As a specific and yet important example of moving-bed technology for the processing of solid materials, the blast furnace for iron-making has been analyzed in the light of the transport phenomena and chemical reactions taking place in it, by applying differential material and heat balances, when coal powder is injected into the tuyeres. Close agreement between the mathematical model developed in this paper and the results of actual measurements on industrially operating blast furnaces points to the validity of the model. The software resulting from the present model possesses a high degree of universality: operating conditions of the blast furnace in terms of axial distribution of temperature, gas composition, reaction rates of the various components, depth of the raceway, coal-to-coke replacement ratio, etc., can be predicted from any input variable such as the parameters related to the hot blast, rate of fuel injection, tuyere dimension, etc., thus providing a basis not only for the proper estimation of the conditions of combustion existing in the blast furnace, but also for the necessary computation leading to the judicious choice of the parameters related to the hot blast and rate of fuel injection, so as to enable the operator to control the distribution of gas flow and temperature for blast furnace performance.

The rotating-stream plate (RSP) was first developed in 1970 to eliminate the entrained liquid droplet for a turbulent bed contactor in laboratory, and extended to use successfully as trays of plate column. In 1974, it was tested for absorption in industry. Because of its remarkable performances including high load, low pressure drop, high flexibility and long operating period, the range of its application has been rapidly enlarged. It has played an important role in industry such as heat and mass transfer operation, entrainment elimination and dust removal. The method of cooling hot saturated air by cold water, which is convenient, speedy and quite accurate, is used to measure the tray efficiency based on gas phase. A 300mm diameter perspex column fitted with three test trays spaced 300 mm apart was used. Above the test section, an entrainment eliminator of the RSP type was located. The liquid load U varied from 7.17 to 135m3/m2h (corresponding to liquid flow rate L from 0.5 to 9.4m3/h). The superficial gas load factor F, varied from 0.56 to 4.51 kg0.5/m0.5s(correspond-ing to superficial gas velocities of 0.52 to 4.21m/s). Five different RSTs and two sieve trays were investigated. The effects of gas load, liquid load, structure of the downcomers and elevation angle on the tray efficiency were systematically studied and the experimental data in the jet region were correlated. The normal operatingrange and the performance of the RST were compared with those of the sievetrays and the industrial test in Sichuan Chemical Plant were briefly summarized.

Based on statistics, a new equation shown below was derived to represent the physical adsorption on solid surfaces after modifying the assumptions used by Langmuir for deriving the equation of monomolecular adsorption: or, n= where n amount of adsorption per unit weight or per unit area of solid; p(or C) pressure of gas or concentration of liquid substance; K, b0 & M constants with physical meanings as described in this paper. This equation can be used to represent satisfactorily the five types of physical adsorption as reported in the literatures. Under certain conditions, it can be shown that this equation can be transformed into two widely used empirical equations, one proposed by Freundlich and the other by Temkin.

In this paper we have systematically studied V-L equilibrium in ternary aqueous solutions containing volatile weak electrolytes by introducing a ternary interaction term into Edwards generalized molecular thermodynamic model and optimizing several adjustable parameters. The program PARA9 with flexible functions of doing a series of calculations has been developed and carried out on a TQ-16 computer. It can be used either for direct calculation of V-L equilibrium or optimizing the adjustable parameters. For the systems (NH3-CO2-H2O, NH3-H2S-H2O and NH3-SO2-H2O) satisfactory results have been obtained with relative mean deviation of 5-10%. Besides, several sets of adjustable parameters and valuable information of activity coefficients and equilibrium concentrations of ions and molecules in solutions are obtained.

This paper describes the generation of monodisperse fluorescence aerosols for instrument calibration study. Important considerations in the use of these aerosols are discussed. These include solution preparation, monodisperse aerosol generation, material extraction and analysis. A comparison of two commonly used materials, i. e., uranine (sodium salt of fluorescein) and Rbodamine B was made. It was found that uranine is most suitable to be used because of its higher detection sensitivity and higher solubility in the solvent. The use of these aerosols in the wind tunnel and laminar flow dust chamber have been described. The technique has been applied to the evaluation of a new type of an axial cyclone. Detailed information concerning particle precipitation in the cyclone is given. It was found that the collection efficiency of the cyclone is a function of the Stokes number.

The widths of metastable zone for aqueous solution of potassium chloride were determined in a constant cooling rate set. Under the seeded and unseeded conditions, two unparallel log b-log △θmax lines were obtained. The slope of the line of seeded was less than that of the unseeded. The width of metastable zone is dependent not only on the rate of cooling, but also on the retention time. Based on three groups of experimental data of different conditions, an empirical correlation of metastable zone width (△θmax), cooling rate( b ), and retention time(τ) has been found: b = 0.443 △θmax3.167(τ+1)0.904 The rate of agitation of the apparatus was determined by Laser Doppler Velocimeter (LDV). A prelimenary study of the effect of the rate of agitation on metastable zone was made.

Longitudinal eddy diffusivities of liquid on sieve plates have been determined experimentally with fiber optic technique. The experiments were carried out in a rectangular simulator with air-water system. Two sieve plates were used: one with 5mm diameter holes and 7% free area of tray, the other 10mm and 9%. The weir heights were ranged from 10 to 50mm, as conventionally used nowadays. The stimulus-response technique used was first proposed by Aris and later corrected by Bischoff. In the experimental work the tracer, here aqueous rhoda-mine-B solution being used, was not injected upstream inside the boundary of the active plate area, but upstream outside the boundary of that, i. e. injected into the liquid in the upstream downcomer, and the tracer concentrations were measured at two sections along the flow path. Consequently, the problem of a perfect delta function of tracer into the flowing system and the difficulty of uniformly distributing tracer along the section of injection were thus avoided. Since the measuring probes were quite small in size(about 2mm in diameter) and the tracer was not injected into the liquid on the plate, the flow pattern on plate would not be disturbed and the results should be more reliable than those reported previously in the literature. The data have been correlated as follows: ( 1 ) For Sieve plate with 5mm holesD0.5e= 0.0339 - 6.27 × 10-4/hw+ 0.0165FT + 2.57 × 10-3L ( 2 ) For Sieve plate with 10mm holes D0.5e=0.0243 - 6.40 × 10-4hw+ 0.0121FT+ 3.77× 10-3L And a generalized correlation for hole diameters from 5 to 10mm is: D0.5e = 0.0155 -6.31 × 10-4hw + 0.0275FT + 3.13 × 10-3L where De= Eddy diffusivity, m2/s FT=Vapor flow parameter based on total column sectional area, (m/s)(kg/m3)1/2 hw - Height of weir above plate floor, mm. L = Liquid flow rate, m3/hr per m length of weir. By using the eddy diffusion model and the eddy diffusivity found by the above correlations, the predicted Murphree efficiency agrees well with the actually determined one of a well known precise experiment of Foss et al.

Radiative heat transfer between surfaces separated by transparent medium is discussed in this paper. The method of net heat-flux equations suggested here is an extension of Poljak method which had been discussed in details by Jakob. By directly applying known condtions it may be used to solve unknowns such as net heat-flux in heat transfering surfaces and temperatures in refractory surfaces. All surfaces must be diffusie emitters and reflectors but need not be gray and refractory surfaces are not necessarily restricted to a single one or adiabatic. In comparison with methods recently suggested by Hottel et al[ 6 ]and Sparrow et al. [ 3 ] deduction and use of the present method are somewhat easier. Formulas derived from this method are the same as those printed in texts[1-5] for simple cases and numerical solution is easier for the complex cases which is illustrated with an example. The effect of subdivision of refractory surface and of non-homogeneity of surface temperature is also discussed.

As is well known, it is necessary to make correction for tube surface temperature measured by pyrometer. Because the reflected radiation has much effect on this temperature, the geometric factor considering the reflected radiation is an important quantity in the temperature correction. This paper presents a new method for calculation of geometric factor F. Based on local angle coefficient, the geometric factor F is obtained by calculating the average angle coefficient in the circle of vision field. As an example, the geometric factors for the Topsφes converter and the Lummus cracking furnace have been calculated, and by comparison of the calculated values of geometric factors for the Topsφes converter with those suggested good agreement between them has been found. Based on the presented geometric factor in this paper, the corrected values for the measured temperature by pyrometer agrees with measured temperature by armor thermocouple.

The modified form of wetted-wall column developed by Hikita et al. was used, for studying gas-liquid mass transfer. The thickness of liquid-film along the surface of the wall was measured. The experimental results agreed quite well with the theoretical values. By measuring characteristics of mass transfer of liquid-film with CO2-H2O System an equation of dimensionless groups for liquid-film mass transfer coefficients has been proposed. The experimental results agreed well with theoretical values according to penetration theoy. The study has also shownd that the deviation caused by the end-effect be eliminated by simple operational control. Thus, the modified wetted-wall column is a good equipment for studying gas-liquid mass transfer.