套管式直流蒸汽发生器二次侧阀门扰动下的动态特性研究

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20250465

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

小型反应堆的灵活稳定调控对于其安全运行具有重要意义，其中直流蒸汽发生器二次侧进出口阀门开度调节是二回路系统调控的重要途径之一，对阀门扰动引起的套管式蒸汽发生器动态特性进行研究对于优化阀门调控策略具有重要意义。基于vPower系统动态仿真平台搭建了一、二回路耦合换热的小型反应堆二回路动态模型，研究了套管式直流蒸汽发生器二次侧在入口与出口阀门阶跃扰动工况下主蒸汽参数及轴向参数的动态响应特性及机制。研究结果表明：入口阀门扰动对主蒸汽参数的影响显著大于出口阀门，在±10%、±15%和±20%开度扰动范围内，入口阀门对主蒸汽流量、压力、温度的影响幅度分别为出口阀门的2.09~14.09倍、1.78~6.67倍、-1.67~-14.38倍；同时，发现了蒸汽发生器内部两相流及蒸汽区对流量和压力的明显缓冲作用，进出口阀门在阶跃扰动时由于压力和流量响应速度不同导致超调，而OTSG的缓冲作用导致该超调仅发生在阀门附近。此外，进出口阀门扰动下，各设备局部压降占比及蒸汽发生器内部焓升速率的变化规律不同，导致入口阀门和出口阀门扰动对蒸汽发生器内部压力和主蒸汽温度的影响规律呈现相反趋势。研究成果对于蒸汽发生器二回路运行调控策略具有重要指导意义。

关键词: 小型反应堆, 直流蒸汽发生器, 动态仿真, 传热, 瞬态响应

Abstract:

The flexible and stable regulation of small module reactors is of great significance for the safe operation, and the dynamic characteristics of once-through steam generators with valve regulations in small modular reactors is extremely important for the regulation strategy. In this study, a dynamic model of the secondary loop was developed using the vPower platform. And the behaviors of the secondary side of the OTSG under step disturbances of the inlet and outlet valves were investigated, focusing on the main steam parameters at the outlet of the OTSG and the local heat transfer characteristics in the OTSG. Initially, disturbances in the inlet valve have a greater impact on the main steam parameters compared to the outlet valve. When subjected to a step disturbance of ±10%/±15%/±20%, the fluctuations in main steam mass flow rate, pressure, and temperature caused by the inlet valve are 2.09 to 14.09 times, 1.78 to 6.67 times, and -1.67 to -14.38 times larger than those caused by the outlet valve, respectively. Additionally, the buffering effect of the compressible volume in the OTSG on the flow rate and pressure was discovered, which limits the overshoot caused by valve disturbance to the vicinity of the valve. Finally, the step disturbance of inlet and outlet valves have opposing effects on the main steam temperature, primarily due to the opposing effect on the OTSG pressure of inlet/outlet valves and axially enthalpy rise rate, which is of great significance for the operation control strategy of the secondary circuit of the steam generator. The results have significant guiding significance for the operation control strategy of the OTSG in the secondary circuit.

Key words: small modular reactor, once-through steam generator, dynamic simulation, heat transfer, transient response

中图分类号:

TK 212

刘雨晗, 王创创, 鲜麟, 赵凯, 种道彤, 赵全斌. 套管式直流蒸汽发生器二次侧阀门扰动下的动态特性研究[J]. 化工学报, DOI: 10.11949/0438-1157.20250465.

Yuhan LIU, Chuangchuang WANG, Lin XIAN, Kai ZHAO, Daotong CHONG, Quanbin ZHAO. Dynamic response characteristics of once-through steam generator secondary side under valve disturbances[J]. CIESC Journal, DOI: 10.11949/0438-1157.20250465.

图/表 19

图1 基于vPower平台的二回路热力系统模型

Fig.1 Secondary loop thermodynamic system model established through vPower

表1 单台套管式直流蒸汽发生器设计参数

Table 1 Design parameters of the casing OTSG

参数	数值	参数	数值
管束数量/根	665	一次侧冷却剂流量/kg·s^-1	126.2
换热段有效长度/m	2.15	冷却剂入口温度/℃	319.5
外管外径/mm	13	冷却剂出口温度/℃	286.5
外管内径/mm	10	一次侧压力/MPa	15.0
内管外径/mm	8	给水流量/kg·s^-1	10.3
内管内径/mm	6	给水温度/℃	140.0
管束排列节距/mm	13.8	蒸汽温度/℃	285.0
总换热功率/MW	24.1	蒸汽压力/MPa	4.01

图2 套管式直流蒸汽发生器单管截面结构设计及二次侧流动分区示意图

Fig.2 Schematic diagram of the single-tube cross-section and the flow regime of secondary side

表2 二次侧流动区域分区判据及传热系数计算关联式

Table 2 Boundary criterion of flow region and heat transfer coefficient correlation of the secondary side

区域	起始判据	传热系数计算关联式
预热区	-	$k = 0.023 λ f D e R e f 0.8 P r f 0.4$ ^[28]
过冷沸腾区	$Δ T s, O N B = 0.556 q 1082 p 1.156 0.463 p 0.0234$ ^[29]	$Δ T s = 25 q 106 0.25 e - p 6.2$ ^[30]
饱和沸腾区	$x > 0$	$k = k n u c + k c o n v$ ^[31] $k n u c = 0.00122 λ l 0.79 c p l 0.45 ρ l 0.49 g 0.25 σ 0.5 μ l 0.29 i 0.24 ρ g 0.24 Δ T s 0.24 Δ p s 0.75 S$ ^[31] $k c o n v = 0.023 R e l 0.8 P r l 0.4 λ l D e F$ ^[31]
缺液区	$x c 1 D e 1 0.15 = 1.4244 x c D e 0.15$ ^[32] $x c = 0.3 + 0.7 e - 45 ω$ ^[32] $ω = (m ˙ μ l σ ρ l) (ρ l ρ g) 13$ ^[32]	$N u = 0.052 R e g x + ρ g ρ l 1 - x 0.683 P r g 1.26 Y - 1.06$ ^[33] $Y = m a x 1 - 0.1 1 - x 0.4 ρ l ρ g - 1 0.4, 0.1$ ^[33]
过热区	$x > 1$	$k = 0.023 λ f D e R e f 0.8 P r f 0.4$ ^[28]

表2 二次侧流动区域分区判据及传热系数计算关联式

Table 2 Boundary criterion of flow region and heat transfer coefficient correlation of the secondary side

区域	起始判据	传热系数计算关联式
预热区	-	$k = 0.023 λ f D e R e f 0.8 P r f 0.4$ ^[28]
过冷沸腾区	$Δ T s, O N B = 0.556 q 1082 p 1.156 0.463 p 0.0234$ ^[29]	$Δ T s = 25 q 106 0.25 e - p 6.2$ ^[30]
饱和沸腾区	$x > 0$	$k = k n u c + k c o n v$ ^[31] $k n u c = 0.00122 λ l 0.79 c p l 0.45 ρ l 0.49 g 0.25 σ 0.5 μ l 0.29 i 0.24 ρ g 0.24 Δ T s 0.24 Δ p s 0.75 S$ ^[31] $k c o n v = 0.023 R e l 0.8 P r l 0.4 λ l D e F$ ^[31]
缺液区	$x c 1 D e 1 0.15 = 1.4244 x c D e 0.15$ ^[32] $x c = 0.3 + 0.7 e - 45 ω$ ^[32] $ω = (m ˙ μ l σ ρ l) (ρ l ρ g) 13$ ^[32]	$N u = 0.052 R e g x + ρ g ρ l 1 - x 0.683 P r g 1.26 Y - 1.06$ ^[33] $Y = m a x 1 - 0.1 1 - x 0.4 ρ l ρ g - 1 0.4, 0.1$ ^[33]
过热区	$x > 1$	$k = 0.023 λ f D e R e f 0.8 P r f 0.4$ ^[28]

图3 直流蒸汽发生器一、二次侧流动换热模型（以20节点为例）

Fig.3 Flow and heat transfer model of the primary and secondary sides of casing OTSG with 20 nodes

图4 直流蒸汽发生器壁面耦合换热计算示意图及流程图

Fig.4 Schematic diagram and flowchart of wall coupling heat transfer calculation of OTSG

图5 节点数量对直流蒸汽发生器模型精度的影响

Fig.5 Effect of node number on accuracy of OTSG model

表3 二回路热力系统计算误差

Table 3 Simulation error of the secondary loop thermodynamic system

二回路系统参数	设计值	计算值	误差
主汽压/MPa	4.01	4.01	0.00%
主汽温/℃	288.00	288.06	0.02%
给水流量/kg∙s^-1	165.77	166.52	0.45%
给水温度/℃	139.90	138.99	0.65%
热功率/MWt	385.30	388.12	0.73%
汽机功率/MW	127.52	126.64	0.69%

图6 入口及出口阀门阶跃扰动±10%、±15%和±20%下主蒸汽压力动态变化特性

Fig.6 Dynamic characteristics of main steam pressure under ±10%/±15%/±20% step disturbance of inlet and outlet valves

表4 入口阀门及出口阀门扰动±10%、±15%和±20%时主蒸汽流量、压力及温度超调量

Table 4 The overshoot of the main steam mass flow rate， pressure and temperature under the inlet valve and outlet valve disturbance by ±10%， ±15% and ±20%

阀门扰动	流量	压力	温度
入口阀+10%	+0.12%	+0.04%	0.00%
入口阀+15%	+0.03%	+1.97%	-0.05%
入口阀+20%	+0.04%	+1.42%	-0.07%
入口阀-10%	-0.11%	-0.01%	+0.01%
入口阀-15%	-0.25%	-0.03%	0.00%
入口阀-20%	-0.22%	-0.09%	+0.01%
出口阀+10%	+0.80%	+0.59%	+0.03%
出口阀+15%	+0.61%	+0.12%	+0.04%
出口阀+20%	+0.62%	+0.11%	+0.04%
出口阀-10%	-0.84%	-0.53%	-0.10%
出口阀-15%	-5.51%	-4.31%	-0.03%
出口阀-20%	-2.76%	-2.05%	-0.06%

图7 入口及出口阀门阶跃扰动±10%、±15%和±20%下主蒸汽流量动态变化特性

Fig.7 Dynamic characteristics of main steam mass flow rate under ±10%/±15%/±20% step disturbance of inlet and outlet valves

图8 入口及出口阀门阶跃扰动±10%、±15%和±20%下主蒸汽温度动态变化特性

Fig.8 Dynamic characteristics of main steam temperature under ±10%/±15%/±20% step disturbance of inlet and outlet valves

图9 入口及出口阀门阶跃扰动±15%时二次侧阻力特性

Fig.9 Dynamic characteristics of pressure drop of secondary loop under ±15% step disturbance of the inlet and outlet valves

表5 入口及出口扰动±10%、±15%和±20%时入口阀、OTSG及出口阀压降

Table 5 Pressure drop of inlet valve， OTSG， and outlet valve under the ±10%/±15%/±20% disturbance of inlet and outlet valves

工况	总压降/ MPa	入口给水阀压降/ MPa	入口给水阀压降占比	OTSG 压降/ MPa	OTSG压降占比	出口主汽阀压降/ MPa	出口主汽阀压降占比
初始工况	3.27	3.04	92.86%	16.65×10^-3	0.51%	0.22	6.63%
入口阀+10%	2.95	2.71	91.96%	16.46×10^-3	0.56%	0.22	7.42%
入口阀+15%	2.87	2.62	91.39%	17.29×10^-3	0.60%	0.23	8.01%
入口阀+20%	2.75	2.51	91.13%	17.17×10^-3	0.62%	0.23	8.19%
入口阀-10%	3.69	3.46	93.92%	15.71×10^-3	0.43%	0.21	5.61%
入口阀-15%	3.94	3.73	94.64%	15.75×10^-3	0.40%	0.20	4.96%
入口阀-20%	4.22	4.02	95.27%	14.72×10^-3	0.35%	0.18	4.35%
出口阀+10%	3.24	3.10	95.69%	16.43×10^-3	0.51%	0.12	3.76%
出口阀+15%	3.22	3.11	96.38%	16.82×10^-3	0.52%	0.10	3.09%
出口阀+20%	3.22	3.12	96.85%	16.53×10^-3	0.51%	0.08	2.58%
出口阀-10%	3.41	2.90	84.87%	15.52×10^-3	0.45%	0.50	14.63%
出口阀-15%	3.56	2.73	76.68%	15.41×10^-3	0.43%	0.81	22.88%
出口阀-20%	3.81	2.42	63.48%	13.68×10^-3	0.36%	1.38	36.12%

图10 入口及出口阀门阶跃扰动±15%时二次侧不同节点位置质量流量的动态特性

Fig.10 Dynamic characteristics of local mass flow rate of OTSG under ±15% step disturbance of the inlet and outlet valves

图11 入口及出口阀门阶跃扰动时二次侧轴向流体温度稳态及动态特性

Fig.11 Dynamic and statistic characteristics of local fluid temperature of OTSG under step disturbance of the inlet and outlet valves

图12 入口及出口阀门阶跃扰动时二次侧轴向质量含气率动态及稳态特性

Fig.12 Dynamic and statistic characteristics of local vapor quality of OTSG under step disturbance of the inlet and outlet valves

图13 入口及出口阀门阶跃扰动时二次侧轴向换热功率稳态及动态特性

Fig.13 Dynamic and statistic characteristics of local heat load of OTSG under step disturbance of the inlet and outlet valves

表6 入口及出口阀门扰动±10%、±15%和±20%时各区域平均局部换热功率稳态相对变化量

Table 6 Relative difference of average heat load for different flow regions under the ±10%/±15%/±20% disturbance of inlet and outlet valves

阀门开度	入口阀门			出口阀门
阀门开度	单相液	两相区	单相气	单相液	两相区	单相气
+10%	+5.45%	-13.72%	-	+0.39%	+1.77%	-2.22%
+15%	+8.79%	-17.17%	-	+0.46%	+2.21%	-2.86%
+20%	+11.79%	-19.41%	-	+0.54%	+2.47%	-2.95%
-10%	-6.32%	+24.23%	-62.26%	-1.16%	-4.81%	+6.49%
-15%	-8.03%	+41.77%	-82.32%	-2.41%	-9.87%	+12.51%
-20%	-11.49%	+61.83%	-94.64%	-5.69%	-18.64%	+3.03%

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