A new instrument of measuring gas solubility was developed,and the solubility values of carbon monoxide, oxygen and other gases in phenol were measured respectively within temperature range of 55 to 95 ℃ and pressure range of 1.00 to 8.00 MPa.The results showed that the solubility values of carbon dioxide decreased with rising temperature,but the case was reversed for carbon monoxide, oxygen and nitrogen.By using the regular-solution theory and the virial expansion for the Redlich-Kwong equation of state, an equation was proposed to relate the solubility values of the gases in the non-volatile solvent to temperature and pressure.The equations used to correlate the high-pressure gas solubility values of carbon monoxide,oxygen and nitrogen in phenol at various temperatures were accurate.

A 3-D transient numerical simulation model was proposed for nucleate pool boiling.This model addressed the 3-D transient conduction heat transfer process within the domain of the heating wall, and the effect of bubble overlapping was represented by the boundary conditions.The control equation, boundary conditions and simulation process were dimensionless for different liquid and pressure conditions. The whole nucleate pool boiling curve from low to high heat flux, and the critical heat flux (CHF) were simulated. The simulation results showed that the CHF was not affected by surface roughness.The average area ratio Г_Ab covered by bubbles and transient dimensionless distance l⁺_a between nucleate sites were the criteria of pool boiling culminating in the CHF for different conditions.The results of CHF dependence on the saturate pressure simulated by numerical model were in agreement with those predicted by the Kutateladze and Zuber functions.

A new occupancy-dependence equation of M-S diffusivity in MFI zeolite was developed based on Kinetic Monte Carlo simulation results obtained in this paper and Molecular Dynamics simulation data from literature.The new relation took into account the effects of sorbate-sorbate interaction and saturated adsorption loading by incorporating terms of the L-J energy parameter and saturation loading, and yielded better results than previous equations when calculating M-S diffusivity of weakly confined component CH₄, strongly confined component CF₄ and moderately confined components such as Ar, Xe, SF₆, Ne and He in MFI zeolite.

Wet limestone scrubbing is the most common flue gas desulfurization process for control of sulfur dioxide emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels, and forced oxidation which belongs to gas-liquid transfer process is a key path of the reaction.In the present work,the two-film theory was used to analyze the sulfite forced oxidation reaction with an image boundary recognition technique and the oxidation rate was experimentally studied by contacting pure oxygen with a sodium sulfite solution.There was a critical sulfite concentration 0.328 mol•L^-1 without catalyst or at a steady catalyst concentration.When the Co²⁺ catalyst concentration was kept unchanged, the sulfite oxidation reaction rate was controlled by dual film and the reaction kinetics was first order with respect to sulfite while SO^2-₃ concentration was below 0.328 mol•L^-1.The sulfite oxidation reaction rate was controlled by gas film only and the reaction was zeroth order with respect to sulfite while the SO^2-₃ concentration was over 0.328 mol•L^-1.When SO^2-₃ concentration was kept unchanged, the sulfite oxidation reaction rate depended on gas-liquid mass transfer and the reaction kinetics was different in various stages with respect to Co²⁺ concentrations.

The fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics of internal longitudinal finned tube were investigated experimentally,and were compared with those of circular annulus tube. It was shown that the internally longitudinal finned tube had better heat transfer performance than the circular annulus tube with increase of pressure drop simultaneously.Numerical results based on the realized k-ε turbulence model agreed well with the experimental results.It was found that there existed a critical Reynolds number, that is, when Reynolds number was less than the critical value, the Nusselt number of internally longitudinal finned tube was smaller than that of circular annulus tube in laminar flow.In addition,the Reynolds number for the transition from laminar to turbulent flow was greatly decreased due to the existence of internal fins.

A membrane-based heat and mass exchanger (MHME) using hydrophilic membranes to recover the heat and mass of the exhaust air was analysed.Using the second law of thermodynamics, the process of the heat and mass transfer between the fresh and the exhaust in the MHME was studied.Under the typical summer operating condition, thermal entropy increase, mechanical entropy increase, latent entropy and total entropy increase were analysed. The entropy generation per quantity of heat exchanged (EGPH), which. reflects the process’s thermodynamic irreversibility was analysed. It showed that the spacing between the membranes influenced the mechanical entropy increase most. The results also indicated that the mass velocity of the gas, the spacing between two membranes and the length of the membranes would influence the EGPH. There existed an optimal spacing where the EGPH was the least.

A series of vortex tube nozzles were designed and fabricated,and the effect of various cross sections of nozzle and the number of the nozzle intakes on the energy separation performance of a vortex tube were investigated experimentally by using air as test fluid. The experimental results showed that the vortex tube with the nozzle cross section designed in this study was superior to that with the nozzles of normal rectangle cross section and that of Archimedes’ spiral type in terms of regeneration temperature performance under the condition of ambient temperature with inlet pressure of 0.4 MPa.The cooling performance of the vortex tube with four intakes nozzle was the best while that of the vortex tube with eight intakes nozzle was the worst under the same experimental condition.

Traditional ceramics packing has the shortcomings such as low porosity, small specific surface area and high bulk density. The foam ceramics ring packing DX-1 with 0.4 height to diameter ratio was designed according to the characteristics of foam ceramics and stainless steel packing.DX-1 has a porosity of 92%,specific surface area of 1825 m2•m^-3 and bulk density of 208 kg•m^-3.In the desorption column with diameter 200 mm, air was used to desorb oxygen-enriched water.The hydrodynamic and mass transfer performance of DX-1 was investigated.When liquid spray density(L) was more than 50 m³•m^-2•h^-1, the pressure drop of DX-1 decreased by 55%—62% and（H_OL） 25℃ of DX-1 decreased by 12.7%—15.5% comparing to the stainless steel Pall ring packing.The hydrodynamic and mass transfer performance of DX-1 were equal to the stainless steel Intalox saddle packing.DX-1 was superior stainless steel packing in the cost and corrosion resistance.

The electric field enhancement of natural convection and pool boiling heat transfer on a plate surface immersed in ether was investigated.The experimental data indicated that electric field could enhance natural convection and pool boiling heat transfer.The enhancement effect of electric field on natural convection heat transfer was larger than the effect on pool boiling heat transfer.For natural convection heat transfer on plate surface immersed in ether,the enhancement effect of electric field gradually increased as voltage rose and decreased with increasing heat flux.For pool boiling heat transfer on plate surface immersed in ether, the enhancement effect of electric field gradually increased as voltage rose at heat flux q=5—9 kW•m^-2.At the other testing heat flux(q≥10 kW•m^-2), the increase of pool boiling heat transfer coefficient by applying electric field was much less.In the experimental condition, the enhancement effect of electric field on pool boiling heat transfer decreased with increasing heat flux.

Local phase holdups in gas-liquid-solid three-phase circulating fluidized beds with glass beads(d_p=0.48 mm, ρ_s=2460 kg•m^-3) and styrene resin(d_p=1.45 mm,ρ_s=1264 kg•m^-3) as solid phases were measured simultaneously by the improved micro-conductivity probe technique with air as gas phase and water and 0.05%（mass）,0.20% (mass)SCMC as liquid phases under a wide range of operating conditions. The axial and radial distributions of local phase holdups were studied under different operating conditions,liquid viscosity values and particle density values.1286 sets experimental data were obtained.Correlations of local solid holdup and gas holdup as a function of operating conditions and fluid physical properties as well as axial and radial distances were established respectively. The calculated local solid holdup and gas holdup distribution profiles were compared with those measured by the micro-conductivity probe technique. The correlations could describe well the distribution of local solid holdup and gas holdup observed experimentally.

Hydrodynamic similarity of particle flow behavior in the fully developed region of upward gas-solid CFB riser was experimentally investigated.The experiments were carried out in a 15.1 m high and 100 mm i.d. CFB riser with FCC catalyst particle, and the axial pressure gradients, local solids holdups and particle velocities were measured over a wide range of operating conditions. Through extensive analysis and comparison of particle flow behavior, it was found that the cross-sectional average solids holdups in the fully developed region changed linearly with the number group of (G_s/ρ_p)^1.2/U^2.0_g, although G_s and U_g showed different effects on particle flow.It was also showed that with different operating conditions, if the value of (G_s/ρ_p)^1.2/U_g^2.0 was the same, the local solids holdups, particle descending velocities, solids concentrations inside cluster and cluster frequencies displayed the same spatial distributions, respectively.The research indicated that the number group(G_s/ρ_p)^1.2/U^2.0_g makes the effects of G_s and U_g combined, and with the same (G_s/ρ_p)^1.2/U^2.0_g, the particle flow behavior in the fully developed zone of upward gas-solid two-phase flow exhibited very similar micro and macro hydrodynamic characteristics.

The relationship between root-mean-square deviation of fluctuating differential pressure and void fraction of gas-liquid two-phase flow in Venturi tube was investigated.The effect of mass flow rate, pressure, differential pressure and density ratio on the relationship was taken into consideration.With void fraction increasing, the fluctuation of differential pressure signal became stronger firstly and weaker subsequently after it reached a maximum.The experiments were carried out for air-water and oil-air two-phase flow with 40 mm and 50 mm diameter pipes respectively, static pressure less than 0.4 MPa,oil flow rate ranging from 0.97 kg•s^-1 to 1.81 kg•s^-1, water flow rate ranging from 1.58 kg•s^-1 to 2.54 kg•s^-1.Based on the experimental data and theoretical analysis, a dimensionless correlation between differential pressure and void fraction was proposed. Furthermore,void fraction could be determined with the correlation.The results showed that the void fraction determination error of air-water flow was 10.9% and that of oil-air flow was 11.3%, respectively.

The aim of this paper is to study the surface acidity and catalytic performance of alkylation catalyst in terms of kinetics.Firstly, based on desorption kinetic model, the acidities of solid acid catalysts activated at temperature from 200 ℃ to 400 ℃ in N₂ stream were characterized through temperature programmed desorption(TPD) experiments and model parameters estimation. The catalyst acid strength was characterized with desorption activation energy which was determined by use of desorption kinetic model equation related with heating rate, temperature and overlay fraction of catalyst surface acid sites at maximum rate of desorption.The acidity characterization results indicated that the strength distribution of catalyst surface acid sites broadened firstly and then narrowed with rising catalyst activation temperature,reaching the broadest at activation temperature of 350 ℃.The acid density and acid strength of the catalyst acid sites changed from rise to drop with rising catalyst activation temperature,reaching respectively maximum at 250 ℃ and 350 ℃.Then, the reaction experimental data for alkylation of benzene with long chain olefins(C₁₀—C₁₄) in the liquid-solid reaction system were simulated by use of the kinetic model equation of catalyst deactivation.the order of catalyst independent deactivation was found to be second.The alkylation activity of catalyst changed from rise to drop with rising activation temperature and was the greatest at 250 ℃.The activity stability of catalyst changed from worse to better with rising activation temperature，and was the worst at 350 ℃.The relationship between acidity and performance of catalyst showed that the catalytic performance of the alkylation catalyst might be improved by increasing the acid density of the solid acid catalyst and decreasing the acid strength of the catalyst.

A series of silica supported nickel catalysts promoted by lanthanumozide were prepared by using the incipient wetness co-impregnation and sequential impregnation methods.The effect of La₂O₃ introducing method on the activity and selectivity of Ni/SiO₂ catalyst for m-dinitrobenzene hydrogenation to m-phenylenediamine was studied,and the physical and chemical properties of the catalysts were investigated by the techniques of X-ray diffraction (XRD), temperature-programmed reduction (TPR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).The results showed that the addition sequence of La promoter played a substantial role in determining the catalytic hydrogenation properties of the nickel-based catalysts.When stepwise incipient impregnation method was used and La component was firstly impregnated on support before nickel component, the interaction between nickel and support was obviously weakened, the particle size of nickel crystallites was significantly reduced, and the nickel species were well dispersed, thus the activity of catalyst was apparently improved.In hydrogenation of m-dinitrobenzene under the conditions of hydrogen pressure 2.6 MPa, temperature 373 K and reaction time for 1 h, the conversion of m-dinitrobenzene and the yield of m-phenylenediamine on the above catalyst were up to 97.1% and 93.5%, respectively.The sample prepared by the La-Ni co-impregnation method also positively affected the catalytic performance of catalyst, but not as good as the former.When La component was impregnated after nickel component, however, the particle size of nickel crystallites increased apparently, thus resulting in dramatic decrease of catalyst activity.

The alkylation of isobutane/2-butene in ionic liquids with AlCl^-₄ and/or Al₂Cl^-₇ anions have high activity but poor selectivity.Changing the cation or anion of ionic liquids themselves has little impact on the catalytic performance. Addition of certain metal chlorides in chloroaluminate ionic liquids makes the alkylation catalyst much more active and selective than present ionic liquids catalysts.Side reactions such as isomerization, disproportionation, hydrogen transfer, and cracking could be dramatically reduced.The ［Et₃NH］Cl-1.8AlCl₃ ionic liquid with CuCl inhibitor is comparable to sulfuric acid in catalytic activity.C8 isoparaffins fraction of inhibited ionic liquids alkylate could reach 95.8% and the ratio of trimethylpentanes (TMPs) to dimethylhexanes (DMHs) was more than 14.0.

The engine emission in the cold-start phase plays an important role in reducing the overall emission in the tailpipe.Simulating cold-start engine behavior is a difficult task as it involves heat transfer processes and chemical reactions at both the exhaust pipe and catalytic converter.This paper presents a mono-channel non-steady model for the heat and mass transfer in the exhaust system of cold-start phase engine，both spatially and temporally. With the aid of numerical calculations, thermal and mass transfer characteristics of the exhaust system were analyzed.The calculation results were in agreement with experiments.The conversions of carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides were supported by the experimental data.The temperature and concentration distributions in the three-way monolithic converter were also discussed,which are necessary for the research and design of converter.

The binding energy of imprinted molecule with functional monomer was calculated by using the density functional theory (DFT) method.The monomer that provided the largest binding energy was then chosen for the synthesis of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs).An experimental study was made by using theophylline (THO) as template molecule,and methacrylic acid (MAA),acrylamide (AA) and trifluoro-methacrylic acid (TFMAA) as functional monomer, respectively.The order of the binding energy of THO with the above monomers was TFMAA>MAA>AA.THO imprinted polymer was thus synthesized by using the above monomers respectively and cholorform as solvent and ethylene glycol dimethylacrylate (EGDMA) as crosslinker.The order of the selectivity of the imprinted polymer was consistent with the order of the magnitude of binding energy.¹H NMR was used to assess the formation of H-bonding between the imprinted molecule and the monomers, respectively, giving an insight to the molecular interaction between template molecule and monomer.The results described above demonstrated that quantum chemical calculation could be used for the selection of a functional monomer for the synthesis of MIPs.

The existing definition of support was improved by adopting a new definition based on distance.Then classified fuzzy association rules mining model (CFARMM) was proposed.It takes association rule mining techniques applicable to classification tasks by introducing the concept of the target variable of decision tree.CFARMM is not only widely applicable in industrial production process and real life, but also easily realized as compared with shopping baskets association rules mining problem.Finally, CFARMM was applied to mine the real aromatic hydrocarbon extraction process.Through the data mining of historical process, the reasons that recovery rate decreased, and energy loss increased when the feed components varied were found.

Production planning is an important step in supply chain management of refinery enterprises. Based on TBP（true boiling point）distillation, this paper describes the foundation of TBP cut points optimization, and analyzes the feasibility of TBP cut points optimization according to laboratory data of distillates’properties(such as octane number and cetane number ) and cut points. Optimizing the TBP cut points in production planning of refinery was proposed.Studies on TBP cut points optimization were carried out and related LP (liner programming)models were developed under the same crude oil type and feedstock and other production constraints.The case study showed that the optimal TBP cut points could produce higher value products, greatly increasing profit in refinery.

In order to prevent sphalerite particles from agglomeration in leaching solution, and to reduce the loss of organic solvent, surface modification of sphalerite with sodium alginate was investigated. The modified sphalerite particles were characterized by dispersion experiments, determination of adsorption rate of oil, FT-IR spectra and X-ray photoelectron spectra. The results showed that the modified sphalerite particles showed good dispersibility in water.The sedimentation volume was reduced from 0.85 ml•g^-1 to 0.70 ml•g^-1.The adsorption rate of oil reduced from 0.15 ml•g^-1 to 0.07 ml•g^-1.The FT-IR and XPS spectra indicated that some modification regent was coated on the particle surface. The modifier was bonded on the sphalerite particle surface through chemical bond, resulting in the combined stabilization action of electrostatic and steric effect.

The inhibition effect of tween-60 on the corrosion of cold rolled steel (CRS) in 1.0—8.0 mol•L^-1 hydrochloric acid was studied with the mass loss method and potentiodynamic polarization method.The results showed that tween-60 was a good inhibitor in 1.0 mol•L^-1 HCl.Inhibition efficiency increased with increasing inhibitor concentration and the maximum inhibition efficiency was 91.2% at 30 ℃ even when inhibitor concentration is low. However, inhibition efficiency decreased with increasing hydrochloric acid concentration and temperature. Polarization curves showed that tween-60 was a mixed-type inhibitor in hydrochloric acid, and apparently inhibited iron’s cathodic reaction.The experimental data were treated with adsorption theory and kinetic equations.Both the thermodynamic and kinetic parameters could be obtained.The thermodynamic results showed that the adsorption of tween-60 on the cold rolled steel surface obeyed the Langmuir adsorption isotherm equation. Furthermore, the adsorption process was a spontaneous and exothermic process accompanied by a decrease in entropy.The kinetic results showed that the rate constant (k) decreased obviously after adding tween-60 in HCl solutions, while the kinetic reaction constant (B) increased.The values of both apparent activation energy (E_a) and pre-exponential factor (A) increased in inhibited hydrochloric acid solution.The inhibitive mechanism was mostly decided by the apparent activation energy.

The molecular simulation method was introduced in the context of membrane filtration process of biomolecules to investigate the effect of monomer structure on its charge property, and also the interaction between membrane and biomolecules, thus providing theoretical information on the selection of monomers in membrane charge modification.Amino acids and dipeptides were taken as samples in the simulation process. Hyperchem software was used to investigate membrane modification by acrylic acid, quaternary ammonium compound and their derivatives, and the appropriate operation conditions in microfiltration process of biomolecules.The experimental work on membrane charge modification confirmed the simulation results. Interaction energy results also proved to be in agreement with previous experimental work. The present study illustrated that the molecular simulation method could be of practical importance in the design of separation material and optimization of separation process.

In order to produce macromolecules by using the immobilized cells in microcapsules, a novel macro-porous NaCS-PDMDAAC capsules system was used to immobilize Candida valida in a semi-continuous culture mode for producing lipase. It was found that the encapsulation system had no negative effect on the growth and lipase productivity, and the lipase produced inside capsules could diffuse freely to the media outside capsules. The cultivation with the capsules was carried out for 15 batches and the lipase in each batch had almost the same activity. In comparison with free cell cultivation, the immobilized cell fermentation shortened obviously the period of glucose consumption from 24 hours to 8 hours and increased lipase productivity.

Incineration temperature is an important parameter to evaluate organic wastewater combustion and is also a significant factor affecting the formation of agglomeration. In the process of fluidized bed incineration of organic-condensed wastewater, the influence of incineration temperature on agglomeration was investigated experimentally and discussed. The results of the combustion tests showed that the intensity of agglomeration and the ratio of Na₂Si₃O₇ in the clinker sample were growing with increasing incineration temperature. Moreover, the dominant crystals of Na₂SO₄,NaCl were converted into the crystals of Na₂SO₄,Na₂Si₃O₇ etc. Using additives such as limestone,ferric oxide powder,kaolinite might be effective to reduce the agglomeration problem as illustrated in this paper.

The influences of mercury concentration, residence time, flue gas temperature and particulate control device on the amount of activated carbon injection were investigated through the pilot-scale tests.The results showed that a greater amount of active carbon injection for mercury removal was needed at lower Hg concentration.Residence time was one of the critical factors affecting mercury removal.A longer residence time would increase the availability of activated carbon.On the other hand,increased injection of activated carbon would not result in the corresponding increase of mercury removal efficiency at a short residence time.Flue gas temperature had a negative influence on activated carbon mercury removal.However, activated carbon treated with chemical agents had a good performance at a high temperature. The fabric filter would be very helpful for activated carbon mercury removal and could decrease the amount of activated carbon injection.

Under potentiostatic model and by using activated carbon fiber (ACF) as anode or cathode respectively, the decolorization behavior of Reactive Blue 19, one of anthraquinone dyes, was studied in a two-compartment cell separated by cation exchange membrane. The linear sweep voltammograms of ACF in the dye solution were measured, and the relationships between color/TOC/COD_Cr removal ratio and electrode potentials were investigated. The results show that: (1) The onset reduction potential and the onset oxidation potential were -0.7 V and 0.5 V respectively; (2) In the range of -0.6—0.4 V, the decolorization results from adsorption of the dye on ACF, and adsorption behavior was scarcely affected by potential; (3) In the range of -1.5—-0.7 V, the electro-reduction of the dye played an important role in decolorization which followed pseudo-first order kinetics; (4) In the range of 0.5—1.6 V, the electro-oxidation of the dye played the role of decolorization which followed pseudo-first order kinetics, too.

Today, a significant environmental problem in China is the municipal and industrial landfills, which can release toxic compounds, such as all kinds of organic pollutants together with heavy metals, into the environment. Landfill leachate is a sort of organic refractory effluent with high concentration and complex pollutant constituents. In order to treat this kind of wastewater efficiently, it is indispensable to analyze the complex constituents in landfill leachate.The inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry method (ICP-MS) and gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer method(GC-MS) were used to measure the concentration of heavy metals and organic pollutants in the landfill leachate generated from Datianshan landfill site in Guangzhou.In this kind of landfill leachate, 87 kinds of organic pollutants were discovered, 16 kinds of which belong to the list of environmental priority pollutants according to US EPA.Furthermore, hydrocarbon compounds accounted for about 52% among all these kinds of organic pollutants.In addition, 46 kinds of heavy metals in this kind of leachate were detected. Among them, 10 kinds of heavy metals belong to the list of environmental priority pollutants. In those priority pollutants for heavy metals, the concentration of Cr, Ni, Zn, Cu and Pb were higher than others, especially Cr and Zn, which were more than 100 μg•L^-1.

DTG-60H thermobalance was used to study combustion characteristics of samples from Yuanbaoshan and Datong with different average sizes.The heating rate was 30 ℃•min^-1,O₂ flow rate was 80 ml•min^-1.Particle sizes of pulverized coals were analyzed by Malvern MAM5004 Laser Mastersizer，made in the United Kingdom. In terms of experimental data, the combustion process was divided into two regions as the low temperature region and high temperature region, and the chemical kinetic parameters of each region were determined.The differences of combustion characteristics between micro-pulverized and common-pulverized coal were discussed.

The characteristics of pilot-scale membrane sequencing batch reactor (MSBR) treating synthetic wastewater were studied.The COD_Cr, NH₃-N and TN removal were 95.0%，96.3% and 38.0% respectively.The reason for low TN removal was lacking agitated equipment. During static phase, most sludge settled to the bottom of reactor (SV<40%),and consequently the denitrifying bacteria could not contact with NO_x-N completely. The trans-membrane pressure (TMP) rise rate was 1.032 kPa&#8226;m^-1. Molecular weight distribution of mixed liquid and membrane foulants were analyzed by the steric exclusion liquid chromatography method. It demonstrated that the accumulation of macromolecular matter(molecular weight＞10⁴) in reactor and membrane were 64.0% and 38.0% respectively. After physical and chemical washing, membrane specific flux was recovered by 73.4%. The concentration of polysaccharides deposited on the membrane was reduced to 30.4%. Polysaccharide was the important substance to cause irreversible fouling.

Recovery of lactic acid from kitchen garbage fermentation broth was carried out by electrodialysis (ED). The effects of pH on permeation ratios of lactic acid, ammonia, reducing sugar were discussed. The experimental results showed that pH was the main factor that affected the permeation of ammonia. The rise of pH changed the equilibrium of NH⁺₄, NH3 and NH₃&#8226;H₂O, and resulted in the increase of NH₃ and NH₃&#8226;H₂O, thus the permeation ratio of ammonia increased. Under the conditions of weak acidity, 12 h ED and 2.0 A&#8226;dm^-2 current density, the recovery ratio of lactic acid and the average current efficiency were over 89% and 90%, respectively, whereas the permeation ratios of ammonia and reducing sugar were less than 0.15% and 0.95%, respectively. The product could be used as raw material of polylactic acid synthesis if it was further concentrated by distillation.

In order to investigate the kinetics of direct oxidation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid by ozone molecule, the oxidation of 2，4-D by ozonation was studied in a laboratory scale reactor.2,4-D dissolved in water was dissociated to deprotonized and protonated species. The results showed the dependence of second-order rate constants on the degree of dissociation. A kinetics model in view of dissociation was proposed to predict overall 2,4-D degradation for different pH values and was proved to be good for practical degradation.

The kinetics of suspension-emulsion combined polymerization (SECP), in which methyl methacrylate (MMA) emulsion polymerization constitutes (EPC) were drop-wisely added to styrene (St) suspension polymerization system, was investigated.It was found that the addition of MMA EPC had no significant influence on the reaction rate of St suspension polymerization. The kinetics of MMA polymerization was quite different from that of MMA conventional emulsion polymerization, due to the aggregation of PMMA latex particles onto the surface of suspended particle of polystyrene. The conversion and polymerization rate of MMA in SECP were lower than that of MMA conventional emulsion polymerization in the same conditions. The polymerization rate of MMA in SECP increased with the increase of the emulsifier or initiator concentration. The influences of emulsifier concentration and initiator concentration on the steady stage polymerization rate of MMA in SECP and conventional emulsion polymerization were related.

Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) was successfully grafted on the surfaces and in the pores of polycarbonate track-etched (PCTE) membranes by the plasma-graft pore-filling polymerization method, and the chemical composition, microstructure and thermo-responsive characteristics of the PNIPAM-g-PCTE membrane were investigated systematically with XPS, SEM, FT-IR, AFM, contact angle instrument and water flux experiments.The objective of this study was to obtain some guidance for the design and preparation of environmental stimuli-responsive gating membranes. The results showed that, PNIPAM was homogeneously grafted on the surface and in the pores of PCTE membranes.When pore-filling ratio was smaller than 44.2%, the pores of PNIPAM-g-PCTE membranes showed thermo-responsive gating characteristics because of the conformational change of grafted PNIPAM in the pores, and the pore diameters of PNIPAM-grafted membranes became smaller with increasing the pore-filling ratio. On the other hand, when the pore-filling ratio was larger than 44.2%, the pores of membranes immersed in water were choked by the volume expansion of the grafted PNIPAM polymers, and the membranes did not show thermo-responsive gating characteristics any more. The critical pore-filling ratio for choking the membrane pores was in the range from 30% to 40% at 40 ℃. The contact angle of PNIPAM-g-PCTE membrane increased from 58.5° to 87.9° when the temperature changed from 25 ℃ to 40 ℃. The thermo-responsive gating characteristics of the water flux of PNIPAM-g-PCTE membranes were mainly dependent on the pore size change rather than the variation of membrane/pore surface hydrophilicity.

As the replacement of asbestos reinforced friction materials,poly-p-phenylene terephthalamide(PPTA) pulps have attracted wide attention. In this paper, the frictional properties of Kevlar pulps, Twaron pulps and the PPTA pulps manufactured by direct polycondensation in the authors’lab were investigated. The result showed that the compounds reinforced by these PPTA pulps all had excellent friction and wear properties. With the increase of temperature, the friction coefficient of the composition materials increased and the wear rate of the composition materials decreased.PPTA pulps in the friction materials overcome the shortcoming of asbestos that has high wear rate at high temperature.The frictional properties of the self made PPTA pulps were very close to those of Kevlar and Twaron pulps.There are good prospects in domestic production of friction materials reinforced by PPTA pulps.

PMMA/SiO₂ nanocomposites were prepared in the presence of a silane coupler(WD-20) by the in situ sol-gel process. Furthermore, the effect of coupler content on the morphology and properties of the PMMA/SiO₂ nanocomposites material was investigated by using UV-vis spectroscopy,FT-IR, SEM and heat distortion analysis.The results showed that, with WD-20 content increasing, the transmittance and glass transition temperature of the nanocomposites increased while the sol-fraction and the size of dispersed SiO2 phase in nanocomposites decreased.While the molar ratio of WD-20 and tetraethyl orthosilicate(TEOS) was 0.2, the sol-fraction of the prepared nanocomposites was 6%,glass transition temperature was above 250 ℃ and the transmittance was more than 80% at the wavelength between 450 nm and 800 nm and the size of dispersed SiO₂ phase was less than 100 nm.

To obtain composite paint with good infrared absorption and low emissivity, nanometer NiO/Al composite particle was prepared with nanometer compounding technique. To ensure the IR camouflage performance of the composite, heat treatment temperature was fixed by heat analysis on composite intermediate of Ni₂CO₃(OH)₂/Al.The results of SEM on composite fore-and-after heat treatment indicated that NiO on the composite surface became nanometer sphere after heat treatment from wire-like Ni₂CO₃(OH)₂.This phenomenon has not been reported in similar fields up to now. Compared with the XRD charts of NiO/Al and NiO prepared in experiment, it was found that the diffraction peaks of NiO of NiO/Al were broadened,and the characteristics of nanometer particles were shown evidently.The crystal diameter of NiO in composite particles was 12 nm, calculated by the width of the curve peak at half height.

Poly(vinyl chloride) composites were prepared via a melt blending filled with CaCO₃ nanoarticles, which were pretreated with titanate coupling agent and stearic acid respectively.The effects of different agents on the microstructure of composites, the interfacial cohesion of CaCO₃/PVC and the mechanical properties of composites were studied. The microstructure of CaCO₃/PVC nanocomposites was characterized by scanning electron micrograph, and the interfacial cohesion between CaCO₃ particles and PVC matrix was determined by dynamic mechanical analysis experiments. It was found that CaCO₃ nanoparticles were uniformly dispersed in PVC matrix and had a good interfacial cohesion with the matrix after treatment with titanate coupling agent. A little amount of nanoparticles agglomeration and some cavities were found after treatment with stearic acid, while a lot of agglomeration and cavities occurred when filled with untreated CaCO₃ nanoparticles.Better interfacial cohesion and stronger interfacial adhesion strength were obtained after the inorganic filler was pretreated with titanate coupling agent, with which the PVC composites filled had lower equilibrium torque, higher tensile strength and notched impact strength. The notched impact strength of composites reached 26.5 kJ&#8226;m^-2, which was about 4 times as high as that of neat PVC composites, when the mass ratio of nano-CaCO₃/PVC was 20/100.

The non-isothermal crystallization kinetics of batch bulk polypropylene (PP) and acrylamide graft polypropylene (PP-g-AM) were studied by means of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).The Jeziorny method and Mo method were used to analyze the DSC data.The results showed that both methods could describe the non-isothermal crystallization processes of PP and PP-g-AM accurately.The Avrami exponent did not change after grafting obviously, which indicated that the crystallization mechanism of PP-g-AM was almost the same as PP.The values of modified crystal growth constant Z_c of PP-g-AM were a little higher than those of pure PP. The values of F(T) of PP-g-AM were a little lower than those of pure PP, which indicated that PP-g-AM had a faster rate of crystallization.The result conformed to the slight degradation of PP chains in the grafting process.

The monodispersed nano-Sb₂O₃ was prepared from SbCl₃ as raw material by alcoholysis，hydrolysis and treatment with surfactants.Various factors and levels in the preparation of monodispersed Sb₂O₃ nanoparticles were studied with changing factors and orthogonal test. The effects of the type and amount of surfactants as dispersant on the size and morphology were also studied with TEM and sedimentation.The results showed that the optimum conditions of preparing monodispersed Sb₂O₃ nanoparticles were concentration of SbCl₃ in CH₃CH₂OH 0.17 g&#8226;ml^-1，reaction temperature 318 K and reaction time 1 h.The surfactants，as shown in the experiments，were important to disperse and keep Sb₂O₃ nanoparticles.The monodispersed nano-Sb₂O₃ of about 25 nm could be obtained by treating 1 g nano-Sb₂O₃ with 1.0 ml PEG or 0.3 g CTAB.

Owing to their unique chemical and physical properties, ionic liquids have caught attention for applications in diverse areas ranging from synthetic and catalytic chemistry to biotechnology, electrochemistry and material science. For fully using it in reaction, understanding of the physical and chemical properties of the ionic liquids is very important.The ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium tetraphenylborate (［BMIm］［BPh₄］) was synthesized in this study.Its structure and stability were determined by 1H NMR，UV and DSC. The melting point，solubilities and conductivities in different solvents and under different conditions were studied as well.The results showed that 1-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium tetraphenylborate was stable and was characterized as a strong electrolyte. The limiting molar conductivity values of the compound in acetone,acetonitrile,DMF, ethanol and ethyl acetate were 157.53, 171.38, 58.87, 42.04 and 15.02 S&#8226;cm²&#8226;mol^-1, respectively.［BMIm］［BPh₄］ had definite catalytic activity in the synthesis of isopentyl acetate.