三维孔道结构催化剂的制备及其在气体纯化领域的研究进展

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20250274

化工学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 76 ›› Issue (12): 6163-6178.DOI: 10.11949/0438-1157.20250274

• 综述与专论 • 上一篇

三维孔道结构催化剂的制备及其在气体纯化领域的研究进展

胡敏睿¹(), 杨占兵¹(), 李帅²^,³, 殷朝辉²^,³()

^1.北京科技大学冶金与生态工程学院，北京 100083
^2.中国有研科技集团有限公司，国家有色金属新能源材料与制品工程技术研究中心，北京 100088
^3.有研工程技术研究院有限公司，北京 101407

收稿日期:2025-03-20 修回日期:2025-05-09 出版日期:2025-12-31 发布日期:2026-01-23
通讯作者: 杨占兵,殷朝辉
作者简介:胡敏睿，（2000—），男，硕士研究生，hmr893188163@163.com
基金资助:
中国有研科技集团有限公司青年基金项目(JT62042222407);国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFB4005903)

Preparation of catalysts with three-dimensional pore structure and its research progress in gas purification field

Minrui HU¹(), Zhanbing YANG¹(), Shuai LI²^,³, Zhaohui YIN²^,³()

^1.School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
^2.National Engineering Research Center of Nonferrous Metals Materials and Products for New Energy, China GRINM Group Co. , Ltd. , Beijing 100088 ; China
^3.GRIMAT Engineering Institute Co. , Ltd. , Beijing 101407, China

Received:2025-03-20 Revised:2025-05-09 Online:2025-12-31 Published:2026-01-23
Contact: Zhanbing YANG, Zhaohui YIN

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

三维有序大孔（three-dimensional ordered macropores，3DOM）催化剂因其独特的孔道结构、高比表面积和优异的传质性能，在气体催化吸附领域展现出巨大潜力。然而，3DOM催化剂的制备工艺复杂，面临孔径分布不均匀、合成耗时长、产率低等问题，且孔道的均匀性和稳定性易受到合成条件的影响，导致催化性能不稳定。因此，低成本、高效率的制备工艺，以及可调控的材料孔径、表面化学性质及活性组分，使其适用于特定气体的催化吸附是3DOM催化剂当前的研究重点。综述了胶晶模板法制备3DOM催化剂的工艺优化策略，分析了不同活性组分对VOCs、CO、NO _x 、H₂S及CO₂等气体的催化吸附机制，并探讨了多级孔结构对反应动力学的促进作用。最后，展望了3DOM催化剂在工业气体净化与碳中和领域的应用前景。

关键词: 胶体晶体, 3DOM, 催化剂, 催化, 气体纯化, 吸附, 双级孔结构, 传质

Abstract:

Three-dimensionally ordered macroporous (3DOM) catalysts have demonstrated significant potential in gas catalytic adsorption due to their unique pore architecture, high specific surface area, and superior mass transfer properties. However, the preparation process of 3DOM catalysts is complicated, and it faces problems such as uneven pore size distribution, long synthesis time and low yield. In addition, the uniformity and stability of the pores are easily affected by the synthesis conditions, resulting in unstable catalytic performance. Consequently, current research focuses on developing low-cost and high-efficiency preparation methods, alongside precise regulation of material pore size, surface chemistry, and active components to tailor catalysts for specific gas adsorption applications. This review systematically summarizes optimization strategies for 3DOM catalyst fabrication via colloidal crystal templating, analyses the catalytic adsorption mechanisms of diverse active components toward VOCs, CO, NO _x, H₂S and CO₂, and discusses the critical role of hierarchical pore structures in enhancing reaction kinetics. Finally, prospects for 3DOM catalysts in industrial gas purification and carbon neutrality applications are outlined.

Key words: colloidal crystals, 3DOM, catalyst, catalysis, gas purification, adsorption, hierarchical pore structure, mass transfer

中图分类号:

TQ 426.61

胡敏睿, 杨占兵, 李帅, 殷朝辉. 三维孔道结构催化剂的制备及其在气体纯化领域的研究进展[J]. 化工学报, 2025, 76(12): 6163-6178.

Minrui HU, Zhanbing YANG, Shuai LI, Zhaohui YIN. Preparation of catalysts with three-dimensional pore structure and its research progress in gas purification field[J]. CIESC Journal, 2025, 76(12): 6163-6178.

图/表 13

图1 CCT法制备3DOM催化剂流程示意图[11]

Fig.1 Schematic flow of 3DOM catalyst preparation by CCT method[11]

图2 不同聚合工艺的微球粒径范围[16]

Fig.2 Particle size range of microspheres for different polymerization processes[16]

表1 胶体微球组装方式的优缺点

Table 1 Advantages and disadvantages of colloidal microsphere assembly methods

自组装方式	孔径分布	合成周期	成本	产率	模板质量	文献
重力沉积	较宽（多孔缺陷）	7~30 d	低	低	中	[28]
加速沉积	中等均匀	<5 h	中等	中等	低	[29]
垂直沉积	高均匀性	1~24 h	中等	高	高	[22]
电泳沉积	高度可控	0.5~2 h	高	低	高	[30]
蒸发自组装	均匀	12~24 h	低	高	低	[31]
静电辅助逐层组装	高度均匀	1~2.5 h	中等	中等	高	[25]
直写自组装	高度可控	<1 h	高	低	高	[26]

表2 不同模板填充方法的优缺点

Table 2 Advantages and disadvantages of different template filling methods

填充方法	优点	缺点	文献
溶胶-凝胶法	操作简单，纯度高	机械强度低	[32]
电沉积法	高结晶度，高质量	工艺复杂	[33]
原子层沉积法	结构稳定	操作复杂	[34]
化学气相沉积法	填充均匀，效率高	操作复杂	[35]

图3 强制浸渍法制备3DOM金属氧化物的SEM图像[39]

Fig.3 SEM images of 3DOM metal oxides prepared by forced impregnation method[39]

图4 溶胶-凝胶法与共组装法制备3DOM-SiO2的SEM图[42]

Fig.4 SEM images of 3DOM-SiO2 thin films prepared by sol-gel permeation and co-assembly methods[42]

图5 3DOMM负载型催化剂制备流程[55]

Fig.5 3DOMM-loaded catalyst preparation process[55]

图6 双硬模板法制备3DOMM结构催化剂流程图[58]

Fig.6 Flowchart of catalyst preparation of 3DOMM structure by double hard template method[58]

图7 双聚合物微球模板制备3DOMM催化剂示意图[59]

Fig.7 Schematic diagram of 3DOMM catalysts prepared from dual polymer microsphere templates[59]

图8 MVK(a)、L-H(b)、E-R(c)吸附模型示意图[68]

Fig.8 Schematic diagrams of the adsorption models of MVK (a), L-H (b) and E-R (c)[68]

图9 不同组分负载Au催化剂对CO氧化和甲苯氧化的活性图[50]

Fig.9 Activity diagram of different component loaded Au catalysts for CO oxidation and toluene oxidation[50]

图10 SO2和H2O气体对不同催化剂SCR反应催化活性的影响（反应条件：0.2 g催化剂，0.05% NO，0.05% NH3，200℃，GHSV= 55000 h-1）[97]

Fig.10 Effect of SO2 and H2O gases on the catalytic activity of SCR reactions with different catalysts[97]

图11 不同结构碳材料在25℃下对CO2的吸附容量[111]

Fig.11 Comparison of CO2 adsorption capacity of different structured carbon materials at 25℃[111]

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三维孔道结构催化剂的制备及其在气体纯化领域的研究进展

Preparation of catalysts with three-dimensional pore structure and its research progress in gas purification field

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