低GWP制冷剂在新能源汽车空调应用性能分析

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20241311

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

随着《<蒙特利尔议定书>基加利修正案》正式生效，R134a因其高全球变暖潜值(global warming potential，GWP)在未来汽车空调中使用受限。为研究低GWP制冷剂应用的可行性，首先基于热力学分析方法对R1234yf、R1234ze(E)、R290在4种实际汽车空调工况下进行性能分析与多因素评估，并与R134a进行对比；其次，建立续航模型，研究不同制冷剂在冬季不同环境温度下的续航性能。结果表明：与R134a相比，R1234yf具有相近的单位容积制冷/制热量，压缩机排量适配性强；R1234ze(E)和R134a的COP及制冷/制热效果相当；在冬季极寒工况下，R290表现出显著的性能优势，其COP_h和q_cv分别比R134a高2.3%、57.3%，此外，在热泵运行工况下，R290的续航里程衰减较R134a有所减缓。本研究为汽车空调领域高效、环保制冷剂替代应用提供了重要参考。

关键词: 汽车空调, 低GWP制冷剂, 热力学, 性能分析, R290, 制冷剂替代

Abstract:

With the formal enforcement of the Kigali Amendment, the use of R134a in future vehicle air conditioning systems will be restricted due to its high global warming potential (GWP). To study the feasibility of low GWP refrigerants as replacements, this study first conducts a thermodynamic performance analysis and multi-factor evaluation of R1234yf, R1234ze(E) and R290 across four actual automotive operating conditions, with comparisons to R134a. Additionally, a range model is developed to assess the range performance of these refrigerants under varying winter ambient temperatures. The results indicate that R1234yf has a similar volume cooling/heating capacity and compatible compressor displacement when compared to R134a. The coefficient of performance (COP) and cooling/heating effectiveness of R1234ze(E) are also found to be comparable to those of R134a. In extreme cold winter conditions, R290 demonstrates a notable performance advantage, with COP_h and q_cvthat are 2.3% and 57.3% higher than R134a, respectively. Furthermore, under heat pump operating conditions, R290 shows a slower rate of range decay compared to R134a. This study provides valuable insights into the substitution and application potential of efficient and environmentally friendly refrigerants in the field of vehicle air conditioning.

Key words: vehicle air conditioning, low GWP refrigerant, thermodynamics, performance analysis, R290, refrigerant substitution

中图分类号:

TB 61⁺2

朱腾飞, 刘晔. 低GWP制冷剂在新能源汽车空调应用性能分析[J]. 化工学报, 2025, 76(S1): 343-350.

Tengfei ZHU, Ye LIU. Performance analysis of low GWP refrigerant used in new energy vehicle air conditioning[J]. CIESC Journal, 2025, 76(S1): 343-350.

图/表 9

图1 电动汽车热泵空调系统示意图

Fig.1 Schematic diagram of electric vehicle heat pump air-conditioning system

表1 4种制冷剂热力学物性参数

Table 1 Four kinds of refrigerant thermodynamic physical property parameters

名称	分子量	标准沸点/℃	临界温度/℃	临界压力/MPa	GWP	安全等级
R134a	102.0	-26.0	101.1	4.059	1430	A1
R1234yf	114.0	-29.0	95.0	3.382	1	A2L
R123ze(E)	114.0	9.75	153.7	3.530	<10	A2L
R290	44.1	-42.07	96.8	4.254	趋近0	A3

图2 热泵空调系统压焓图

Fig.2 Heat pump air conditioning system pressure enthalpy diagram

表2 比亚迪-元EV360性能参数

Table 2 Performance parameters of BYD-Yuan EV360

热管理系统	行驶速度/(km/h)	夏季耗电量/kW	冬季耗电量/kW	电池容量/(kW·h)	综合里程/km	百公里电耗/(kW·h)
空调制冷+PTC制热	30	6.68	9.60	42.0	305	13.6

表3 乘员舱内/外工作参数［34］

Table 3 Inside/outside operating parameters of cockpit［34］

项目	夏季额定	夏季高温	冬季额定	冬季极寒
乘员舱外环境	干球温度35℃	干球温度45℃	干球温度0℃	干球温度-20℃
乘员舱内环境	干/湿球温度27℃/19.5℃	干/湿球温度32.5℃/26℃	干球温度20℃，相对湿度30%

表4 实际运行工况参数

Table 4 Parameters of actual operating

工况	环境温度/℃	蒸发温度/℃	冷凝温度/℃	过热度/℃	过冷度/℃
夏季额定制冷工况	35	-1	50	6	5
夏季高温制冷工况	45	10	63	6	5
冬季额定制热工况	0	-5	55	6	5
冬季极寒制热工况	-20	-25	35	6	5

图3 夏季制冷工况下不同工质性能对比

Fig.3 Comparison of performance of different refrigerants under cooling condition in summer

图4 冬季制热工况下不同工质性能对比

Fig.4 Comparison of performance of different refrigerants under heating condition in winter

图5 冬季不同环境温度下续航里程对比

Fig.5 Comparison of range at different ambient temperatures in winter

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