退役锂离子电池中有价金属回收研究进展

doi:10.11949/j.issn.0438-1157.20171194

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

锂离子电池被广泛应用于电子产品、电动汽车和大规模储能材料等多个领域。随着电动车市场的快速发展，其使用量还将显著增加，随之产生数量极大的退役锂离子电池。退役锂离子电池的回收利用可以避免环境污染和资源浪费，尤其对实现锂资源供需平衡具有重要意义。综述了退役锂离子电池中有价金属元素回收技术研究现状，探讨了该领域未来发展方向。电池安全高效拆解技术与装备、有价元素整体化回收技术、电极材料再制备工艺以及避免二次污染环境是未来退役锂离子电池循环利用领域值得关注的重点。

关键词: 退役锂离子电池, 二次资源, 回收, 再生, 浸取

Abstract:

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has been extensively used in electronics, electric vehicles (EVs), and energy storage. As the rapid development of EVs, the consumption of LIBs will substantially increase. Accordingly, large numbers of spent LIBs will be generated. Improper disposal of spent LIBs will not only result in long-term environmental impact, but also is a major waste of resources. Therefore, the recovery of these wastes is quite important, especially for achieving the Li resource supply and demand balance. State-of-the-art techniques for the recovery of valuable metals from spent LIBs were reviewed, and the future direction of the recovery technique was also discussed in this study. The research in the future should be focused on the technology and equipment of the safe and efficient dismantling, the integrated recovery technology of valuable elements, the resynthesis process of electrode materials, and the avoidance of secondary pollution.

Key words: spent lithium-ion batteries, secondary resources, recovery, regeneration, leaching

中图分类号:

TM911

贺理珀, 孙淑英, 于建国. 退役锂离子电池中有价金属回收研究进展[J]. 化工学报, 2018, 69(1): 327-340.

HE Lipo, SUN Shuying, YU Jianguo. Review on processes and technologies for recovery of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries[J]. CIESC Journal, 2018, 69(1): 327-340.

参考文献 121

[1]	ZENG X, LI J, SINGH N. Recycling of spent lithium-ion battery:a critical review[J]. Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Tecnol., 2014, 44(10):1129-1165.
[2]	ORDONEZ J, GAGO E J, GIRARD A. Processes and technologies for the recycling and recovery of spent lithium-ion batteries[J]. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 2016, 60:195-205.
[3]	赛迪智库电子信息产业研究所. 锂离子电池产业发展白皮书(2017版)[EB/OL].[2017-08-27]. http://www.d1ev.com/news/shichang/55293. Cedi Think Tank Institute of Electronic Information Industry. White paper of the industrial development of lithium-ion batteries[EB/OL].[2017-08-27]. http://www.d1ev.com/news/shichang/55293.
[4]	ZENG X, LI J, REN Y. Prediction of various discarded lithium batteries in China[C]//IEEE Int. Symp. Sustain. Syst., 2012:1-4.
[5]	TARASCON J M, ARMAND M. Issues and challenges facing rechargeable lithium batteries[J]. Nature, 2001, 414(6861):359-367.
[6]	GEORGI-MASCHLER T, FRIEDRICH B, WEYHE R, et al. Development of a recycling process for Li-ion batteries[J]. J. Power Sources, 2012, 207:173-182.
[7]	DORELLA G, MANSUR M B. A study of the separation of cobalt from spent Li-ion battery residues[J]. J. Power Sources, 2007, 170(1):210-215.
[8]	欧秀芹, 孙新华, 程耀丽. 废锂离子电池的综合处理方法[J]. 中国资源综合利用, 2002, 6:18-19. OU X Q, SUN X H, CHENG Y L, et al. Comprehensive methods for the recovery of spent LIBs[J]. China Resources Comprehensive Utilization, 2002, 6:18-19.
[9]	FOUAD O A, FARGHALY F I, BAHGAT M. A novel approach for synthesis of nanocrystalline γ-LiAlO2 from spent lithium-ion batteries[J]. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, 2007, 78(1):65-69.
[10]	BAHGAT M, FARGHALY F E, BASIR S M A, et al. Synthesis, characterization and magnetic properties of microcrystalline lithium cobalt ferrite from spent lithium-ion batteries[J]. J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2007, 183(1):117-121.
[11]	CHEN S, HE T, LU Y, et al. Renovation of LiCoO2 with outstanding cycling stability by thermal treatment with Li2CO3 from spent Li-ion batteries[J]. J. Energ. Eng., 2016, 8:262-273.
[12]	NAN J, HAN D, ZUO X. Recovery of metal values from spent lithium-ion batteries with chemical deposition and solvent extraction[J]. J. Power Sources, 2005, 152:278-284.
[13]	ZHANG T, HE Y, WANG F, et al. Chemical and process mineralogical characterizations of spent lithium-ion batteries:an approach by multi-analytical techniques[J]. Waste Manage., 2014, 34(6):1051-1058.
[14]	PAULINO J F, BUSNARDO N G, AFONSO J C. Recovery of valuable elements from spent Li-batteries[J]. J. Hazard. Mater., 2008, 150(3):843-849.
[15]	王洪彩. 含钴废旧锂离子电池回收技术及中试工艺研究[D]. 哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学, 2013. WANG H C. Study of recycling of spent lithium ion batteries[D]. Harbin:Harbin Institute of Technology, 2013
[16]	SHIN S M, KIM N H, SOHN J S, et al. Development of a metal recovery process from Li-ion battery wastes[J]. Hydrometallurgy, 2005, 79(3/4):172-181.
[17]	LI J, SHI P, WANG Z, et al. A combined recovery process of metals in spent lithium-ion batteries[J]. Chemosphere, 2009, 77(8):1132-1136.
[18]	BERTUOL D A, TONIASSO C, JIMÉNEZ B M, et al. Application of spouted bed elutriation in the recycling of lithium ion batteries[J]. J. Power Sources, 2015, 275:627-632.
[19]	ZHANG T, HE Y, WANG F, et al. Surface analysis of cobalt-enriched crushed products of spent lithium-ion batteries by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy[J]. Sep. Purif. Technol., 2014, 138:21-27.
[20]	DIEKMANN J, HANISCH C, FROBÖSE L, et al. Ecological recycling of lithium-ion batteries from electric vehicles with focus on mechanical processes[J]. J. Electrochem. Soc., 2017, 164(1):A6184-A6191.
[21]	WANG X, GAUSTAD G, BABBITT C W. Targeting high value metals in lithium-ion battery recycling via shredding and size-based separation[J]. Waste Manage., 2016, 51:204-213.
[22]	CONTESTABILE M, PANERO S, SCROSATI B. A laboratory-scale lithium-ion battery recycling process[J]. J. Power Sources, 2001, 92(1):65-69.
[23]	HANISCH C, HASELRIEDER W, KWADE A. Recovery of active materials from spent lithium-ion electrodes and electrode production rejects[M]//JÜRGEN H, CHRISTOPH H. Glocalized Solutions for Sustainability in Manufacturing. Heidelberg, Berlin:Springer, 2011:85-89.
[24]	XU Y, SONG D, LI L, et al. A simple solvent method for the recovery of LixCoO2 and its applications in alkaline rechargeable batteries[J]. J. Power Sources, 2014, 252:286-291.
[25]	HE L P, SUN S Y, SONG X F, et al. Recovery of cathode materials and Al from spent lithium-ion batteries by ultrasonic cleaning[J]. Waste Manage., 2015, 46:523-528.
[26]	ZHANG X, XIE Y, CAO H, et al. A novel process for recycling and resynthesizing LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 from the cathode scraps intended for lithium-ion batteries[J]. Waste Manage., 2014, 34(9):1715-1724.
[27]	SONG D, WANG X, NIE H, et al. Heat treatment of LiCoO2 recovered from cathode scraps with solvent method[J]. J. Power Sources, 2014, 249:137-141.
[28]	SONG D, WANG X, ZHOU E, et al. Recovery and heat treatment of the Li(Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)O2 cathode scrap material for lithium ion battery[J]. J. Power Sources, 2013, 232:348-352.
[29]	LEE C K, RHEE K I. Preparation of LiCoO2 from spent lithium-ion batteries[J]. J. Power Sources, 2002, 109(1):17-21.
[30]	CHEN L, TANG X, ZHANG Y, et al. Process for the recovery of cobalt oxalate from spent lithium-ion batteries[J]. Hydrometallurgy, 2011, 108(1):80-86.
[31]	SUN L, QIU K. Vacuum pyrolysis and hydrometallurgical process for the recovery of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries[J]. J. Hazard. Mater., 2011, 194:378-384.
[32]	SUN L, QIU K. Organic oxalate as leachant and precipitant for the recovery of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries[J]. Waste Manage., 2012, 32(8):1575-1582.
[33]	YANG Y, HUANG G, XU S, et al. Thermal treatment process for the recovery of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries[J]. Hydrometallurgy, 2016, 165:390-396.
[34]	FERREIRA D A, PRADOS L M Z, MAJUSTE D, et al. Hydrometallurgical separation of aluminium, cobalt, copper and lithium from spent Li-ion batteries[J]. J. Power Sources, 2009, 187(1):238-246.
[35]	ZENG X, LI J. Innovative application of ionic liquid to separate Al and cathode materials from spent high-power lithium-ion batteries[J]. J. Hazard. Mater., 2014, 271:50-56.
[36]	JOULIÉ M, LAUCOURNET R, BILLY E. Hydrometallurgical process for the recovery of high value metals from spent lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide based lithium-ion batteries[J]. J. Power Sources, 2014, 247:551-555.
[37]	WANG R C, LIN Y C, WU S H. A novel recovery process of metal values from the cathode active materials of the lithium-ion secondary batteries[J]. Hydrometallurgy, 2009, 99(3/4):194-201.
[38]	BARIK S P, PRABAHARAN G, KUMAR L. Leaching and separation of Co and Mn from electrode materials of spent lithium-ion batteries using hydrochloric acid:laboratory and pilot scale study[J]. J. Clean Prod., 2017, 147:37-43.
[39]	GOLMOHAMMADZADEH R, RASHCHI F, VAHIDI E. Recovery of lithium and cobalt from spent lithium-ion batteries using organic acids:process optimization and kinetic aspects[J]. Waste Manage., 2017, 64(Supplement C):244-254.
[40]	LI L, CHEN R, SUN F, et al. Preparation of LiCoO2 films from spent lithium-ion batteries by a combined recycling process[J]. Hydrometallurgy, 2011, 108(3/4):220-225.
[41]	YANG L, XI G, XI Y. Recovery of Co, Mn, Ni, and Li from spent lithium ion batteries for the preparation of LiNixCoyMnzO2 cathode materials[J]. Ceram. Int., 2015, 41(9):11498-11503.
[42]	MESHRAM P, PANDEY B D, MANKHAND T R. Recovery of valuable metals from cathodic active material of spent lithium ion batteries:leaching and kinetic aspects[J]. Waste Manage., 2015, 45:306-313.
[43]	MESHRAM P, PANDEY B D, MANKHAND T R. Hydrometallurgical processing of spent lithium ion batteries (LIBs) in the presence of a reducing agent with emphasis on kinetics of leaching[J]. Chem. Eng. J., 2015, 281:418-427.
[44]	CHEN X, CHEN Y, ZHOU T, et al. Hydrometallurgical recovery of metal values from sulfuric acid leaching liquor of spent lithium-ion batteries[J]. Waste Manage., 2015, 38:349-356.
[45]	JHA M K, KUMARI A, JHA A K, et al. Recovery of lithium and cobalt from waste lithium ion batteries of mobile phone[J]. Waste Manage., 2013, 33(9):1890-1897.
[46]	CHEN X, MA H, LUO C, et al. Recovery of valuable metals from waste cathode materials of spent lithium-ion batteries using mild phosphoric acid[J]. J. Hazard. Mater., 2017, 326:77-86.
[47]	MENG Q, ZHANG Y, DONG P. Use of glucose as reductant to recover Co from spent lithium ions batteries[J]. Waste Manage., 2017, 64(Supplement C):214-218.
[48]	PINNA E G, RUIZ M C, OJEDA M W, et al. Cathodes of spent Li-ion batteries:dissolution with phosphoric acid and recovery of lithium and cobalt from leach liquors[J]. Hydrometallurgy, 2017, 167:66-71.
[49]	LI L, GE J, WU F, et al. Recovery of cobalt and lithium from spent lithium ion batteries using organic citric acid as leachant[J]. J. Hazard. Mater., 2010, 176(1/2/3):288-293.
[50]	CHEN X, LUO C, ZHANG J, et al. Sustainable recovery of metals from spent lithium-ion batteries:a green process[J]. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng., 2015, 3:3104-3113.
[51]	CHEN X, FAN B, XU L, et al. An atom-economic process for the recovery of high value-added metals from spent lithium-ion batteries[J]. J. Clean Prod., 2016, 112(4):247923.
[52]	CHEN X, ZHOU T. Hydrometallurgical process for the recovery of metal values from spent lithium-ion batteries in citric acid media[J]. Waste Manage. Res., 2014, 32(11):1083-1093.
[53]	LI L, GE J, CHEN R, et al. Environmental friendly leaching reagent for cobalt and lithium recovery from spent lithium-ion batteries[J]. Waste Manage., 2010, 30(12):2615-2621.
[54]	LI L, LU J, REN Y, et al. Ascorbic-acid-assisted recovery of cobalt and lithium from spent Li-ion batteries[J]. J. Power Sources, 2012, 218:21-27.
[55]	LI L, DUNN J B, ZHANG X X, et al. Recovery of metals from spent lithium-ion batteries with organic acids as leaching reagents and environmental assessment[J]. J. Power Sources, 2013, 233:180-189.
[56]	ZENG X, LI J, SHEN B. Novel approach to recover cobalt and lithium from spent lithium-ion battery using oxalic acid[J]. J. Hazard. Mater., 2015, 295:112-118.
[57]	LI L, QU W, ZHANG X, et al. Succinic acid-based leaching system:A sustainable process for recovery of valuable metals from spent Li-ion batteries[J]. J. Power Sources, 2015, 282:544-551.
[58]	NAYAKA G P, PAI K V, MANJANNA J, et al. Use of mild organic acid reagents to recover the Co and Li from spent Li-ion batteries[J]. Waste Manage., 2016, 51:234-238.
[59]	HE L P, SUN S Y, MU Y Y, et al. Recovery of lithium, nickel, cobalt, and manganese from spent lithium-ion batteries using L-tartaric acid as a leachant[J]. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng., 2017, 5(1):714-721.
[60]	PANT D, DOLKER T. Green and facile method for the recovery of spent lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) based lithium ion batteries[J]. Waste Manage., 2016, 60:689.
[61]	GAO W, ZHANG X, ZHENG X, et al. Lithium carbonate recovery from cathode scrap of spent lithium-ion battery-a closed-loop process[J]. Environ. Sci. Technol., 2017, 51(3):1662-1669.
[62]	NATARAJAN S, ANANTHARAJ S, TAYADE R J, et al. Recovered spinel MnCo2O4 from spent lithium-ion batteries for enhanced electrocatalytic oxygen evolution in alkaline medium[J]. Dalton T., 2017, 46(41):14382-14392.
[63]	LI L, FAN E, GUAN Y, et al. Sustainable recovery of cathode materials from spent lithium-ion batteries using lactic acid leaching system[J]. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng., 2017, 5(6):5224-5233.
[64]	MISHRA D, KIM D J, RALPH D E, et al. Bioleaching of metals from spent lithium ion secondary batteries using Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans[J]. Waste Manage., 2008, 28(2):333-338.
[65]	NIU Z, ZOU Y, XIN B, et al. Process controls for improving bioleaching performance of both Li and Co from spent lithium ion batteries at high pulp density and its thermodynamics and kinetics exploration[J]. Chemosphere, 2014, 109:92-98.
[66]	XIN Y, GUO X, CHEN S, et al. Bioleaching of valuable metals Li, Co, Ni and Mn from spent electric vehicle Li-ion batteries for the purpose of recovery[J]. J. Clean Prod., 2016, 116:249-258.
[67]	VIECELI N, NOGUEIRA C A, GUIMARÃES C, et al. Hydrometallurgical recycling of lithium-ion batteries by reductive leaching with sodium metabisulphite[J]. Waste Manage., 2017, (in press).
[68]	SAEKI S, LEE J, ZHANG Q, et al. Co-grinding LiCoO2 with PVC and water leaching of metal chlorides formed in ground product[J]. Int. J. Miner. Process., 2004, 74(Supplement):S373-S378.
[69]	WANG M M, ZHANG C C, ZHANG F S. An environmental benign process for cobalt and lithium recovery from spent lithium-ion batteries by mechanochemical approach[J]. Waste Manage., 2016, 51:239-244.
[70]	WANG M M, ZHANG C C, ZHANG F S. Recycling of spent lithium-ion battery with polyvinyl chloride by mechanochemical process[J]. Waste Manage., 2017, 67(Supplement C):232-239.
[71]	GUAN J, LI Y, GUO Y, et al. Mechanochemical process enhanced cobalt and lithium recycling from wasted lithium-ion batteries[J]. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng., 2017, 5(1):1026-1032.
[72]	HU J, ZHANG J, LI H, et al. A promising approach for the recovery of high value-added metals from spent lithium-ion batteries[J]. J. Power Sources, 2017, 351(Supplement C):192-199.
[73]	XIAO J, LI J, XU Z. Novel approach for in-situ recovery of lithium carbonate from spent lithium ion batteries using vacuum metallurgy[J]. Environ. Sci. Technol., 2017, 51(20):11960-11966.
[74]	XIAO J, LI J, XU Z. Recycling metals from lithium ion battery by mechanical separation and vacuum metallurgy[J]. J. Hazard. Mater., 2017, 338:124-131.
[75]	KU H, JUNG Y, JO M, et al. Recycling of spent lithium-ion battery cathode materials by ammoniacal leaching[J]. J. Hazard. Mater., 2016, 313:138-146.
[76]	ZHENG X, GAO W, ZHANG X, et al. Spent lithium-ion battery recycling-reductive ammonia leaching of metals from cathode scrap by sodium sulphite[J]. Waste Manage., 2017, 60(Supplement C):680-688.
[77]	LIU K, ZHANG F S. Innovative leaching of cobalt and lithium from spent lithium-ion batteries and simultaneous dechlorination of polyvinyl chloride in subcritical water[J]. J. Hazard. Mater., 2016, 316:19-25.
[78]	BERTUOL D A, MACHADO C M, SILVA M L, et al. Recovery of cobalt from spent lithium-ion batteries using supercritical carbon dioxide extraction[J]. Waste Manage., 2016, 51:245-251.
[79]	PRABAHARAN G, BARIK S P, KUMAR N, et al. Electrochemical process for electrode material of spent lithium ion batteries[J]. Waste Manage., 2017, 68(Supplement C):527-533.
[80]	ZHANG P, YOKOYAMA T, ITABASHI O, et al. Hydrometallurgical process for recovery of metal values from spent lithium-ion secondary batteries[J]. Hydrometallurgy, 1998, 47(2):259-271.
[81]	SWAIN B, JEONG J, LEE J C, et al. Hydrometallurgical process for recovery of cobalt from waste cathodic active material generated during manufacturing of lithium ion batteries[J]. J. Power Sources, 2007, 167(2):536-544.
[82]	MANTUANO D P, DORELLA G, ELIAS R C A, et al. Analysis of a hydrometallurgical route to recover base metals from spent rechargeable batteries by liquid-liquid extraction with Cyanex 272[J]. J. Power Sources, 2006, 159(2):1510-1518.
[83]	PRANOLO Y, ZHANG W, CHENG C. Recovery of metals from spent lithium-ion battery leach solutions with a mixed solvent extractant system[J]. Hydrometallurgy, 2010, 102(1):37-42.
[84]	NGUYEN V T, LEE J C, JEONG J, et al. The separation and recovery of nickel and lithium from the sulfate leach liquor of spent lithium ion batteries using PC-88A[J]. Korean Chem. Eng. Res., 2015, 53(2):137-144.
[85]	JOO S H, SHIN S M, SHIN D, et al. Extractive separation studies of manganese from spent lithium battery leachate using mixture of PC88A and Versatic 10 acid in kerosene[J]. Hydrometallurgy, 2015, 156:136-141.
[86]	LEITE D D S, CARVALHO P L G, DE LEMOS L R, et al. Hydrometallurgical separation of copper and cobalt from lithium-ion batteries using aqueous two-phase systems[J]. Hydrometallurgy, 2017, 169(Supplement C):245-252.
[87]	TORKAMAN R, ASADOLLAHZADEH M, TORAB-MOSTAEDI M, et al. Recovery of cobalt from spent lithium ion batteries by using acidic and basic extractants in solvent extraction process[J]. Sep. Purif. Technol., 2017, 186:318-325.
[88]	JOO S H, SHIN D J, OH C, et al. Selective extraction and separation of nickel from cobalt, manganese and lithium in pre-treated leach liquors of ternary cathode material of spent lithium-ion batteries using synergism caused by Versatic 10 acid and LIX 84-I[J]. Hydrometallurgy, 2016, 159:65-74.
[89]	YANG Y, XU S, HE Y. Lithium recycling and cathode material regeneration from acid leach liquor of spent lithium-ion battery via facile co-extraction and co-precipitation processes[J]. Waste Manage., 2017, 64:219-227.
[90]	LI J, ZHAO R, HE X, et al. Preparation of LiCoO2 cathode materials from spent lithium-ion batteries[J]. Ionics, 2008, 15(1):111-113.
[91]	CHEN X, ZHOU T, KONG J, et al. Separation and recovery of metal values from leach liquor of waste lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide based cathodes[J]. Sep. Purif. Technol., 2015, 141:76-83.
[92]	GUO X, CAO X, HUANG G, et al. Recovery of lithium from the effluent obtained in the process of spent lithium-ion batteries recycling[J]. J. Environ. Manage., 2017, 198(Part 1):84-89.
[93]	GARCIA E M, TAROCO H A, MATENCIO T, et al. Electrochemical recycling of cobalt from spent cathodes of lithium-ion batteries:its application as coating on SOFC interconnects[J]. J. Appl. Electrochem., 2011, 41(11):1373-1379.
[94]	FREITAS M B J G, CELANTE V G, PIETRE M K. Electrochemical recovery of cobalt and copper from spent Li-ion batteries as multilayer deposits[J]. J. Power Sources, 2010, 195(10):3309-3315.
[95]	BARBIERI E M S, LIMA E P C, CANTARINO S J, et al. Recycling of spent ion-lithium batteries as cobalt hydroxide, and cobalt oxide films formed under a conductive glass substrate, and their electrochemical properties[J]. J. Power Sources, 2014, 269:158-163.
[96]	LEMAIRE J, SVECOVA L, LAGALLARDE F, et al. Lithium recovery from aqueous solution by sorption/desorption[J]. Hydrometallurgy, 2014, 143:1-11.
[97]	ⅡZUKA A, YAMASHITA Y, NAGASAWA H, et al. Separation of lithium and cobalt from waste lithium-ion batteries via bipolar membrane electrodialysis coupled with chelation[J]. Sep. Purif. Technol., 2013, 113:33-41.
[98]	CHEN X, XU B, ZHOU T, et al. Separation and recovery of metal values from leaching liquor of mixed-type of spent lithium-ion batteries[J]. Sep. Purif. Technol., 2015, 144:197-205.
[99]	XIAO J L, SUN S Y, WANG J, et al. Synthesis and adsorption properties of Li1.6Mn1.6O4 spinel[J]. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 2013, 52(34):11967-11973.
[100]	SUN S Y, XIAO J L, WANG J, et al. Synthesis and adsorption properties of Li1.6Mn1.6O4 by a combination of redox precipitation and solid-phase reaction[J]. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 2014, 53(40):15517-15521.
[101]	雷家珩, 郭丽萍, 童辉, 等. 用离子筛从废旧锂离子电池中分离回收锂的方法:1451771[P]. 2003-5-9. LEI J H, GUO L P, TONG H, et al. A method for the separation and recovery of Li from spent LIBs using ion-sieve:1451771[P]. 2003-5-9.
[102]	NIE X Y, SUN S Y, SUN Z, et al. Ion-fractionation of lithium ions from magnesium ions by electrodialysis using monovalent selective ion-exchange membranes[J]. Desalination, 2016, 403:128-135.
[103]	NIE X Y, SUN S Y, SONG X, et al. Further investigation into lithium recovery from salt lake brines with different feed characteristics by electrodialysis[J]. J. Membrane Sci., 2017, 530:185-191.
[104]	KIM D S, SOHN J S, LEE C K, et al. Simultaneous separation and renovation of lithium cobalt oxide from the cathode of spent lithium ion rechargeable batteries[J]. J. Power Sources, 2004, 132(1/2):145-149.
[105]	ZHANG Z, HE W, LI G, et al. Ultrasound-assisted hydrothermal renovation of LiCoO2 from the cathode of spent lithium-ion batteries[J]. Int. J. Electrochem. Sci., 2014, 9:3691-3700.
[106]	ZOU H, GRATZ E, APELIAN D, et al. A novel method to recycle mixed cathode materials for lithium ion batteries[J]. Green Chem., 2013, 15(5):1183-1191.
[107]	GRATZ E, SA Q, APELIAN D, et al. A closed loop process for recycling spent lithium ion batteries[J]. J. Power Sources, 2014, 262:255-262.
[108]	SA Q, GRATZ E, HE M, et al. Synthesis of high performance LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 from lithium ion battery recovery stream[J]. J. Power Sources, 2015, 282:140-145.
[109]	YANG Y, HUANG G, XIE M, et al. Synthesis and performance of spherical LiNixCoyMn1-x-yO2 regenerated from nickel and cobalt scraps[J]. Hydrometallurgy, 2016, 165(Part 2):358-369.
[110]	YANG L, XI G. Preparation and electrochemical performance of LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries from spent mixed alkaline batteries[J]. J. Electron. Mater., 2016, 45(1):301-306.
[111]	SA Q, GRATZ E, HEELAN J A, et al. Synthesis of diverse LiNixMnyCozO2 cathode materials from lithium ion battery recovery stream[J]. Journal of Sustainable Metallurgy, 2016, 2(3):248-256.
[112]	MOURA M N, BARRADA R V, ALMEIDA J R, et al. Synthesis, characterization and photocatalytic properties of nanostructured CoFe2O4 recycled from spent Li-ion batteries[J]. Chemosphere, 2017, 182(Supplement C):339-347.
[113]	SEN?ANSKI J, BAJUK-BOGDANOVI? D, MAJSTOROVI? D, et al. The synthesis of Li(CoMnNi)O2 cathode material from spent-Li ion batteries and the proof of its functionality in aqueous lithium and sodium electrolytic solutions[J]. J. Power Sources, 2017, 342(Supplement C):690-703.
[114]	HE L P, SUN S Y, YU J G. Performance of LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 prepared from spent lithium-ion batteries by a carbonate co-precipitation method[J]. Ceram. Int., 2018, 44(1):351-357.
[115]	YANG L, XI G, LOU T, et al. Preparation and magnetic performance of Co0.8Fe2.2O4 by a sol-gel method using cathode materials of spent Li-ion batteries[J]. Ceram. Int., 2016, 42(1, Part B):1897-1902.
[116]	YAO L, FENG Y, XI G. A new method for the synthesis of LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 from waste lithium ion batteries[J]. RSC Adv., 2015, 5(55):44107-44114.
[117]	LI L, BIAN Y, ZHANG X, et al. Process for recycling mixed-cathode materials from spent lithium-ion batteries and kinetics of leaching[J]. Waste Manage., 2018, 71:362-371.
[118]	SANTANA I L, MOREIRA T F M, LELIS M F F, et al. Photocatalytic properties of Co3O4/LiCoO2 recycled from spent lithium-ion batteries using citric acid as leaching agent[J]. Mater. Chem. Phys., 2017, 190(Supplement C):38-44.
[119]	XI G, WANG L, ZHAO T. Magnetic and magnetostrictive properties of RE-doped Cu-Co ferrite fabricated from spent lithium-ion batteries[J]. J. Magn. Magn. Mater., 2017, 424:130-136.
[120]	YAO L, YAO H, XI G, et al. Recycling and synthesis of LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 from waste lithium ion batteries using D,L-malic acid[J]. RSC Adv., 2016, 6(8):1833-1840.
[121]	HE L P, SUN S Y, SONG X F, et al. Leaching process for recovering valuable metals from the LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 cathode of lithium-ion batteries[J]. Waste Manage., 2017, 64:171-181.