Considering the contribution of association and the density fluctuations，an equation of state (EOS)based on the original cubic-plus-association (CPA)EOS and the renormalization group theory (RG)was extended to binary mixtures.The binary interaction parameters were obtained by fitting the vapor-liquid equilibrium(VLE)data at one temperature，and then were used to predict the VLE data at other temperatures.The RG-CPA EOS was used to predict the VLE and the critical line of the supercritical CO₂-1-alkanol (n=1—8)binary mixtures，which are nonideal systems with association.Using temperature independent binary interaction parameters，satisfactory results for composition and density of both vapor and liquid phases were obtained by the RG-CPA EOS.The overall average absolute derivations of composition in liquid and vapor were 0.032 and 0.019 respectively.In addition，the RG-CPA EOS can successfully reproduce the vapor liquid critical line of these binary mixtures，which is much better than the original CPA EOS.

Organic/inorganic nano-composite particles are excellent composite materials with high performance in many fields.Fission/fusion process of mini-emulsion polymerization is a novel method to produce this kind of composite material.Based on thermodynamics，basic theory，i.e.minimum interface free energy，was used to derive interface Gibbs free energy equations of equilibrium morphology of organic/inorganic nano-composite particles produced by fission/fusion mini-emulsion process.Several equilibrium morphologies of nano-composite particles i.e.core-shell，hemisphere，sandwich and separate morphologies，were considered.The effect of monomer conversion on nano-composite particles equilibrium morphology was investigated，which expanded the application range of these equations.In carbon/(poly)styrene/water system，core-shell particles had lowest Gibbs free energy when volume ratio of inorganic particles was less than 0.2.With increasing monomer conversion，Gibbs free energy of core-shell，hemisphere and sandwich particles decreased slightly，which could be due to smaller interface tension between polystyrene/water than styrene/water in this system.

Based on the physical and chemical processes in sintering，a two-dimensional unsteady state mathematical model describing heat and mass transfer and combustion is developed.It takes into account the effects of bed structural parameters，such as particle equivalent diameter and porosity，with gas/solid heat transfer coefficient modified.By numerical simulation，the evolution of bed structure，temperature field，gas flow and composition distribution is obtained.The temperature of outlet gas and pressure drop of bed are in good agreement with measured data，which validates the mathematical model.Effects of fuel ratio，inlet air velocity，initial material temperature and other operational parameters are further analyzed.It is shown that the thickness of combustion zone and the maximum temperature increases in the sintering process.Changes of bed porosity and particle diameter mainly occur during the melting and condensation stage in the combustion zone.The maximum pressure loss appears in the melting zone，followed by the raw material layer，and the smallest loss is in the sintered layer.Increasing coke content or/and temperature of the raw material helps to improve sinter quality.Excessive air velocity would cause low quality and extra costs.

The dispersion and movement features of the hollow cone spray droplets in confined crossflow in a square duct were measured with PIV technology on a self-established cold mixing rig.The droplet dynamics and vortices structures induced in the confined mixing flow field were obtained.The droplet dispersion in the mixing process was mainly influenced by several large-scale vortex structures，such as the counter-rotating vortex pairs (CVPs).The CVPs had a greater centrifugal effect on droplet dispersion because of preferential concentration so the droplets tended to accumulate along the edges of vortex structures.The main parameters affecting the mixing，such as crossflow velocity，atomization pressure and size of spray droplets were discussed and the curves of relationship between them and the best mixing effect were established.The mixing for double nozzles was also investigated and the influences of different injection angles on the mixing were discussed.The results showed that the way to improve the mixing was to avoid the stable large-scale vortex structures which could lead to non-uniform droplet dispersion and concentrations in the mixing flow field by controlling local droplets’ contribution and dispersion by convection.Mixing could be enhanced by turning the spray direction against the crossflow，increasing the nozzle number and choosing the appropriate crossflow velocity.The analytical approach and research findings have important practical significance for the mixing chamber design and performance improvement for relevant industrial applications.

The main mechanism of efficient performance of heat transfer enhancement in circumferential overlap trisection helical baffle heat exchangers is investigated.The heat exchanger possesses not only the general characters of helical baffle heat exchangers but also the features that are suitable for equilateral triangles layout of tubes and avoid the shortcut in triangular zones of adjacent baffles.It is the row of tubes at the junction triangle of adjacent baffles that effectively dampers the reverse leakage driven by differential pressure between upstream and downstream chambers, which makes this type of helix heat exchangers even more efficient than the others.The test results for heat transfer performance are presented for circumferential overlap trisection helical baffle heat exchangers with single thread schemes of baffle tilt angles of 20°, 24°, 28°, 32°, and dual thread scheme of baffle tilt angle 32°, in contrast to a segmental baffle heat exchanger.The results show that the optimum scheme within the testing scope is the one with baffle tilt angle of 20°, and the ratios of the mean values of shell side heat transfer coefficient, pressure drop, and comprehensive index(h_o/Δp_o) of the helical scheme with baffle tilt angle of 20° over those of the segmental baffle scheme are 1.122, 0.566 and 2.035 respectively.The dual thread scheme of baffle tilt angle 32° has higher heat transfer coefficient, pressure drop and the comprehensive index(h_o/Δp_o) than the single thread one with same tilt angle.

The thermal connection and electrical connection of two thermoelectric modules are analyzed when Thomson effect is taken into consideration.The discussion is focused on the refrigerating capacity and coefficient of performance of the four connection patterns，to analyze the contribution of following factors to the performance of thermoelectric refrigeration system，i.e.，the number of thermocouples ratio，operating current，and the ratio of the cross-sectional area to the length of thermoelectric element.It was found that the thermal parallel and electrical series mode could be chosen at the high cooling load or low temperature difference requirement.At the high temperature difference requirement,the thermal series mode could be chosen，and the cooling capacity of thermal series and electrical series mode is always larger than thermal series and electrical parallel mode.However，at the middle temperature difference requirement,the thermal parallel and electrical series mode could be chosen at the large cooling load requirement，and the thermal series and electrical series mode could be chosen at the high coefficient of performance (COP)requirement.The optimum working conditions and range of application obtained for the four connection patterns will be a theoretical support for selection and optimization of the connection strategy for thermoelectric refrigeration modules in practical applications.

The binary ice is a solid-liquid two-phase solution with huge minute ice crystals.The binary ice，with good flowing ability and large phase change latent heat，can be used as a good coolant for cold storage or large-scale and high-density cold energy transfer.In order to investigate the factors affecting the droplet temperature in binary ice preparation by vacuum method，a vacuum ice experimental bench，was set up to examine the dynamic characteristics of process，and collect relevant images and experimental data.The collected images are analyzed qualitatively.Experimental data collected are droplet temperature as a function of time at different environment temperatures，ambient pressures，water temperatures，water quality，sizes and initial falling velocities of water droplets which are compared with simulation data.The results show that the effects of environment temperature，water temperature，initial falling velocity of water droplets are small，while the effects of ambient pressure and water size are significant.The effect of water quality is special，mainly on the maximum subcooled degree of droplets.

In order to study the effect of outlet-water temperature on the refrigeration performance of modular air-cooled chilled (hot)water with electronic expansion value and modularity energy adjustment system，experiments were carried out with 5 units with 60 kW refrigerating output under different working conditions：outlet water temperature of evaporator chilled water in the range of 5—12℃，ambient dry-bulb temperature in the range of 25—42℃，and relative humidity 40%.The cooling capacity of the unit is 54—71 kW，power consumption is 17.2—22.2 kW，and refrigeration COP is 2.55—3.84.The effect of outlet-water temperature of chilled water on refrigeration capacity，input power and COP were examined，which provides the basis for energy saving operation and optimization design.

To increase the flue gas temperature of outlet and waste heat recovery efficiency in the waste heat recovery area，a simulation study on sinter circular cooler layer-loading is carried out in a 420 m² sinter circular cooler in an iron and steel company.Based on the porous medium model and the standard k-ε turbulence model，the two-equation energy model of non-equilibrium thermodynamics is set up with the user-defined-scalar (UDS)and user-defined-function (UDF)of Fluent.A mathematical model of sinter cooling process is established with the computing platform of Fluent.The optimal parameters were obtained by simulating different conditions of layer-loading and general-loading with the mathematical model.The optimal parameters are as follows：the height，porosity and size of bottom layer are 0.4 m，0.4 and 0.035 m，respectively; the height，porosity and size of middle layer are 0.5 m，0.3 and 0.025 m，respectively; those of top layer are 0.5 m，0.3 and 0.03 m; the gas velocity of inlet is 7.65 m·s^-1，and the gas temperature of inlet is 404 K.The results show that compared with the general-loading，the layer-loading used in the sinter circular cooler can increase the flue gas temperature at outlet by 43.72 K，and increase the waste heat recovery efficiency by 23.2% in waste heat recovery area.

The circulation time of particles is an important parameter describing the fluidization quality in fluidized bed.A new method for the measurement of circulation time of particles in fluidized bed based on the electromagnetic induction of the moving charges was proposed，and a detection model of electrostatic induction sensor was established.The experimental study showed that the relationship between the dominant frequency of electrostatic fluctuations and the circulation time of particles was T_e=5.668/f₀ at different superficial gas velocities between 0.12 m·s^-1 and 0.48 m·s^-1.The correlation coefficient between the experimental results and the model results was 0.9765，and the value of the root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP)was 0.0241.Thus，a simple，safe and precise method to determine the circulation time of particles applicable to the online measurement was presented.

A drag model based on energy minimization multi-scale (EMMS)approach was used in the numerical simulation for fast fluidized bed (FFB)containing Geldart A particles.The Johnson and Jackson boundary conditions (BCs)were used for solids phase.The experimental conditions of Li and Kwauk were adopted in the simulation and two inlet BCs were used to evaluate its impact on the predicted gas-solids two-phase flow characteristics in term of axial voidage profile，outlet solids flux and solids holdup.Axial voidage profile was also investigated with different bed diameters and outlet constraints.It was found that it needed less simulation time，and could diminish the cost of simulation for cycle inlet BC than velocity inlet BC.Increasing bed diameter could result in weakened wall influence，and decrease in bed density and heterogeneity of axial profile.The enhancement of outlet constraint could lead to an increase in bed density.

The supercooling and crystallization of water are affected by many factors，the investigation of which is of great significance in the field of food frozen and conservation and low temperature preservation of biology.Experiments were carried out to investigate the supercooling and crystallization of water under DC magnetic fields with different intensity.The results show that the DC magnetic field can reduce the lowest unfrozen temperature and increase supercooling.The time that water remains supercooled increases with the increase of intensity of DC magnetic filed.The crystallization speed also increases obviously.This effect is considered to relate to the formation of water molecular hydrogen bonds.

The influences of temperature，chemical dispersant，and volume fraction of nanoparticles on the shear viscosity of the nanoparticle-fluid mixture were experimentally investigated.The nanofluids including different types of nanoparticles were prepared by a two-steps method.The results showed that the shear viscosity of the mixture decreased with increasing temperature below a threshold of 60℃. Interestingly，the viscosity of Cu-water and Al₂O₃-water nanofluids increased with increasing temperature above 60℃.The Brownian motion was enhanced as temperature increased，and the moving of the nanoparticles covering surfactants would increase the viscosity.The viscosity hysteresis between the heating and cooling processes could be observed obviously.The shear viscosity of CuO-water nanofluid in this experiment was in good agreement with fluid dynamics continuum theory for the fluids without dispersant.After the dispersant was added in CuO-water nanofluid，the experimental value of shear viscosity was larger than the theoretical data.And the varying trend of viscosity was consistent with that of the dispersant.The use of surfactant had an important role in the calculation of viscosity.The viscosity of nanofluids increased with increasing particle volume fraction，but the viscosity increments for the nanofluids with the same particle volume fraction were not the same.So density，surface electrical and diameter of the nanoparticles should be considered when calculating the viscosity of nanofluids.

To overcome some drawbacks of catalytic wet air oxidation（CWAO),higher temperature pressure is required. Mo-Mn-Al-O catalyst was prepared by co-precipitation and impregnation with Mn-Al-O as carrier and molybdate as precursor, and its catalytic activity for degradation of cationic dye wastewater under room temperature and atmospheric pressure was investigated.ICP-OES, BET, XRD and XPS were employed to characterize the Mo-Mn-Al-O catalyst.The results showed that the optimal preparation parameters were as follow：salts concentration was 1.5 mol·L^-1, dipping temperature 55℃, calcination time and temperature 3 h and 400℃ respectively.Furthermore, the degradation performance obtained for cationic dyes in wastewater cationic red GTL, cationic red X-GRL, cationic yellow X-GL and cationic blue X-BL showed that the catalytic activity of Mo-Mn-Al-O catalyst was good when amount of Mo-Mn-Al-O catalyst was 2.72 g·L^-1, it can be removed 74.8% of cationic red GTL and 64.5% of TOC after 1 h oxidation.

In a previous study,high activity of Ni/Si₃N₄ catalyst，high selectivity and remarkable resistance to coke formation in partial oxidation of methane (POM) were reported.This work is part of a broad investigation seeking nickel catalysts supported by silicon nitride with high catalytic performance for POM.The effects of nickel loading and calcination temperature on the catalytic performance were investigated with XRD，TPR and XPS.The characterization results suggested that the nickel loading and calcination temperature affected the catalyst performance via influencing surface distribution and crystallite size of active components strongly.The order of methane conversion of Ni/Si₃N₄ catalysts with different nickel loadings and calcination temperatures was C-10>C-15>C-5>C-1 and S(400)>S(600)>S(800) respectively.

A co-production process for 4-cumylphenol and 2,4-dicumylphenol was developed.The effect of raw material ratios，amount of catalysts，reaction temperature and dosage of re-crystallization solvents on alkylation of phenol and α-methyl-styrene were studied.Approximate 100% phenol conversion，and above 90% yield of 4-cumylphenol and 2,4-dicumylphenol were obtained.The purity of 2,4-dicumylphenol was better than 99% when a two-step re-crystallization with different solvents was employed.The emission of wastewater phenol-containing and other organic pollutants can be completely avoided when a new in-situ neutralization method was utilized for removal of catalysts.The problems of the present production technologies of 4-cumylphenol and 2,4-dicumylphenol，including difficulties in separation and purification，low yields and environmental pollution，could be solved.

With benzyl phenyl ether（BPE） as a model compound of lignin，catalytic hydrogenolysis kinetics of benzyl phenyl ether via hydrogen-transfer was studied at the temperature of 413.15—443.15 K，using toluene-4-sulfonic acid (PTSA)as catalyst and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene as hydrogen-donor solvent.Batch reactors with and without microwave-assisted were employed.The first order kinetic model was used to fit the kinetics data.The results indicated that for microwave-assisted reactor，conversion of BPE was greatly improved with increase of PTSA and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene concentration.When both concentrations are 0.1 g·ml^-1，apparent activation energies of BPE hydrogenolysis reaction estimated were 52.45 kJ·mol^-1 for microwave-assisted reactor and 87.82 kJ·mol^-1 for batch one，which means that microwave can make activation energy of hydrogenolysis reaction greatly decrease.This work may provide an alternative way for large-scale utilization of lignin.

This paper focuses on a novel extraction process for Au (Ⅲ).The original “magnetic-fluids fixed bed” (MFFB)，which bridges the solvent extraction and the fixed-bed extraction with the theory of the high gradient magnetic separation，is explained.The MFFB combines the advantages of the two classical extraction methods and overcomes their deficiencies.A novel method is proposed for the extraction of precious metal ions with low concentrations from aqueous solutions by using magnetic fluids in a high gradient magnetic separator (HGMS).Au (Ⅲ)was selected as the model species of precious metal ions.The feasibility of this method was tested by extraction experiments of Au (Ⅲ)from its aqueous solution.The extractant tributyl phosphate (TBP)was dissolved in the magnetic fluid and the extraction efficiency for Au (Ⅲ)was studied.The magnetic extractant containing magnetic fluid and TBP，as stationary phase in the form of liquid-droplet，was immobilized on the surface of steel wires in the HGMS.The low concentration Au (Ⅲ)，as mobile phase，flowed through the HGMS and was extracted from the aqueous solution.The influence factors such as the diameter of ferromagnetic wire，the pH of initial gold solution，the volume fraction of extraction solvent and co-extraction were investigated.The most effective factors for the experiment were obtained.With the wire diameter of 2.34 mm，initial pH of 1，and the volume fraction of 50%，the method gave high extraction efficiency in a continuous process.In addition，the co-extraction with triphenylphosphine oxide (TPPO)and TBP can improve the extraction rate. This method is especially suitable for the extraction of low concentration Au (Ⅲ)from aqueous solutions，which is very difficult to be recovered by traditional extraction technologies.The extraction process is continuous，which is suitable for practical industrial production.

For the life cycle of the heat exchanger network (HEN)，the heat exchanger performance steps down and energy consumption steps up because of network equipment aging and other factors.And this problem is not resolved effectively by the present margin design for the HEN.A margin optimal design method of the HEN with bypasses based on life cycle energy saving was presented.Through bypass adjustment，effective margin area was released gradually，achieving the purpose of saving energy in the life cycle.The HEN life cycle operation accumulative total cost was considered as the objective function，and at the same time the effect of fouling of heat exchangers and bypass adjustment was included to solve the best margin while satisfying the operation conditions.Lastly sustaining energy conservation was realized.The HEN of a given crude distillation unit in a refinery was treated as the specific research object，illustrating the effectiveness and application prospect of the presented method.

The constraints of input and output variables commonly exist in chemical process control.The inconsistency between the system and different constraints may cause constrained model predictive controller to be infeasible，and that will bring harmful effect to practical production.Based on convex polyhedron geometry，for discrete-time state-space model of linear system，the feasibility analysis of constrained model predictive control and the reasonable constraints adjustment were discussed.An on-line algorithm about feasibility analysis and constraints adjustment was proposed that the constrained model predictive control law was solved at each step before.All of the constraints could be satisfied and control performance was perfect during the whole horizon by the algorithm.Simulation results of control problem of CSTR showed the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

Based on variation of water quality parameters under the influence of frequency conversion electromagnetic field，the relationship between conductivity，pH value and magnetic acting time was analyzed by using the correlative degree analysis and balanced adjacent degree.The results of Origin and Matlab showed that the relevance of conductivity and magnetic acting time was better than pH value.Compared with pH value，conductivity was more suitable for constructing the mathematical model of electromagnetic field and water quality parameters and was more closely associated with electromagnetic field than pH value in the process of fouling formation.This method provided the theoretical and experimental basis for the suitable selection of mathematical model of electromagnetic parameters and water quality parameters.

The estimation performance of a soft-sensor would deteriorate when the process characteristics change.To cope with such changes，recursive PLS and just-in-time modeling have been developed. However，these methods update a soft-sensor model whenever the new input-output data are sampled no matter whether the estimation performance of the soft-sensor deteriorates or not.Therefore，an approach for adaptive correction of a soft-sensor was proposed based on model performance monitoring and assessment.Firstly，an estimation performance assessment index of soft sensors was designed to objectively detect the degradation of a soft-sensor relative to their design performance.Then，the statistical limits of the index could be determined based on the time-series index data collected under normal conditions. The soft sensor would be updated only when the assessment index exceeded the corresponding statistical limits.A state classifier could diagnose the type of change of process characteristics according to the discrete Fourier transforms of the indexes series.The adaptive correction method would update model recursively when process characteristics were gradually changing and reconstructed the local model in a neighborhood around the query point when process characteristics had an abrupt change.The usefulness of the proposed method was demonstrated through a case study of a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR)process and the real industrial data of an industrial evaporator from DAISY (database for identification of systems). The result showed that the method could avoid large fluctuation of measurement caused by blind correction and serious off-line effects of analysis noise.The method could cope with changes in process characteristics and improve the estimation performance，and could have the potential for realizing efficient maintenance of soft-sensors in the actual industrial process.

The principal objective of process hazard analysis is to identify hazard scenarios.Both the course of team brainstorming hazard evaluation and its result information can be expressed as hazard scenarios. Ontology of hazard scenarios is accurate expression of standardized process hazard analysis information.An ontology is an explicit specification of a conceptualization.According to design criteria for ontologies，a standardized process hazard analysis information called scenario object model (SOM)was proposed.SOM was used to represent contents and structures of hazard evaluation information.Computer automatic reasoning and semi-quantitative algorithms could be implemented on SOM.Computer-aided automatic hazard evaluation and transfer，auditing and sharing of safety information were realized effectively by using ontology SOM.

The treatment and prevention of water bloom play a significant role in efficiently controlling water pollution，and the key to solve this problem is to understand formation mechanism of water bloom. Based on a further analysis for the formation process of cyanobacteria bloom in urban lake reservoir，and the whole process is simulated in laboratory，orthogonal experiment and rough set theory are combined to get key factors (DO，TP，TN，temperature and illumination)that can impact formation of cyanobacteria bloom and used as input parameters in establishment of mechanism model for the formation of cyanobacteria bloom in urban lake reservoir.Chlorophyll a is adopted as a characterization index for the formation of cyanobacteria bloom，and based on mechanism of interaction，a model of the process applied to describe cyanobacteria bloom formation in urban lake reservoir is structured.Meanwhile，the parameters involved in this model，such as G_max，I_s，∂，K， K_ab， D_max， m_p，can be estimated and nonlinearly optimized by improved PSO(particle swarm optimization)，which can highly enhance the model applicability and validation.The method provides an efficient approach for further study on formation mechanism of cyanobacteria bloom.

The electrochemical behavior of lithium incorporation into aluminum electrode in LiTFSI/NaTf molten salt electrolyte was studied with electrochemical techniques，including cyclic voltammetry，chronopotentiometry and chronoamperometry.The reduction reaction was found to involve a nucleation process at the aluminum electrode，and only one LiAl alloy phase was reversible.The galvanostatic cycle experiments showed that the coulombic efficiency was very low in the first cycle and decreased with increasing current density，and increased with increasing operating temperature.The results of chronoamperometry indicated that the incorporation of lithium into aluminum for the formation of α-phase Li-Al alloy was limited by its rate of diffusion，with a measured diffusion coefficient of 1.7×10^-10 cm²·s^-1.

The influence of three main components of environmental-friendly no-clean flux (activator，surfactant and inhibitor)on its corrosivity was studied.The effect of different components on the copper electrode inhibition performance was studied by using alternating current（AC）impedance.The surface corrosion of three main components on comb patterns was also observed with scanning electron microscope，and the residue of flux and interaction were tested by thermal analysis.The results showed that the structure and acidity of the activator had some effect on the corrosivity of the flux.The weaker the acid,the weaker the corrosivity of the flux.The corrosion inhibition of the flux could be improved by the addition of polyoxyethylene nonyl phenyl ether as nonionic surfactant.With benzotriazole (BTA)as inhibitor，the corrosion inhibition performance of the flux was promoted effectively.The results showed that the no-clean flux，using polyoxyethylene nonyl phenyl ether (50)(w=0.2%)as surfactant，showed lower surface tension and better wetting properties.The mixture of succinate and malic acid (w=1.6%)as activator could help to increase the activity of flux.The welding plate expressed less corrosivity after soldering.The flux using BTA as corrosion inhibitor (w=0.06%) showed optimum corrosion inhibition performance，with high membrane resistance and lower inhibition on hydrothermal condition.The mechanisms of this action were discussed by thermal analysis，which showed that the esterification reaction between organic acid and glycerol may play an important role for corrosion inhibition performance improvement in the welding process.

Carbon-based electrode materials are one of the key and indispensable materials in capacitive deionization (CDI)technology with high efficiency and low energy consumption.The potential of petroleum coke-based activated carbon materials as electrode material for CDI was investigated，and the possibility of enhancing the performance of carbon electrodes was demonstrated by coupling with ion-exchange membranes that were decorated on the cathode and anode surfaces.The results showed that for the salted water with a conductivity up to 510 μS·cm^-1，the amount of salt removed from the water could be increased by 50%，at the same time，the current efficiency of the composite electrodes with ion-exchange membranes increased by 17%.The recycling performance of the composite electrodes was also greatly improved.It was found that the electrosorption mechanism involved on the electrodes in the CDI technology was an ideal monolayer adsorption process.

A series of lubricating oils containing different mass fractions of anticorrosion additive were prepared.Static adsorbent experiments using simulating axletree balls in those lubricating oil samples were performed.The absorbency of lubricating oil before and after the adsorbent experiments were measured with UV spectrograph，and the adsorbent quantity of anticorrosion additive was calculated through the absorbency difference of the lubricating oil before and after the adsorbent experiments to characterize the adsorption effect of anticorrosion additive.The temperature and humidity of ocean environment were simulated through a self-made equipment，and the axletree balls with which adsorbent experiments were performed in the lubricating oil were put into the equipment to do the corrosion experiments.Data processing on the laboratory findings was made according to the hierarchical corrosion grade criterion，and the anticorrosion ability of the lubricating oil was estimated on the basis of axletree balls’ corrosion grade.The relationship between adsorbent quantity of anticorrosion additive on the axletree balls surface and anticorrosion ability of lubricating oil indicated that the anticorrosion ability of lubricating oil was determined by the adsorption effect of anticorrosion additive.

Immobilization technology is of potential in industrial application for improving activity and stability of biocatalyst in nonaqueous systems.Alginate-chitosan (AC)microcapsules as immobilization carrier were prepared by emulsification-internal gelation and complexation reaction，and five solvents were selected to form culture medium-solvent two phase systems.At simulating yeast culture condition，AC microcapsules were put into the two phase systems and oscillated for 48 h.The morphology of AC microcapsules had no change for different two phase systems.For culture medium-dibutyl sebacate system，molecular weight of chitosan and formation time of microcapsule membrane were varied in a range of 40000—100000 and of 2—5 min，respectively，AC microcapsules with stable size，low broken rate and high mechanical strength were produced at conditions of low M_w (40000)chitosan and long formation time (5 min).These results showed that AC microcapsules prepared with above condition could be applied as immobilization carrier of biocatalyst.Moreover，yeast cells with biotransformation ability was used as a model of biocatalyst and entrapped in AC microcapsules.The growth of yeast cells entrapped in AC microcapsules to produce 2-phenylethanol was investigated in the culture medium-solvent two phase systems.The results showed that entrapped cells still keep its activity and can normal grow，which means that two phase systems have no adverse effect on it.Therefore，the immobilized yeast cells are of high biotransformation ability in the culture medium-solvent two phase systems with substrate concentration of 8—16 g·L^-1.

Recovery of waste heat from flue gas under 180℃ was named as deep recovery in this paper，and thermodynamics characteristics of this process were analyzed.Three recovery modes were proposed and some characteristics of them were also discussed.Especially，a mathematical model was built for split-flow pattern and the result obtained was discussed.There is obvious difference at the thermodynamics characteristics of recovery of waste heat in flue gas for deep and normal recovery，and exist of turn point T_co leads to a constriction for outlet temperature of hot water of single-flow pattern.Split-flow pattern can overcome this limit caused by the turn point，and split-flow ratio x can be determined from temperature of demand hot water and total cost.When cost ratio is higher than a low limit value，optimum split-flow ratio can be found to get the lowest total cost; while the cost ratio is lower than the value，split-flow ratio should be as small as possible to reduce total cost.When outlet water temperature of optimum result is lower than requirement，split-flow ratio should be improved or adjusted to reach demand value.

The role and effect of simulated flue gas on adsorption of elemental mercury (Hg⁰)on coconut shell activated carbon (CS-AC)were studied by adsorption experiment carried out at 130℃ in a bench-scale fixed bed to reveal the characteristics of homogeneous/heterogeneous oxidation reaction between components of simulated flue gas，Hg⁰ and CS-AS surface.The experiments were divided into three parts：first，adsorption of Hg⁰ on surface of CS-AC in nitrogen (N₂)gas and simulated flue gas; second，homogeneous oxidation reaction between the components of simulated flue gas and Hg⁰; and third，adsorption of Hg⁰ in N₂ gas on surface of CS-AC pre-adsorbed by simulated flue gas.The results showed that CS-AC can not adsorb Hg⁰ in N₂ gas，however，it became easy in simulated flue gas and the initial adsorption efficiency was up to 80%.According to the result of homogeneous reaction between the simulated flue gas and Hg⁰ at the temperature of 130℃，only about 14% of Hg⁰ can be oxidized to divalent mercury (Hg²⁺)which is easily adsorbed by CS-AC，which was much lower than 80% of initial Hg⁰ adsorption efficiency in the simulated flue gas.This result could indicate that homogeneous reaction between simulated flue gas and Hg⁰ was not the main reason of high Hg⁰ adsorption efficiency.It was very interesting that in N₂ gas Hg⁰ could be adsorbed by CS-AC if it was pre-treated with simulated flue gas without Hg⁰.The pre-adsorption process of simulated flue gas could fix some components in flue gas，such as NO_x，etc.，on surface of CS-AC，and these components would help adsorption of Hg⁰ in N₂ gas，and the initial adsorption efficiency was about 67%.During the oxidation adsorption process，surface of CS-AC played important role.Therefore，it could be thought that the adsorption process of Hg⁰ by CS-AC is a heterogeneous chemical oxidation reaction and adsorption process between oxidizing components in flue gas，element mercury Hg⁰ and the CS-AC’s surface，whatever in N₂ gas or in simulated flue gas.

Absorption process of SO₂ by carbide slag slurry in spray tower was studied in this work.The results show that with increase of SO₂ concentration in flue gas its removal rate is a volcano curve.When pH value changes from 3 to 13，the removal rate of SO₂ goes up from 52.3% to 94.7%.Increasing concentration of carbide slag slurry and decreasing their grain diameter can improve absorption of SO₂. When L/G increases from 10 L·m^-3 to 50 L·m^-3，the removal efficiency puts up by 59.9%，but drops by 14.3% while L/G was continually raised from 50 L·m^-3 to 80 L·m^-3.A mathematics model is built based on the chemical reaction of desulfurization by carbide slag，the overall reaction order n=α+β=1.67，the activation energy E_a=51396.59 J·mol^-1 and the frequency factor k₀=0.37894×10⁶ (mol·m^-3)^-0.67·s^-1.

In order to structure a better continuous flow bioreactor mode for fermentative hydrogen production，a continuous stirred-tank reactor (CSTR)and an anaerobic contact digester (ACR)were evaluated with diluted molasses as raw material，and their operation characteristics during starting and running were analyzed and compared.Inoculated with aerobic pretreated sewage sludge，both the reactors started up at (35±1)℃ with an initial volatile suspended sludge (MLVSS)of 4.8 g·L^-1，a hydraulic retention time (HRT)of 12 h and an influent chemical oxygen demand (COD)of 5000 mg·L^-1.The pH was controlled at 5.5—6.0 in both fermentation systems during the whole operation period.The results showed that the CSTR could reach steady butyric acid type fermentation in 15 d，much faster than in 25 d for ACR.During the steady state，the butyrate was dominated among the soluble metabolites and counted for 53% and 50% of the total liquid products in CSTR and ACR system，respectively.The hydrogen-producing efficiency was higher for ACR than for CSTR，indicating its better ability to maintain biomass.The substrate acidification ratio，the hydrogen production rate and specific hydrogen production rate of the sludge were 44%，9 L·d^-1 and 0.15 L·(g MLVSS·d)^-1，respectively，for the steady ACR system，and 1.62，2.05 and 1.15 times of corresponding values of CSTR system.

The acute toxicity of typical pollutants (sulfate and sulfide)in high-sulfate pharmaceutical wastewater and effluent from SPAC reactor was tested using the 15 min half inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀)to photobacterium.The results showed that the IC₅₀ of sulfate and sulfide was 12077.8，78.1 mg·L^-1，respectively; the IC₅₀ of raw pharmaceutical wastewater，effluents from SPAC reactor with influents of 6-fold and 3-fold dilution were 64.5，44.7 and 78.9 times，respectively.The maximum volumetric COD，sulfate removal rates of SPAC reactor were 5.76，1.83 kg·m^-3·d^-1，COD and sulfate removal efficiency were 54.1% and 71.8% when the influent concentration was increased at a fixed HRT; the maximum volume COD，sulfate removal rates were 7.52，1.90 kg·m^-3·d^-1，COD and sulfate removal efficiency was 72.8% and 80.0% when the HRT was shortened at a fixed influent concentration.Low concentrations with high-flow rate made SAPC reactor run more efficiently.If the influent concentration exceeds inhibition concentration threshold，the pharmaceutical wastewater has a significant effect on performance of SPAC reactor.However，SPAC process showed a good ability to adapt the toxicity of high-sulfate pharmaceutical wastewater after a long term operation (about 3 months).The raw pharmaceutical wastewater should be diluted more than 5.13 folds to avoid the inhibition at the beginning of operation，while influent concentration could be increased to a dilution of 3.32-fold to cut the operation cost in the later.

Invasion of salt into wastewater treatment plants can change intracellular osmotic pressure of bacteria and influence microbial activity and degradation ability in bio-treating system with activated sludge.Effect of salinity on treatment efficiency was simulated based on MUCT process for treating real saline sewage.A model was constructed by combining the pollutant degradation kinetics and the inhibition kinetics，by which the salt toxicity on functional microorganisms in activated sludge was evaluated.The results showed that intrusion of salt can cause its activity loss and disrupt normal removal of pollutants.And this toxicity can reduce significantly respiration of aerobic microorganisms，and evaluation on the effect of salt toxicity，based on the respiration inhibition，can be overestimated，while based on pollutant degradation rate it can properly be related to treatment efficiency and the real situation of treatment system.In this study，IC₅₀ values of salt inhibition obtained for the degradation of organics heterotroph，nitrifiers and denitrifiers were 20.64 g·L^-1，11.61 g·L^-1，and 10.88 g·L^-1，respectively.

Membrane fouling is one of the main obstacles for application of membrane distillation（MD)process.In this work, the most familiar organic solute, humic acid（HA), and inorganic slightly soluble salt, calcium carbonate（CaCO₃), were selected as contaminants to study membrane fouling during MD process.The properties of feed solution during MD process, such as zeta potential and particle size distribution, were measured and used for illustrating the variation of feed solution properties.The variation of membrane surface morphology and contaminant chemical composition during MD process were characterized by Field emission scanning electron microscopy（FESEM)and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy（XPS).Severe flux decline was observed for hybrid feed solution during DCMD, and could be roughly attributed into three reasons：（1)A considerable amount of HA aggregates aroused by concentration polarization in the feed decreased diffusion coefficient i.e.relative low mass transfer coefficient, of H₂O molecules in boundary layer；(2)Fouling layer as filtration cake on membrane, consisting of deposits of HA aggregates and CaCO₃, made mass transport resistance gradual increase; (3)As though all through DCMD manipulations any wetting was not detected（according to the permeate conductivity variations), long-term DCMD operation may also induce pore wetting gradually especially in the pores located on membrane surface.At the time surface pores were filled with the feed, pores located inside membrane may still wonderfully dry, and this “semi-leakage” is of recoverability when process was shutdown.The effects of divalent metal counter ion Ca²⁺ of HA and its aggregation foulant on precipitation of CaCO₃ onto membrane surface were studied.The results showed that Ca²⁺ could accelerate HA aggregation,HA aggregates with lower electronegativity adsorb preferentially onto hydrophobic poly(vinylidene fluoride)membrane surface and form organic contaminant layer,and CaCO₃ could nucleate heterogeneously on the inner surface of the organic contaminant layer on hydrophobic membrane and crystal grows, and so modify crystal morphology.

Leaching uranium ores by fungi is a promising new bioleaching approach，and organic acids play key roles.However，little is known about the relationships between uranium leaching rate and organic acids produced by fungi.To explore the effects of medium types，culture temperature and pH value on uranium leaching by organic acids from Aspergillus niger，a strain of them was separated and purified from some water samples from a uranium mine.PSA and PCS medium were used for culture of Aspergillus niger，and mixed organic acids with different pH value produced by Aspergillus niger at diverse culture temperature were obtained and applied to tests of uranium leaching.The results show that leaching rate of uranium has statistically significant difference for these organic acids produced at different conditions，because there are different ingredients in these organic acids.All factors including of medium type，culture temperature and pH could influence composition and quantity of mixed organic acids.When Aspergillus niger was cultured in different medium，the composition of mixed organic acids is different，mainly oxalic acid and citric acid，and uranium leaching rates also different.Uranium leaching is better for the products obtained in PSA medium than in PCS one no matter different pH and culture temperature (p<0.05).For same medium，due to difference in pH value culture temperature uranium leaching rate is also different (p<0.05).For example，for PSA the best culture temperature and pH value are 25℃ and 2.3 respectively，and mean uranium leaching rate were 76.14% and 82.40% at these conditions.While for PCS，the best conditions were 30℃ and 2.0，and the mean uranium leaching rate were 56.60% and 67.91%，respectively. The results also show that there are interaction effects between culture temperature and pH value of mixed organic acids （p<0.05).Main factor influencing uranium leaching rate is pH value，and the second their interaction effects.Culture temperature has less effect on uranium leaching.So，the conclusion can be made：the mixed organic acids produced by Aspergillus niger is of ability of uranium leaching，and culture medium，temperature and pH value has effect on uranium leaching rate.The optimal parameters obtained are culture temperature 25℃and pH value 2.3 for PSA media，and 30℃ and 2.0 for PCS.PSA medium is better than PCS medium.

Change of cell surface features of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia in treating BaP and Cu²⁺ composite pollutants was studied.The results indicated that S.maltophilia was of higher cell surface hydrophobicity(CSH).It could keep within 83.3%—95.6% in treating different pollutant systems for 4—72 h，and then the CSH decreased with increase of operation time.BaP and Cu²⁺ can make permeability of the cell membrane increase.The morphological features of S.maltophilia observed by TEM showed that cell membrane ruptured and appeared holes on it after treating pollutants，leading to permeability change of cell membrane and outflow of the cytoplasm，but cell wall still kept the cell in original shape without complete splitting.However，after contacting combined pollutants for 5 day，bacterial cells were out of shape seriously，periplasmic space enlarged，and cytoplasm leaked，nucleus broke down and gradually disappeared，resulting in decrease of cell activity and in gradual loss of S.maltophilia’s ability adsorbing heavy metals.

To improve power generation of microbial fuel cell，graphite anodes were modified electrochemically by polyaniline(PANI)and multi-walled carbon nanotubes(MWNTs).Commercial MWNTs were ultrasonically treated in a mixture solution of 3∶1 concentrated sulfuric and nitric acid for 3 h. Due to production of carboxylic acid groups at defect sites of MWNTs，its solubility in HCl solution was improved.The film anodes were used in the anaerobic fluidized bed microbial fuel cell (AFBMFC)，and its performance of power production and the COD removal efficiency of wastewater were evaluated.It has been indicated that electrochemical method，including CV(cyclic voltammetry)and potentiostatic methods etc.，is of high-efficiency for preparation of electrode material，such as shorter preparation route and direct synthesis of composited film anodes as well as decrease of danger caused by use of poisonous reagents.Dopping of a small amount of MWNTs could increase significantly output electricity.Meanwhile，the optimal film anodes was prepared by potentiostatic method，containing 5%（mass） MWNT，whose maximum open-circuit voltage was 926.5 mV and power density 112.3 mW·m^-2.For the optimal anodes，after running seven days，the COD removal efficiency of wastewater was 94.5%.The photos from scanning electron microscope (SEM)showed that the surface of composite film anodes was of clavate and reticular structure，in favor of adhesion of microbe and formation of biological membrane.In addition，doping MWNT can reduce the start time of MFC to about one day and improve the stability of electrodes.The maximum open-circuit voltage was 735 mV for PANI film anodes，and the performance was also better for modified anodes than for graphite rods (no modified one).The optimal PANI film anode was prepared by cyclic voltammetry (CV)method，hydrochloric acid as proton acid and concentration 1 mol·L^-1，aniline 0.1 mol·L^-1，the number of polymerization cycles 24.Furthermore，the major factor influencing output voltage is matrix concentration，when it is low the output voltage is dropped quickly and stabilized in a lower value.

Ultra-fine artemisinin (ART)was prepared by antisolvent recrystallization.Ethanol was used to form the artemisinin solution，and water was chosen as the antisolvent to induce precipitation.The effects of type of excipients，volume ratio of antisolvent to solvent，ART solution concentration and stirring speed on particle morphology and size were investigated.The results indicated that the combined use of hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC)and polyviny pyrrolidone (PVP)as excipients could easily control the particle morphology.The needle-like ART particles with average width of 0.84 μm and average length of 3 μm were obtained under the following conditions：volume ratio of water to ethanol of 20，ART solution concentration of 20 mg·ml^-1，stirring speed of 8000 r·min^-1.The spray dried particles had spherical shape with 2—3 μm in diameter.The as-prepared ultra-fine ART product and raw ART were further characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR)spectroscopy，X-ray diffraction (XRD)，differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)and specific surface area test.The results indicated that hydrogen bonding was formed between ART and HPMC after recrystallization.Ultra-fine ART had a lower degree of crystallinity and a lower melting point than raw ART and its specific surface area was 26.4 times as high as that of raw ART.In dissolution tests，ultra-fine ART powder exhibited enhanced dissolution property compared to raw ART.88.3% of the ultra-fine ART powder was dissolved within 15 min.However，only 2.1% of raw ART was dissolved during the same period.

MgO-CaO clinker refractory has the disadvantage of poor hydration resistance.MgO coating was deposited on the surface of MgO-CaO clinker by carbothermal reduction of MgO with carbon black as reducing agent and oxidation of the resulted vapor-phase Mg through diffusion.Deposition kinetics，morphology and growth mechanism of MgO coating and influence of coating thickness on hydration resistance of MgO-CaO clinker were investigated.The results indicated that there existed two kinds of controlling mechanism at 1400—1600℃.Deposition process was controlled by chemical reaction and the apparent activated energy was 97.82 kJ·mol^-1 at 1400—1500℃.However，at 1500—1600℃ the process was controlled by diffusion，and the apparent activated energy was 19.18 kJ·mol^-1.Morphology of MgO coating showed that the MgO growth on magnesia or calcia was typical two-dimensional step-like，but the growth mechanism of MgO coating on either one was not the same.Hydration results showed that the optimal process parameters was that MgO-CaO clinker was treated at 1600℃ for 6 h，and the mass gain percent for treated MgO-CaO clinker was 0.02%，which was 1/150 of untreated one.

The new concept of dissymmetry modeling of cross-section geometries for fully wiped co-rotating screws was proposed.The corresponding mathematical model was established with the fluid concerned obeying the Carreau flow model.Based on the mesh superposition technique，the two-dimensional periodical flow and mixing in co-rotating screws with two kinds of cross-section geometries were simulated with finite element package Polyflow.The distributive mixing was investigated in terms of particle tracking visualization combined with segregation scales.In contrast，the dispersive mixing was characterized by the mixing index together with the shear rate distribution in the flow field.When the sum of rotations of the left screw and the right screw was kept as constant，the group with speed ratio 2∶3 was better in the ability of mixing than the group with speed ratio 2∶1.

In this paper, a new thermoplastic deacetylated konjac glucomannan（TDKGM)was synthesized by graft copolymerization of methyl acrylate（MA)and methyl methacrylate（MMA)onto konjac glucomannan（KGM).Melt blending of polycaprolactone（PCL)and TDKGM was performed to improve the processing and comprehensive mechanical properties of PCL and TKDGM. The blending of polycaprolactone（PCL)and TDKGM. was characterized with scanning electron microscope（SEM), differential scanning calorimetry（DSC), X-ray diffraction and thermal gravimetric analysis（TG), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.The results showed that the presence of TDKGM in the blends played a role of nucleation agent, which increased the crystallization temperature in the blends.In addition, the thermal processing property of PCL/TDKGM blend（80/20)was quite close to low density polyethylene（LDPE), whose equilibrium torque, maximum torque and plasticizing time were 10.7 N·m, 48.7 N·m and 300 s, respectively.And the PCL/TDKGM blend（80/20)resulted in an even greater ductility with an elongation at break of 256.48%.PCL/TDKGM blends are expected to be a new potential biodegradable plastic.

Because of good fleeciness，soft and excellent absorbency，sponge is widely used.But the polyurethane foam sponge in the market not only has the disadvantage of raw material shortage and pollution in its preparation，but also pollutes the environment after the product is abandoned.With the aim of developing the preparation technology of cellulose sponge that can be naturally degraded，the process of preparing cellulose sponge from cellulose carbamate was studied.Sodium hydroxide solution of cellulose carbamate and pore-forming agent were kneaded into a sponge mixture and was cooked to regenerate cellulose.Pore-forming agent was dissolved in water，leaving voids behind and cellulose sponge with uniform pore size was obtained.The cellulose sponge had smooth surface，good flexibility and elasticity，with the basic features of polyurethane foam.

Coking tests were carried out on the inner surface of after-service HP40 cracking tube at 850℃ with naphtha as feed，and the anti-coking properties of anti-coking SiO₂/S coating and sulfur phosphorous coking inhibitor were investigated.The effect of SiO₂/S coating and sulfur phosphorous coking inhibitor on coke formation was studied.Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)，X-ray energy dispersion spectrometry (EDS)and X-ray diffraction (XRD)were used to characterize the morphology and structure of the inner surface of after-service HP40 cracking tube and the morphology of coke on the surface.The structure of coke was analyzed by TGA，elemental analysis and Raman spectroscopy.The results showed that the changes of the inner surface conditions of after-service HP40 cracking tube led to accelerated catalytic coking. When the mass fraction of sulfur phosphorous inhibitor was 200 μg·g^-1，coke deposition was reduced by 69%.SiO₂/S coating could inhibit catalytic coking，and coke was mainly deposited in the spalled SiO₂/S coating region.Coke formation was reduced by 65% for SiO₂/S coating only.When the combination of sulfur phosphorous coking inhibitor and SiO₂/S coating was applied，the interference of HS radicals，originating from sulfur phosphorous inhibitor decomposition，with the heterogeneous noncatalytic mechanism in the cracking via radical termination and hydrogen abstraction reactions resulted in an optimum mass concentration of sulfur phosphorous coking inhibitor.The combination of sulfur phosphorous coking inhibitor at the mass concentration of 50 μg·g^-1 plus SiO₂/S coating would result in a decrease in coke formation up to 97%.Coke deposited on the inner surface of after-service HP40 cracking tube had a highly condensed structure with a high boiling point and a low graphitization degree.The use of SiO₂/S coating and sulfur phosphorous inhibitor led to a decrease in the graphitization degree of the coke to a certain extent.

There are many safety issues in the process of CO₂ exploitation and utilization.As a heavy gas，CO₂ exhibits different dispersion behavior compared with the neutral gases.It will fall down to the floor and then disperse along the ground and do harm to people，such as asphyxia and frostbite.According to the national standard，the maximum allowance limit of CO₂ is 18000 mg·m^-3，which is equal to about 1%（volume）.In order to study the dispersion of CO₂ leaked from pipelines，a series of scaled field tests were conducted.Several infrared CO₂ sensors were arranged on the downwind ground to detect the concentration.The concentration distributions were analyzed.Peak concentration curves of the test points were fitted to determine safety distances of the scenes.The scenes were also predicted by the non-normal emission model of dangerous gas and compared with the experiment results.When CO₂ is released with the initial flow rate 950 m³·h^-1 for 20 min under light wind，the safety distance is 46 m，while the distance is 160 m with the initial flow rate 6300 of m³·h^-1.The minimum deviation between experimental and theoretical prediction results is -3.0%，while the maximum is 28.1%.The conclusion is that CO₂ spreads mainly by the jet kinetic energy within a certain distance near the release source while its dispersion is driven mainly by the concentration gradient far from the source.The spread situation near the source can be predicted accurately by the non-normal emission model of dangerous gas.It can be proved that safety distance and discharge flow are exponentially related.