化工学报 ›› 2024, Vol. 75 ›› Issue (3): 782-788.DOI: 10.11949/0438-1157.20231321
收稿日期:
2023-12-11
修回日期:
2024-02-20
出版日期:
2024-03-25
发布日期:
2024-05-11
通讯作者:
孟现阳
作者简介:
周辛梓(1996—),男,博士研究生,xinzizhou@stu.xjtu.edu.cn
基金资助:
Xinzi ZHOU(), Zenghui LI, Xianyang MENG(), Jiangtao WU
Received:
2023-12-11
Revised:
2024-02-20
Online:
2024-03-25
Published:
2024-05-11
Contact:
Xianyang MENG
摘要:
工质准确的热物理性质是工业工艺计算及设备使用优化的基础,然而空气黏度在温度190 K以下的数据匮乏,影响了工业应用的工程设计、流程优化。采用低温振动弦法黏度计实验系统,在温度范围85~190 K、压力范围0.2~5 MPa的条件下对气态、液态、超临界态高纯空气开展了黏度测量实验研究,黏度实验测量结果的标准不确定度为2.64%。本文工作可为液态空气工业应用的相关技术优化设计提供基础数据支撑。
中图分类号:
周辛梓, 李增辉, 孟现阳, 吴江涛. 低温下高纯空气黏度实验研究[J]. 化工学报, 2024, 75(3): 782-788.
Xinzi ZHOU, Zenghui LI, Xianyang MENG, Jiangtao WU. Experimental study on viscosity of high purity air at low temperatures[J]. CIESC Journal, 2024, 75(3): 782-788.
图1 振动弦黏度计组件示意图A—不锈钢管;B—航空插头;C—CF法兰;D—金属密封圈;E—外屏蔽;F—加热丝;G—内屏蔽;H—镀金触针;I—吊杆;J—铂电阻温度计1;K—铂电阻温度计2;L—测量腔体;M—陶瓷板;N—钨棒;O—磁铁;P—磁铁架;Q—钨丝;R—夹片
Fig.1 Schematic diagram of the vibrating-wire viscometer assemblyA—stainless-steel tube; B—aviation connector; C—ConFlat flange; D—gasket ring; E—external shield; F—heating wire; G—internal shield; H—Au-plated contact pin; I—suspension boom; J—platinum resistance thermometer 1; K—platinum resistance thermometer 2; L—measuring cell; M—alumina ceramics substrate; N—tungsten rod; O—magnet; P—stainless steel ring; Q—tungsten wire; R—clamp
图2 低温振动弦黏度计实验系统示意图A—压力传感器;B—数据采集卡;C—温度控制测量单元1;D—温度控制测量单元2;E—锁相放大器;F—恒流源;G—振动弦传感器组件;H—杜瓦瓶;I—样品罐;J—真空系统;K—液氮罐;PRV—减压阀;V1~V8—针阀
Fig. 2 Schematic diagram of the experimental setupA—pressure transducer; B—data-collecting measurement unit; C—temperature control and measurement unit 1; D—temperature control and measurement unit 2; E—lock-in amplifier; F—AC power supply; G—vibrating-wire viscometer; H—cryogenic Dewar bottle; I—sample container; J—vacuum pump; K—liquid nitrogen tank; PRV—relief valve; V1~V8—valves
参数 | 数值 | 来源 |
---|---|---|
丝半径/μm | 24.34 | 液氮标定 |
丝长/mm | 50 | 测量 |
丝密度/(kg·m-3) | 19251.3 | 文献[ |
内部阻尼系数 | 2.77×10-5 | 真空测量 |
表1 振动弦黏度计实验系统参数
Table 1 Parameters of vibrating-wire viscometer
参数 | 数值 | 来源 |
---|---|---|
丝半径/μm | 24.34 | 液氮标定 |
丝长/mm | 50 | 测量 |
丝密度/(kg·m-3) | 19251.3 | 文献[ |
内部阻尼系数 | 2.77×10-5 | 真空测量 |
来源 | 因素自身的 不确定度 | 黏度测量的不确定度 |
---|---|---|
合计 | 2.64% | |
温度 | 18 mK | 0.1% |
压力 | 6 kPa | 0.1% |
丝半径 | 1% | 2% |
流体的密度计算及混合物的组分 | 0.8% | 0.8% |
金属丝的内部阻尼系数 | 30% | 1.4% |
钨丝的密度 | 30 kg·m-3 | 0.3% |
测量的重复性 | — | 0.5% |
表2 各影响因素对黏度测量不确定度的贡献
Table 2 Contributions to uncertainty for the viscosity measurements.
来源 | 因素自身的 不确定度 | 黏度测量的不确定度 |
---|---|---|
合计 | 2.64% | |
温度 | 18 mK | 0.1% |
压力 | 6 kPa | 0.1% |
丝半径 | 1% | 2% |
流体的密度计算及混合物的组分 | 0.8% | 0.8% |
金属丝的内部阻尼系数 | 30% | 1.4% |
钨丝的密度 | 30 kg·m-3 | 0.3% |
测量的重复性 | — | 0.5% |
状态 | 温度/K | 压力/MPa | 密度/(kg·m-3) | 黏度/(μPa·s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
气态 | 100.00 | 0.45 | 17.27 | 6.46 |
110.00 | 0.50 | 17.03 | 7.22 | |
119.99 | 0.55 | 16.72 | 8.01 | |
119.99 | 1.14 | 39.02 | 8.47 | |
129.99 | 0.58 | 16.49 | 8.76 | |
129.99 | 1.25 | 38.30 | 9.25 | |
129.99 | 3.24 | 164.53 | 12.32 | |
139.99 | 0.62 | 16.27 | 9.45 | |
139.99 | 1.36 | 37.78 | 9.95 | |
139.99 | 2.81 | 93.19 | 10.93 | |
150.00 | 0.54 | 12.83 | 10.00 | |
150.00 | 1.03 | 25.49 | 10.39 | |
150.00 | 3.10 | 91.10 | 11.60 | |
160.00 | 0.57 | 12.66 | 10.70 | |
160.00 | 1.09 | 25.03 | 11.11 | |
160.00 | 3.36 | 89.06 | 12.35 | |
170.01 | 0.60 | 12.48 | 11.35 | |
170.01 | 1.15 | 24.60 | 11.42 | |
170.01 | 2.91 | 67.70 | 12.75 | |
180.00 | 1.20 | 24.18 | 12.41 | |
180.00 | 3.07 | 66.17 | 13.35 | |
180.01 | 0.54 | 10.51 | 11.85 | |
189.99 | 0.56 | 10.41 | 12.43 | |
190.00 | 0.81 | 15.14 | 12.71 | |
190.00 | 3.26 | 65.41 | 14.02 | |
液态 | 84.97 | 0.20 | 843.86 | 138.55 |
84.97 | 0.53 | 844.81 | 138.31 | |
84.97 | 0.87 | 845.78 | 140.88 | |
84.97 | 2.72 | 850.99 | 149.96 | |
89.99 | 0.31 | 819.06 | 118.54 | |
89.99 | 0.62 | 820.12 | 118.30 | |
89.99 | 1.29 | 822.40 | 120.74 | |
89.99 | 3.02 | 828.02 | 125.01 | |
89.99 | 4.73 | 833.29 | 129.19 | |
100.00 | 0.68 | 765.31 | 89.01 | |
100.00 | 0.98 | 766.85 | 88.75 | |
100.00 | 2.94 | 776.26 | 92.94 | |
100.01 | 4.92 | 784.76 | 98.13 | |
110.00 | 1.27 | 702.73 | 67.53 | |
110.00 | 2.91 | 715.74 | 70.50 | |
110.00 | 4.81 | 728.50 | 74.28 | |
119.99 | 2.16 | 576.18 | 49.90 | |
119.99 | 2.79 | 633.59 | 51.01 | |
119.99 | 4.85 | 660.56 | 56.57 | |
129.99 | 4.03 | 530.53 | 36.50 | |
129.99 | 4.81 | 560.47 | 40.62 | |
超临界态 | 139.99 | 4.85 | 282.17 | 17.78 |
150.00 | 4.72 | 168.43 | 13.75 | |
170.01 | 4.74 | 121.49 | 13.84 | |
180.00 | 4.83 | 111.42 | 14.20 | |
190.00 | 4.60 | 96.08 | 14.42 |
表3 高纯空气黏度实验数据
Table 3 Experimental data on viscosity of high-purity air
状态 | 温度/K | 压力/MPa | 密度/(kg·m-3) | 黏度/(μPa·s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
气态 | 100.00 | 0.45 | 17.27 | 6.46 |
110.00 | 0.50 | 17.03 | 7.22 | |
119.99 | 0.55 | 16.72 | 8.01 | |
119.99 | 1.14 | 39.02 | 8.47 | |
129.99 | 0.58 | 16.49 | 8.76 | |
129.99 | 1.25 | 38.30 | 9.25 | |
129.99 | 3.24 | 164.53 | 12.32 | |
139.99 | 0.62 | 16.27 | 9.45 | |
139.99 | 1.36 | 37.78 | 9.95 | |
139.99 | 2.81 | 93.19 | 10.93 | |
150.00 | 0.54 | 12.83 | 10.00 | |
150.00 | 1.03 | 25.49 | 10.39 | |
150.00 | 3.10 | 91.10 | 11.60 | |
160.00 | 0.57 | 12.66 | 10.70 | |
160.00 | 1.09 | 25.03 | 11.11 | |
160.00 | 3.36 | 89.06 | 12.35 | |
170.01 | 0.60 | 12.48 | 11.35 | |
170.01 | 1.15 | 24.60 | 11.42 | |
170.01 | 2.91 | 67.70 | 12.75 | |
180.00 | 1.20 | 24.18 | 12.41 | |
180.00 | 3.07 | 66.17 | 13.35 | |
180.01 | 0.54 | 10.51 | 11.85 | |
189.99 | 0.56 | 10.41 | 12.43 | |
190.00 | 0.81 | 15.14 | 12.71 | |
190.00 | 3.26 | 65.41 | 14.02 | |
液态 | 84.97 | 0.20 | 843.86 | 138.55 |
84.97 | 0.53 | 844.81 | 138.31 | |
84.97 | 0.87 | 845.78 | 140.88 | |
84.97 | 2.72 | 850.99 | 149.96 | |
89.99 | 0.31 | 819.06 | 118.54 | |
89.99 | 0.62 | 820.12 | 118.30 | |
89.99 | 1.29 | 822.40 | 120.74 | |
89.99 | 3.02 | 828.02 | 125.01 | |
89.99 | 4.73 | 833.29 | 129.19 | |
100.00 | 0.68 | 765.31 | 89.01 | |
100.00 | 0.98 | 766.85 | 88.75 | |
100.00 | 2.94 | 776.26 | 92.94 | |
100.01 | 4.92 | 784.76 | 98.13 | |
110.00 | 1.27 | 702.73 | 67.53 | |
110.00 | 2.91 | 715.74 | 70.50 | |
110.00 | 4.81 | 728.50 | 74.28 | |
119.99 | 2.16 | 576.18 | 49.90 | |
119.99 | 2.79 | 633.59 | 51.01 | |
119.99 | 4.85 | 660.56 | 56.57 | |
129.99 | 4.03 | 530.53 | 36.50 | |
129.99 | 4.81 | 560.47 | 40.62 | |
超临界态 | 139.99 | 4.85 | 282.17 | 17.78 |
150.00 | 4.72 | 168.43 | 13.75 | |
170.01 | 4.74 | 121.49 | 13.84 | |
180.00 | 4.83 | 111.42 | 14.20 | |
190.00 | 4.60 | 96.08 | 14.42 |
图3 空气黏度在温度范围85~190 K的实验数据与模型计算值的偏差△ 本文工作, 振动弦; ◇ Johnston等[12], 振动盘; ▽ Latto等[16], 毛细管; □ Matthews等[13], 毛细管; ◁ Sutherland等[14], 振动盘; ○ Diller等[15], 扭转晶体法
Fig.3 Deviation between experimental and calculated values of air viscosity in the temperature range of 85—190 K
1 | 李式模. 低温工程技术综述[J]. 低温工程, 1999(3): 1-5, 26. |
Li S M. The summary for cryogenic engineering technology[J]. Cryogenics, 1999(3): 1-5, 26. | |
2 | Smith A R, Klosek J. A review of air separation technologies and their integration with energy conversion processes[J]. Fuel Processing Technology, 2001, 70(2): 115-134. |
3 | Vecchi A, Li Y L, Ding Y L, et al. Liquid air energy storage (LAES): a review on technology state-of-the-art, integration pathways and future perspectives[J]. Advances in Applied Energy, 2021, 3: 100047. |
4 | Qi M, Park J, Lee I, et al. Liquid air as an emerging energy vector towards carbon neutrality: a multi-scale systems perspective[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2022, 159: 112201. |
5 | Babikova D, Petrov A. Study of cavitation characteristics of a cryogenic pump by computational fluid dynamic methods[J]. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2020, 779(1): 012010. |
6 | Bhutta M U, Khan Z A, Garland N, et al. A historical review on the tribological performance of refrigerants used in compressors[J]. Tribology in Industry, 2018, 40(1): 19-51. |
7 | 孙琳, 付必伟, 魏梦辉, 等. 新型同轴套管式换热器强化传热研究[J]. 液压与气动, 2023, 47(2): 164-173. |
Sun L, Fu B W, Wei M H, et al. New coaxial borehole heat exchanger strengthens heat transfer research[J]. Chinese Hydraulics & Pneumatics, 2023, 47(2): 164-173. | |
8 | Wu W, Wei C H, Zhou J J, et al. Numerical and experimental nonlinear dynamics of a proportional pressure-regulating valve[J]. Nonlinear Dynamics, 2021, 103(2): 1415-1425. |
9 | Huber M L, Lemmon E W, Bell I H, et al. The NIST REFPROP database for highly accurate properties of industrially important fluids[J]. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2022, 61(42): 15449-15472. |
10 | Kadoya K, Matsunaga N, Nagashima A. Viscosity and thermal conductivity of dry air in the gaseous phase[J]. Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data, 1985, 14(4): 947-970. |
11 | Lemmon E W, Jacobsen R T. Viscosity and thermal conductivity equations for nitrogen, oxygen, argon, and air[J]. International Journal of Thermophysics, 2004, 25(1): 21-69. |
12 | Johnston H L, McCloskey K E. Viscosities of several common gases between 90°K. and room temperature[J]. The Journal of Physical Chemistry, 1940, 44(9): 1038-1058. |
13 | Matthews G P, Thomas C M S R, Dufty A N, et al. Viscosities of oxygen and air over a wide range of temperatures[J]. Journal of the Chemical Society, Faraday Transactions 1: Physical Chemistry in Condensed Phases, 1976, 72: 238-244. |
14 | Sutherland B P, Maass O. Measurement of the viscosity of gases over a large temperature range[J]. Canadian Journal of Research, 1932, 6(4): 428-443. |
15 | Diller D E, Aragon A S, Laesecke A. Measurements of the viscosity of compressed liquid air at temperatures between 70 and 130 K[J]. Cryogenics, 1991, 31(12): 1070-1072. |
16 | Latto B, Saunders M W. Absolute viscosity of air down to cryogenic temperatures and up to high pressures[J]. Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science, 1973, 15(4): 266-270. |
17 | Haynes W M, Diller D E, Roder H M. Transport properties of fluids of cryogenic interest[J]. Cryogenics, 1987, 27(7): 348-360. |
18 | Kestin J, Sokolov M, Wakeham W. Theory of capillary viscometers[J]. Applied Scientific Research, 1973, 27(1): 241-264. |
19 | Nieuwoudt J C, Sengers J V, Kestin J. On the theory of oscillating-cup viscometers[J]. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications, 1988, 149(1/2): 107-122. |
20 | Diller D E, Frederick N V. Torsional piezoelectric crystal viscometer for compressed gases and liquids[J]. International Journal of Thermophysics, 1989, 10(1): 145-157. |
21 | Tough J T, McCormick W D, Dash J G. Viscosity of liquid He Ⅱ[J]. Physical Review, 1963, 132(6): 2373-2378. |
22 | Retsina T, Richardson S M, Wakeham W A. The theory of a vibrating-rod densimeter[J]. Applied Scientific Research, 1986, 43(2): 127-158. |
23 | Retsina T, Richardson S M, Wakeham W A. The theory of a vibrating-rod viscometer[J]. Applied Scientific Research, 1987, 43(4): 325-346. |
24 | Pádua A A H, Fareleira J M N A, Calado J C G, et al. Electromechanical model for vibrating-wire instruments[J]. Review of Scientific Instruments, 1998, 69(6): 2392-2399. |
25 | Kandil M E, Marsh K N, Goodwin A R H. Vibrating wire viscometer with wire diameters of (0.05 and 0.15) mm: results for methylbenzene and two fluids with nominal viscosities at T = 298 K and p=0.01 MPa of (14 and 232) mPa·s at temperatures between (298 and 373) K and pressures below 40 MPa[J]. Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data, 2005, 50(2): 647-655. |
26 | Caetano F J P, Fareleira J M N A, Oliveira C M B P, et al. Validation of a vibrating-wire viscometer: measurements in the range of 0.5 to 135 mPa·s[J]. Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data, 2005, 50(1): 201-205. |
27 | Span R, Lemmon E W, Jacobsen R T, et al. A reference equation of state for the thermodynamic properties of nitrogen for temperatures from 63.151 to 1000 K and pressures to 2200 MPa[J]. Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data, 2000, 29(6): 1361-1433. |
28 | Lassner E, Schubert W D. Tungsten: Properties, Chemistry, Technology of the Element, Alloys, and Chemical Compounds[M]. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, 1999. |
29 | Kunz O, Wagner W. The GERG-2008 wide-range equation of state for natural gases and other mixtures: an expansion of GERG-2004[J]. Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data, 2012, 57(11): 3032-3091. |
30 | Ely J F, Hanley H J M. Prediction of transport properties (1): Viscosity of fluids and mixtures[J]. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Fundamentals, 1981, 20(4): 323-332. |
[1] | 陈好奇, 史博会, 彭琪, 康琦, 宋尚飞, 姚海元, 陈海宏, 吴海浩, 宫敬. 基于稳定性分析的含酸/醇烃水体系相平衡计算[J]. 化工学报, 2024, 75(3): 789-800. |
[2] | 詹小斌, 王会彬, 蒋亚龙, 史铁林. 声共振混合器高黏度流体混合的功耗特性研究[J]. 化工学报, 2024, 75(2): 531-542. |
[3] | 吴凡, 彭旭东, 江锦波, 孟祥铠, 梁杨杨. 分子动力学模拟预测天然气密度和黏度的可行性研究[J]. 化工学报, 2024, 75(2): 450-462. |
[4] | 杨欣, 王文, 徐凯, 马凡华. 高压氢气加注过程中温度特征仿真分析[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(S1): 280-286. |
[5] | 常明慧, 王林, 苑佳佳, 曹艺飞. 盐溶液蓄能型热泵循环特性研究[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(S1): 329-337. |
[6] | 张化福, 童莉葛, 张振涛, 杨俊玲, 王立, 张俊浩. 机械蒸汽压缩蒸发技术研究现状与发展趋势[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(S1): 8-24. |
[7] | 胡建波, 刘洪超, 胡齐, 黄美英, 宋先雨, 赵双良. 有机笼跨细胞膜易位行为的分子动力学模拟研究[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(9): 3756-3765. |
[8] | 仪显亨, 周骛, 蔡小舒, 蔡天意. 光纤后向动态光散射测量纳米颗粒的浓度适用范围研究[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(8): 3320-3328. |
[9] | 刘爽, 张霖宙, 许志明, 赵锁奇. 渣油及其组分黏度的分子层次组成关联研究[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(8): 3226-3241. |
[10] | 张曼铮, 肖猛, 闫沛伟, 苗政, 徐进良, 纪献兵. 危废焚烧处理耦合有机朗肯循环系统工质筛选与热力学优化[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(8): 3502-3512. |
[11] | 闫琳琦, 王振雷. 基于STA-BiLSTM-LightGBM组合模型的多步预测软测量建模[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(8): 3407-3418. |
[12] | 卫雪岩, 钱勇. 微米级铁粉燃料中低温氧化反应特性及其动力学研究[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(6): 2624-2638. |
[13] | 邵伟明, 韩文学, 宋伟, 杨勇, 陈灿, 赵东亚. 基于分布式贝叶斯隐马尔可夫回归的动态软测量建模方法[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(6): 2495-2502. |
[14] | 姚晓宇, 沈俊, 李健, 李振兴, 康慧芳, 唐博, 董学强, 公茂琼. 流体气液临界参数测量方法研究进展[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(5): 1847-1861. |
[15] | 雷博雯, 吴建华, 吴启航. R290低压比热泵高补气过热度循环研究[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(5): 1875-1883. |
阅读次数 | ||||||
全文 |
|
|||||
摘要 |
|
|||||