开放式微通道与射流冲击混合冷却协同作用机制研究

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20250689

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

高功率、高集成的电子器件，对热设计构成了重大挑战。因气泡脱离路径与液体补充路径相互冲突，导致核态沸腾阶段气泡聚集、临界热通量提前触发成为流动沸腾热设计方案提高换热能力的瓶颈。为了研究射流冲击开放式微通道中分离气泡脱离与液体补充路径的机制，本文结合可视化实验结果与仿真计算研究了惯性力对气泡分布的影响。研究发现，随着通道顶部间隙缩小，气泡大量聚集在通道底部，抑制了核态沸腾，这是因为顶部间隙缩小时，通道底部惯性力的增幅（309.1%）远高于顶部（50.9%），气泡在惯性力作用下更容易脱离和聚集，使通道流和喷射流协同作用分离气泡脱离与液体补充路径的机制失效，从而使临界热通量更容易触发。研究结果对于微通道临界热通量触发机制的探索以及换热能力的提升具有重要意义。

关键词: 微通道, 微喷射, 两相流, 气泡行为, 传热

Abstract:

High-power, highly integrated electronic devices present significant challenges for thermal design. Due to the conflict between bubble detachment and liquid replenishment paths, the bubbles accumulate during the nucleate boiling stage and the critical heat flux is triggered in advance, which becomes a bottleneck for the flow boiling thermal design solutions to improve the heat transfer capacity. To study the mechanism of separated bubble detachment and liquid replenishment paths in an open microchannel under jet impingement, this paper investigates the influence of inertial force on bubble distribution by combining visual experimental results with simulation calculations. The results have found that as the top gap of the channel narrows, a large number of bubbles accumulate at the bottom of the channel, inhibiting nucleate boiling. This is because when the top gap shrinks, the increase in inertial force at the bottom of the channel (309.1%) is much higher than that at the top (50.9%). Under the action of inertial force, bubbles are more likely to detach and accumulate, which invalidates the mechanism where the channel flow and jet flow work together to separate bubble detachment path from liquid replenishment path, thereby making the critical heat flux more likely to be triggered. The research is of great significance for exploring the critical heat flux triggering mechanism in microchannels and improving the heat transfer capacity of microchannels.

Key words: microchannels, microjets, two-phase flow, bubble behavior, heat transfer

中图分类号:

O359+.1

李逸飞, 郭聿铭, 赵亮. 开放式微通道与射流冲击混合冷却协同作用机制研究[J]. 化工学报, DOI: 10.11949/0438-1157.20250689.

Yifei LI, Yuming GUO, Liang ZHAO. Synergistic mechanism in open microchannel and jet impingement hybrid cooling system[J]. CIESC Journal, DOI: 10.11949/0438-1157.20250689.

图/表 16

图1 射流冲击开放式微通道冷却技术与开放式微通道冷却技术对比 (a)开放式微通道；(b)射流冲击开放式微通道

Fig.1 Comparison of cooling schemes (a) open microchannel; (b) jet impingement open microchannel

图2 系统流程图

Fig.2 System scheme diagram

图3 测试模块示意图 (a)零件图；(b)爆炸图；(c)实物图

Fig.3 Test module schematic diagram (a) parts; (b) exploded view; (c) real product

图4 测试模块细节展示 (a)整体剖面图；(b)局部剖面图；(c)试验件；(d)微通道细节

Fig.4 Details of the test module (a) overall sectional view; (b) partial sectional view; (c) test module; (d)details of microchannels

表1 不确定度

Table 1 uncertainty of measurement

项目	不确定度
体积流率，m³/s	1.0%
温度，K	1.3%
功率输入，W	0.5%
热通量，W/cm²	4.0%
试验件尺寸，mm	1.3%

图5 计算域示意图

Fig.5 Diagram of the calculation domain

图6 模型验证 (a)网格无关性验证；(b)数值验证结果

Fig.6 Model verification (a) grid independence verification; (b) numerical validation results

图7 不同顶部间隙下，泡状流阶段的气泡分布Qch=Qjet=50 ml/min (a) Guo等[31] (Hgap=2 mm)；(b) Hgap=1.5 mm；注:(c) Hgap=2 mm

Fig.7 Under different top gaps, the bubble distribution during the bubble flow stage (Qch=Qjet=50 ml/min) (a) Guo et al.[31] (Hgap=2 mm); (b) Hgap=1.5 mm; (c) Hgap=2 mm

图8 弹状流阶段的时序图与示意图Qch=Qjet=50 ml/min (a) Guo等[31] (Hgap=2 mm)；(b) Hgap=1.5 mm

Fig.8 Timing diagram and schematic diagram of slug flow stage (Qch=Qjet=50 ml/min) (a) Guo et al.[31] (Hgap=2 mm); (b) Hgap=1.5 mm

图9 分层流阶段的时序图与示意图Qch=Qjet=50 ml/min (a) Guo等[31] (Hgap=2 mm)；(b) Hgap=1.5 mm

Fig.9 Timing diagram and schematic diagram of stratified flow stage (Qch=Qjet=50 ml/min) (a) Guo et al.[31] (Hgap=2 mm); (b) Hgap=1.5 mm

图10 环状流阶段的时序图与示意图Qch=Qjet=50 ml/min (a) Guo等[31] (Hgap=2 mm)；(b) Hgap=1.5 mm

Fig.10 Timing diagram and schematic diagram of annular flow stage (Qch=Qjet=50 ml/min) (a) Guo et al.[31] (Hgap=2 mm); (b) Hgap=1.5 mm

图11 气泡受来流惯性力示意图

Fig.11 Diagram of bubble subjected to the inertial force of the incoming flow

图12 通道出口处截面的工质流速分布，Qch=Qjet=50 ml/min

Fig.12 Flow rate distribution at the exit section of the channel (Qch=Qjet=50 ml/min)

图13 通道出口处截面的工质流速分布，Qch=Qjet=100 ml/min

Fig.13 Flow rate distribution at the exit section of the channel (Qch=Qjet=100 ml/min)

图14 单位面积惯性力随通道顶部间隙变化示意图(a)通道底部；(b)通道顶部

Fig.14 Diagram of the variation of unit area inertial force with the gap at the top of the channel (a) bottom; (b) top

图15 通道底部与通道顶部局部惯性力之比随顶部间距变化示意图

Fig.15 The ratio of the local inertial force at the bottom of the channel to that at the top varies with the top spacing

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