金属—有机框架凝胶及其复合材料在吸附分离领域的研究进展

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20251277

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

金属有机框架凝胶（metal–organic framework gels， MOF凝胶）是一类由MOF纳米颗粒通过交联或物理相互作用自组装形成的具有三维连续网络结构的凝胶态材料，具有框架结构易调控、无粘结剂自成型、传质性能优越等优势。通过与石墨烯、天然高分子等基底材料复合，不仅可显著提升其结构稳定性，还可赋予材料独特的功能性。综述了MOF凝胶及其复合材料近年在能源气体存储、气体吸附分离及水污染物去除等领域的研究进展，并探讨了其面向工业化应用所面临的关键问题与未来发展方向。

关键词: 金属有机框架凝胶, 复合材料, 吸附, 分离, 气体存储

Abstract:

Metal–organic framework gels (MOF gels) are a class of gel-like materials composed of MOF nanoparticles that self-assemble into three-dimensional continuous network structures through crosslinking or physical interactions. These materials feature easily tunable framework structures, binder-free processability, and superior mass transport properties. Integrating MOF gels with substrates such as graphene or natural polymers not only significantly enhance their structural stability, but also endow the resulting composites with unique functional characteristics. This review summarizes recent advances in MOF gels and their composites for adsorption and separation applications, including energy gas storage, gas adsorption separation, and adsorptive removal of water pollutants. Furthermore, the key challenges and future development directions toward their industrial implementation are discussed.

Key words: metal–organic framework gels, composites, adsorption, separation, gas storage

中图分类号:

TQ 028.8

徐烨, 惠庆雪, 方超越, 丁琦, 周建成, 张照强. 金属—有机框架凝胶及其复合材料在吸附分离领域的研究进展[J]. 化工学报, DOI: 10.11949/0438-1157.20251277.

Ye XU, Qingxue HUI, Chaoyue FANG, Qi DING, Jiancheng ZHOU, Zhaoqiang ZHANG. Recent progress in metal–organic framework gels and their composites for adsorption separation[J]. CIESC Journal, DOI: 10.11949/0438-1157.20251277.

图/表 11

图1 monoHKUST-1的SEM图像(a)[27]；monoHKUST-1和机械成型的HKUST-1吸附剂在298 K下对CH4的吸附等温线(b)[27]；monoUiO-66和monoHKUST-1在298 K下对CH4的吸附等温线(c)[29]

Fig.1 SEM image ofmonoHKUST-1 (a)[27]; CH4 adsorption isotherms ofmonoHKUST-1 and HKUST-1 pellets at 298 K (b)[27]; CH4 adsorption isotherms ofmonoHKUST-1 andmonoUiO-66 at 298 K (c)[29]

图2 monoZr-fumarate及Zr-fumarate晶体粉末在298 K下对水蒸气的吸附等温线(a)[37]；批量合成的monoZr-fumarate，质量为335 g (b)[37]；相分离诱导策略合成的monoZr-fumarate及挤压成型的Zr-fumarate吸附剂在298 K、30%相对湿度下对水蒸气的动力学吸附曲线(c)[38]；相分离诱导策略合成的monoZr-fumarate的SEM图像(d)[38]

Fig.2 Water vapor adsorption isotherms ofmonoZr-fumarate and Zr-fumarate crystalline powders at 298 K (a)[37]; batch-synthesizedmonoZr-fumarate with a mass of 335 g (b)[37]; kinetic water vapor adsorption curves of the phase-separation-inducedmonoZr-fumarate and compressed Zr-fumarate tablet at 298 K and 30% relative humidity (c)[38]; SEM image of the phase-separation-inducedmonoZr-fumarate (d)[38]

图3 monoHKUST-1 (a)和HKUST-1晶体粉末(b)对CO2/N2 (15/85)混合气的固定床穿透曲线[41]；γ-CD-MOF-monolith暴露于60%相对湿度环境中14天后在273 K下对CO2和N2的吸附等温线(c)[42]；ZnATA凝胶吸附剂在298 K下对CO2/CH4混合气的固定床穿透曲线(d)[28]

Fig.3 Breakthrough curves ofmonoHKUST-1 (a) and HKUST-1 crystalline powder (b) for CO2/N2 (15/85) gas mixture[41]; CO2 and N2 adsorption isotherms of γ-CD-MOF-monolith at 273 K after exposure to 60% relative humidity for 14 days (c)[42]; breakthrough curves of ZnATA gel adsorbent for CO2/CH4 (50/50) gas mixture at 298 K (d)[28]

图4 经过强化活化的CuBTC凝胶吸附剂在298 K下对不同气体的吸附等温线(a)和动力学吸附曲线(b)；经过强化活化的CuBTC凝胶吸附剂对含CO2五元混合气的固定床穿透曲线(c)[48]

Fig.4 Gas adsorption isotherms (a) and kinetic adsorption curves (b) of the rigorously activated CuBTC gel adsorbent at 298 K; breakthrough curves for a CO2-containing five-component gas mixture on the rigorously activated CuBTC gel adsorbent (c)[48]

图5 AlBDC-3:2-0.15凝胶吸附剂（7.5 mg）在50 mL、浓度为100 mg·L-1的染料溶液中对刚果红和亮蓝R-250（分别用圆圈和菱形表示）的动力学吸附曲线(a)[33]；Zr-MOG-12在含有多种竞争金属离子的溶液中对Pb2+的选择性吸附(b)[52]

Fig.5 The kinetic curves of AlBDC-3:2-0.15 gel adsorbent (7.5 mg) in 50 ml of dyes solution (100 mg L-1) for congo red (circle) and brilliant blue R-250 (diamond) (a)[33]; selective adsorption of Zr-MOG-12 toward Pb2+ in solutions containing various competing metal ions (b)[52]

图6 ZIF-8/rGO气凝胶对多种有机液体的吸附容量(a)；ZIF-8/rGO气凝胶的循环压缩应力–应变曲线，插图为其在承载100 g砝码前后的形貌(b)[56]

Fig.6 Absorption capacities of ZIF-8/rGO aerogel for various organic liquids (a); cyclic compressive stress–strain curves of ZIF-8/rGO, with the inset showing its appearance before and after supporting a 100 g load (b)[56]

图7 在有无模拟阳光照射条件下，原油在HKUST-1/rGO气凝胶表面的渗透行为(a)，以及HKUST-1/rGO气凝胶对原油的动态吸附曲线(b)[58]

Fig.7 Permeation behavior of crude oil on the surface of the HKUST-1/rGO aerogel with and without simulated sunlight (a); kinetic curves of crude-oil adsorption by the HKUST-1/rGO aerogel under simulated sunlight and in darkness (b)[58]

图8 AGnZIF-8和nZIF-8在293 K下对CO2和CH4的吸附等温线(a)；圆柱状的AGnZIF-8吸附剂沿轴向方向的形貌SEM图(b)；通过调控AGnZIF-8气凝胶堆积取向以实现快速、高选择性CO2吸附的示意图(c)[62]

Fig.8 Adsorption isotherms of AGnZIF-8 and nZIF-8 for CO2 and CH4 at 293 K (a); SEM images of the cylindrical AGnZIF-8 showing the longitudinal morphology and a porous section of the pore wall (b); schematic illustration of the rapid and selective CO2 adsorption process in AGnZIF-8 achieved by adjusting the packing orientation of the adsorbent (c)[62]

图9 经过不同温度碳化处理得到的ZIF-L/FGAx气凝胶(a)；加入发泡剂制备得到的ZIF-L/FGA200气凝胶与未加发泡剂的ZIF-L/GA200气凝胶在298 K、pH = 4.4条件下对四环素（300 mg L-1）的动力学吸附曲线(b)[66]

Fig.9 ZIF-L/FGAx aerogels obtained after carbonization at different temperatures (a); kinetic adsorption curves for tetracycline (300 mg·L-1) on the foaming-agent-assisted ZIF-L/FGA200 aerogel and the non-foamed ZIF-L/GA200 aerogel at 298 K and pH of 4.4 (b)[66]

图10 在298 K、U(VI)初始浓度为100 mg·L-1、pH = 6.0条件下，U-M-x的动力学吸附曲线(a)；在含有竞争离子的溶液中，U-M-x对U(VI)的去除效率，并以MOF材料UiO-66-NH2作为对比(b)[68]

Fig.10 The kinetic adsorption curves of U-M-x at 298 K with an initial U(VI) concentration of 100 mg L-1 and pH of 6.0 (a); U(VI) removal rates of U-M-x in solutions containing competing ions, with pristine UiO-66-NH2 as a comparison (b)[68]

图11 复合气凝胶中大孔、介孔和微孔的功能及其在CO2传质过程中的协同机制(a)；Zn-mtrz-ox复合气凝胶及晶体粉末对CO2/N2混合气的固定床穿透曲线(b)；不同MOF复合凝胶吸附剂的比压缩模量及MOF含量对比(c)[69]

Fig.11 The respective roles of macropores, mesopores and micropores in aerogel and their synergistic mechanism during CO2 mass transfer (a); dynamic breakthrough curves in columns packed with Zn-mtrz-ox powder and Zn-mtrz-ox aerogel, respectively (b); comparison of the specific compression modulus and MOF content of different MOF composite gel adsorbents (c)[69]

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