微重力条件下低温贮箱加注-保持-排气式预冷特性研究

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20251013

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为研究微重力条件下低温贮箱加注-保持-排气式（CHV）预冷特性，以液氮贮箱为对象构建CHV预冷全过程热平衡数值模型，与液氮地面及飞行实验进行模型验证，分析预冷过程壁面温度、压力及沸腾传热特性，研究重力条件、低导热涂层、加注流量及排气次数对预冷性能的影响，并对应提出预冷优化策略。结果表明：CHV预冷周期中加注、保持和排气阶段的壁面冷却速率整体呈现减小趋势；CHV预冷过程中前期液壁间传热以膜沸腾为主，时间占比超过80%；CHV贮箱预冷性能与重力条件成正相关，微重力条件小于等于10^-3g时预冷性能会显著降低；贮箱内壁增加四氟乙烯低导热涂层预冷可缩短膜沸腾传热时间，使预冷前期效率及速率分别提升17%和15%；变加注质量流量预冷可以较好地平衡质量及时间消耗，其中高温区小流量低温区大流量预冷速率较高，时效性更好，反之预冷效率较高，更侧重经济性；多次排气预冷可增强对低温流体冷却潜能的再利用，其中预冷周期两次排气较单次排气预冷效率提高10%，预冷速率仅降低3.4%。

关键词: 微重力环境, 液氮贮箱, 加注-保持-排气式预冷, 数值模拟, 实验验证, 特性研究, 优化设计, 气液两相流

Abstract:

In order to study the charge-hold-vent method (CHV) for cryogenic propellant tank chilldown characteristics under microgravity, a comprehensive thermodynamic equilibrium numerical model was developed using liquid nitrogen tank as the object, validated through comparative analysis with ground and microgravity flight experiments. The evolution of wall temperature, pressure, and boiling heat transfer characteristics were analyzed. The effects of gravity level, low-thermal-conductivity coating, mass flow rates, and venting frequencies on chilldown performance were systematically investigated, leading to corresponding optimization strategies. The results show that: wall chilldown rate progressively decreases throughout the CHV cycle. Film boiling dominates the liquid-wall heat transfer during the initial CHV chilldown phase, accounting for over 80% of its duration. Tank chilldown performance is significantly degraded under reduced gravity conditions, particularly at levels ≤ 10⁻³g. Applying a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) low-thermal-conductivity coating to the inner tank wall shortens the film boiling duration, increasing chilldown efficiency and rate in the initial phase by 17% and 15%, respectively. Variable mass flow rate chilldown effectively balances mass consumption and time: employing a low flow rate in high-temperature regions combined with a high flow rate in low-temperature regions yields a higher chilldown rate, emphasizing timeliness, while the reverse scheme achieves higher efficiency, prioritizing economy. Multi-venting enhances the reuse of the cryogenic fluid's chilldown potential, for the studied conditions, two venting cycles compared to a single cycle increase chilldown efficiency by 10% while reducing the rate by only 3.4%.

Key words: microgravity, liquid nitrogen propellant tank, charge-hold-vent chilldown method, numerical simulation, experimental validation, characteristics research, optimal design, gas-liquid flow

中图分类号:

TB 658

张荣达, 马原, 王云龙, 王康, 厉彦忠. 微重力条件下低温贮箱加注-保持-排气式预冷特性研究[J]. 化工学报, DOI: 10.11949/0438-1157.20251013.

Rongda ZHANG, Yuan MA, Yunlong WANG, Kang WANG, Yanzhong LI. Characteristics research of the charge-hold-vent method for cryogenic propellant tank chilldown in microgravity[J]. CIESC Journal, DOI: 10.11949/0438-1157.20251013.

图/表 16

图1 贮箱CHV预冷模型传热传质示意图

Fig.1 Schematic diagram of heat and mass transfer of tank CHV chilldown model

表1 贮箱CHV预冷模型中沸腾传热关联式

Table 1 Boiling correlations in tank CHV chilldown model

沸腾传热阶段	传热关联式^[23]
核态沸腾区域q_nb	$q n b = {2 × 10 - 4 λ l (σ g ρ l) - 0.5 C p l ρ l h f g ρ u λ l (σ g ρ l) 0.5 0.6 g (ρ l μ l) 2 (σ g ρ l) 15 0.125 P (α g ρ l) 0.7 △ T} 2.5$
临界热流密度q_CHF	$q C H F = 0.033 h f g ρ u σ g (ρ l - ρ u) 0.25$
过渡沸腾区域q_tb	$q t b = q C H F - △ T - △ T C H F △ T M H F - △ T C H F (q C H F - q M H F)$
最小热流密度q_MHF	$q M H F = 0.114 h f g ρ u σ g (ρ l - ρ u) (ρ l + ρ u) 0.25$
膜态沸腾区域q_fb	$q f b = 0.208 λ u g ν u α u (ρ l ρ u - 1) 1 / 3 △ T$

表1 贮箱CHV预冷模型中沸腾传热关联式

Table 1 Boiling correlations in tank CHV chilldown model

沸腾传热阶段	传热关联式^[23]
核态沸腾区域q_nb	$q n b = {2 × 10 - 4 λ l (σ g ρ l) - 0.5 C p l ρ l h f g ρ u λ l (σ g ρ l) 0.5 0.6 g (ρ l μ l) 2 (σ g ρ l) 15 0.125 P (α g ρ l) 0.7 △ T} 2.5$
临界热流密度q_CHF	$q C H F = 0.033 h f g ρ u σ g (ρ l - ρ u) 0.25$
过渡沸腾区域q_tb	$q t b = q C H F - △ T - △ T C H F △ T M H F - △ T C H F (q C H F - q M H F)$
最小热流密度q_MHF	$q M H F = 0.114 h f g ρ u σ g (ρ l - ρ u) (ρ l + ρ u) 0.25$
膜态沸腾区域q_fb	$q f b = 0.208 λ u g ν u α u (ρ l ρ u - 1) 1 / 3 △ T$

图2 贮箱CHV预冷模型计算流程图

Fig. 2 Flowchart for calculation of tank CHV chilldown model

表2 验证案例的主要参数

Table 2 Main parameters of the verification cases

不同案例	结构参数	结构参数值	预冷参数	预冷参数值
地面实验^[17]	球体内径/m	0.7544	重力条件	g
	壁厚/m	0.0013	初始壁温/K	290
	贮箱容积/m³	0.22	进液温度/K	85
	贮箱材料	6-4Ti	初始箱内压力/kPa	13.80
	贮箱材料	6-4Ti	初始箱内相态	气态
飞行实验^[18]	圆柱体高度/m	0.127	重力条件	10^-2g~1.8g
	圆柱体内径/m	0.273	初始壁温/K	280~300
	壁厚/m	0.0015	进液温度/K	75
	贮箱材料	304不锈钢	初始箱内压力/kPa	50
	贮箱材料	304不锈钢	初始箱内相态	气态

表3 预冷性能关键参数对比

Table 3 Comparison of key parameters of chilldown performance

案例	预冷消耗时间/s	预冷消耗质量/kg	壁面冷却温差/K
地面实验^[17]	2017	6.40	140
地面模拟	2017	6.33	133
飞行实验^[18]	350	2.83	190
飞行模拟	350	2.70	190

图3 实验数据与模拟结果对比图

Fig. 3 Comparison of experimental data and simulation results

表4 液氮贮箱CHV预冷模拟工况参数

Table 4 Liquid nitrogen tank CHV chilldown simulation parameters

重力条件

初始贮箱壁温/K

贮箱最大工作

压力限值/kPa

贮箱排气

压力/kPa

贮箱最小气壁温差限值/K

预冷周期固定加注质量/kg

进液

温度/K

图4 贮箱CHV预冷第一个周期壁面温度及贮箱压力变化

Fig. 4 Changes in wall temperature and tank pressure during the first cycle of tank CHV chilldown

图5 贮箱预冷过程各CHV周期沸腾传热类型时间占比

Fig. 5 Time share of boiling heat transfer type for each CHV cycles of tank chilldown

图6 不同重力条件下的贮箱CHV预冷性能

Fig. 6 Comparison of tank CHV chilldown performance under different gravity conditions

图7 有无低导热涂层贮箱CHV预冷性能

Fig. 7 Chilldown performance of tank wall with and without low-thermal-conductivity coating

图8 贮箱各CHV预冷周期排气前气壁面温差及箱压

Fig. 8 Temperature difference between gas and wall before venting and tank pressure at different CHV cycles

图9 不同加注质量流量预冷方案下的贮箱预冷性能

Fig. 9 Chilldown performance of tank under schemes with different mass flow rates

图10 不同CHV预冷周期次数下各加注方案预冷效率

Fig. 10 Chilldown efficiency for different number of CHV cycles under different filling mass flow

图11 预冷前期排气阶段的气壁温差变化

Fig. 11 Variation of temperature difference between gas and wall in the venting phase of the first three CHV stages

图12 CHV预冷周期多次排气方案下的贮箱预冷性能

Fig. 12 Chilldown performance of tank under schemes with different numbers of CHV cycle venting

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