibrium data for this binary system, measured at 760 mm Hg, are correlated by using both the NRTL equation and the multiparameter Wilson equation (Mitsuyasu method). Three sets of binary parameters for each equation are determined in the following manner: (1)based on VLE experimental data alone, (2)based on LLE experimental data alone and(3) based on both VLE and LLE data. The vapor compositions calculated from these two equations with the three sets of binary parameters all agree well with the experimental data.

Vapor-liquid equilibrium data for the system chlorodifluoromethane at 254.64, 272.75, 283.03 and 293.33 K were determined with a vapor phase circulation apparatus. Equilibrium data at the four temperatures have been correlated and predicted by calculating the fugacities of the liquid and the vapor simultaneously with the Martin-Hou (81) equation of state. The unique features of the apparatus in vapor circulation, auto-compensation for volume and continuous in-line sampling and analysis of both the vapor and the liquid phases insured the reliability of the measurements.

Isothermal total pressure-composition data for binary system toluene-sulpholane at 30℃,35℃,40℃,45℃,50℃,55℃,60℃,65℃ and 70℃ have been determined by a modified static equilibrium still. The equilibrium vapor composition and (Qfunction (GB/RT) were calculated by an indirect method. Using the Wilson and NRTL equations to correlate the vapor-liquid equilibrium data, resulted in good agreement between calculated values and experimental data.

Liquid-liquid equilibrium data for the ternary systems, water-ethyl acetate-acetic acid and water-butyl acetate-acetic acid have been determined under atomospheric pressure and at 50℃. The experimental LLE data were compared withthose in the literature and correlated with NRTL, LEMF, UNIQUAC and UNIFAC equations. Reaults calculated with these equations showed that LEMF equation fits better for the butyl acetate ternary system, and that NRTL equation fits best for the ethyl acetate ternary system.

For a shell- or zone-progressive process of sorption, if the amount of solute in solution held in the pores of the catalyst carrier can be neglected as compared to that adsorbed, the fraction of impregnation f can be expressed as follows: where for 0.1≤f≤0.45, A =0.244+0.13M and for 0.45≤f≤0.90, A = 0.335M1.44 + 0.460 B=1.23M1.53 + 2.68 or where for 0.2≤f≤0.45, E=0.01 F=1.66 + 0.22M and for 0.45≤f≤0.90, E =(0.96M1.67 + 2.43) ×10-2 F=0. 869+0.13Mor The penetration depth l can be calculated with the following equations: or OT For the impregnation of η-A12O3 spheres with H2PtCl6 solution, the calculated values of penetration depth agree well with experimental values.