双面组合槽型干气密封性能分析与结构优化

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20251209

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

动环单面开设动压槽是干气密封领域长期沿用的行业惯例与主流技术逻辑，然而该传统结构在密封稳定性、泄漏控制及承载能力的协同提升方面存在固有局限。本文创新性地提出一种双面组合槽型干气密封，通过动环与静环两侧端面槽型的协同设计突破传统单面开槽性能瓶颈，实现密封综合性能的跃升。采用计算流体力学方法全面构建各类双面组合槽型方案并进行流场数值模型，运用正交试验优化槽深、槽宽与螺旋角等关键参数。结果表明：与单面开槽相比双面槽型可使气膜承载能力提升7.28%~23.01%，泄漏率降低22.11%~73.68%，且在变工况下表现出更高的稳定性；综合主轴转向、螺旋线旋向与槽型集聚效应的匹配关系，最优方案为动环外径侧槽与静环外径侧槽的复合布置形式。此外，研究还明确了双面槽型间的动压耦合机制，发现内外槽区压力梯度差导致的动压耦合形成“二次增压效应”是性能提升的关键。研究成果不仅丰富了干气密封的结构设计理论，更为高参数工况下干气密封的工程应用提供重要的技术支撑与理论依据。

关键词: 干气密封, 双面开槽, 数值模拟, 机械性能, 优化设计

Abstract:

The single-sided arrangement of dynamic pressure grooves on the dynamic ring has long been the standard design paradigm in dry gas seals, yet this traditional configuration faces inherent limitations in simultaneously enhancing sealing stability, leakage control, and load-carrying capacity. To address these issues, this study proposes a novel double-sided combined-groove dry gas seal, in which coordinated groove layouts on both the dynamic and static rings overcome the performance ceiling of single-sided grooving. A series of double-sided groove configurations were established using CFD, and key geometric parameters-including groove depth, groove width, and helix angle-were optimized through orthogonal experiments. The results demonstrate that the double-sided design improves gas-film load capacity by 7.28%-23.01%, reduces leakage by 22.11%-73.68%, and maintains superior stability under variable operating conditions. Considering the interplay among shaft rotation direction, helix direction, and groove-induced aggregation, the configuration with outer-diameter grooves on both the dynamic and static rings is identified as optimal. Moreover, the study clarifies the dynamic-pressure coupling mechanism between inner and outer groove regions and reveals a "secondary pressurization effect" as a key factor behind the performance enhancement. These findings enrich the design theory of dry gas seal structures and provide solid technical support for high-parameter engineering applications.

Key words: Dry gas seal, Double sided grooving, Numerical simulation, Mechanical properties, Optimal design

中图分类号:

TB42

王衍, 王昱彤, 陈妙妙, 何一鸣, 刘威, 丁德骏, 马晨波, 张车宁. 双面组合槽型干气密封性能分析与结构优化[J]. 化工学报, DOI: 10.11949/0438-1157.20251209.

Yan WANG, Yutong WANG, Mioamiao CHEN, Yiming HE, Wei LIU, Dejun DING, Chenbo MA, Chening ZHANG. Performance analysis and structural optimization of double-sided spiral groove-type dry gas seal[J]. CIESC Journal, DOI: 10.11949/0438-1157.20251209.

图/表 20

图1 DS-DGS结构示意图注:1-弹簧座 2-弹簧 3-静环 4-动环 5-轴套 6-O型圈 7-锁紧套 8-键 9-转轴

Fig.1 Schematic diagram of DS-DGS structure

图2 单一密封环开槽方式

Fig.2 The dynamic and environmental slotting method that conforms to the agglomeration effect

图3 动、静环双面开槽有效组合方式

Fig.3 Effective combination method of double-sided grooves on the dynamic and static rings

图4 网格划分

Fig.4 Mesh generation

图5 网格数量对泄漏量的影响

Fig.5 The influence of grid quantity on leakage volume

表1 仿真数据对比表

Table 1 Simulation data comparison table

槽深 h_g/μm	开启力 F/ kN			误差值
槽深 h_g/μm	文献26	文献27	计算值	误差1	误差2
2.03	35.67	35.17	33.46	6.20%	4.86%
3.05	31.62	31.50	29.30	7.34%	6.98%
5.08	29.35	29.37	27.96	4.74%	4.80%

图6 S-DGS与四类DS-DGS压力云图对比（∆P=2 MPa N=20000 rpm）

Fig.6 Comparison of S-DGS with four types of DS-DGS pressure charts

图7 S-DGS与四类DS-DGS速度云图对比（∆P=2 MPa N=20000 rpm）

Fig.7 Comparison of S-DGS with four types of DS-DGS velocity cloud charts

表2 密封性能对比

Table 2 Sealing performance comparison

槽型	F/ kN	提高率	Q/ (m³/h)	抑制率
S-DGS	11.95	-	0.095	-
R_i-逆+S_i-顺	9.72	-18.67%	0.025	73.68%
R_i-逆+S_o-顺	12.82	7.28%	0.072	24.21%
R_o-逆+S_i-顺	12.82	7.28%	0.074	22.11%
R_o-逆+S_o-顺	14.67	23.01%	0.061	35.79%

表3 计算中的相关参数

Table 3 The relevant parameters in the calculation

Parameters
静环外半径r_o/mm	77.78
静环内半径r_i/mm	58.42
槽坝比β	0.5
槽宽比δ	1
槽深h_g/μm	1-9 (5)
膜厚h/μm	1-7 (3)
介质	空气
压差∆P/MPa	0.1-4 (2)
出口压力P/MPa	0.1013
转速N/rpm	3000-40000 (20000)
槽数N_g	12
螺旋角α/°	15 (5-25)

图9 压差对密封性能的影响

Fig.9 The influence of inlet pressure on sealing performance

图10 转速对密封性能的影响

Fig.10 The influence of rotational speed on sealing performance

图11 槽深对密封性能的影响

Fig.11 The influence of slot depth on sealing performance

图12 膜厚对密封性能的影响

Fig 12 The influence of film thickness on sealing performance

图13 螺旋角对密封性能的影响

Fig.13 The influence of helix angle on sealing performance

表4 正交试验因素水平表

Table 4 Orthogonal experiment factor level table

因素	A	B	C	D	E
参数	∆P /MPa	N×10³ /rpm	h_g /μm	h /μm	α /°
水平1	0.1	3	1	1	5
水平2	1	10	2	2	10
水平3	2	20	3	3	15
水平4	3	30	5	5	20
水平5	4	40	7	7	25

表5 正交试验方案及结果

Table 5 Orthogonal experiment design and results

试验序列	试验方案					计算结果
试验序列	∆P /MPa	N×10³ /rpm	h_g /μm	h /μm	α /(°)	F /kN	Q (m³/h)
1	0.1	3	1	1	5	1.304	0.009
2	0.1	10	2	2	10	1.479	0.008
3	0.1	20	3	3	15	4.186	0.043
4	0.1	30	5	5	20	2.560	0.039
5	0.1	40	7	7	25	2.097	0.067
6	1	3	2	3	20	5.727	0.030
7	1	10	3	5	25	6.303	0.072
8	1	20	5	7	5	4.357	0.562
9	1	30	7	1	10	16.433	0.051
10	1	40	1	2	15	8.400	0.022
11	2	3	3	7	10	10.599	0.314
12	2	10	5	1	15	15.915	0.022
13	2	20	7	2	20	15.807	0.427
14	2	30	1	3	25	13.297	0.221
15	2	40	2	5	5	8.435	0.480
16	3	3	5	2	25	22.294	0.032
17	3	10	7	3	5	11.461	0.289
18	3	20	1	5	10	12.714	0.586
19	3	30	2	7	15	15.757	0.480
20	3	40	3	1	20	39.735	0.032
21	4	3	7	5	15	23.621	0.289
22	4	10	1	7	20	19.869	0.586
23	4	20	2	1	25	22.022	0.082
24	4	30	3	2	5	27.076	0.328
25	4	40	5	3	10	46.138	0.112

表6 开启力极差分析结果

Table 6 Analysis results of extremely poor opening force

参数	压差A	转速B	槽深C	膜厚D	螺旋角E
k₁	1.906	12.709	11.117	19.082	10.474
k₂	6.564	11.005	10.684	15.011	17.478
k₃	12.811	11.817	17.580	16.162	13.576
k₄	20.392	15.025	18.283	10.727	16.740
k₅	27.745	20.961	13.884	10.536	13.203
R	25.839	9.956	7.599	8.546	7.004

表7 泄漏量极差分析结果

Table 7 Analysis results of extremely poor leakage rate

参数	压差A	转速B	槽深C	膜厚D	螺旋角E
k₁	0.033	0.135	0.176	0.040	0.341
k₂	0.147	0.195	0.197	0.081	0.344
k₃	0.293	0.185	0.153	0.331	0.171
k₄	0.284	0.193	0.154	0.410	0.147
k₅	0.279	0.338	0.186	0.418	0.072
R	0.260	0.203	0.044	0.378	0.272

图14 正交试验各类影响因子对密封性能的极差分析结果

Fig.14 The influence of the impact factor on the sealing performance of the opening force

参考文献 30

[1]	Zhou J F. Characteristcs of fluid film in optimized spiral groove mechanical seal[J]. Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering (English Edition), 2007, 20(6): 54.
[2]	朱芝, 许恒杰, 陈维, 等. 超临界二氧化碳螺旋槽干气密封热流耦合润滑临界阻塞特性研究[J]. 化工学报, 2024, 75(02): 604-615.
	Zhu J, Xu H J, Chen W, et al. Study on critical chocked characteristics of supercritical carbon dioxide spiral groove dry gas seal under thermal-fluid coupling lubrication[J]. CIESC Journal, 2024, 75(02): 604-615.
[3]	SAXENA M N. Dry gas seals and support systems: benefits and options[J]. Hydrocarbon Processing, 2003, 82(11): 37-41.
[4]	LIU Y C, XU W F, WANG Z L, et al. Stability of angular wobble self-excited vibration for gas film face seal[J]. Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2002, 38(4): 1-6. (in Chinese)
[5]	刘飞, 朱维兵. 干气密封发展概况及其特性分析[J]. 机械设计与制造, 2010(11): 261-263.
	Liu F, Zhu W B. Developing condition and its characteristic analysis of dry gas seal[J]. Machinery Design & Manufacture, 2010(11): 261-263.
[6]	张伟政, 赵吉军, 马学忠, 等. 湍流效应对高速机械密封端面型槽冷却性能影响分析[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(3): 1228-1238.
	Zhang W Z, Zhao J J, Ma X Z, et al. Analysis of turbulence effect on face groove cooling performance of high-speed mechanical seals[J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(3): 1228-1238.
[7]	于辰, 江锦波, 赵文静, 等. 基于微段组合的干气密封端面型槽结构模型及其参数影响[J]. 化工学报, 2021, 72(10): 5294-5309.
	Yu C, Jiang J B, Zhao W J, et al. Geometrical model of surface groove based on micro-segment combination for dry gas seal and its parameter influence[J]. CIESC Journal, 2021, 72(10): 5294-5309.
[8]	张肖寒, 孟祥铠, 梁杨杨, 等. 基于湍流模型的高速螺旋槽机械密封稳态性能研究[J]. 摩擦学学报, 2020, 40(2): 260-270.
	Zhang X H, Meng X K, Liang Y Y, et al. Steady performance on high speed spiral-grooved mechanical seals based on turbulent model[J]. Tribology, 2020, 40(2): 260-270.
[9]	王竞墨, 丁雪兴, 王世鹏, 等. 干气密封T型槽底部微纹理织构性能研究[J]. 润滑与密封, 2023, 48(9): 99-107.
	Wang J M, Ding X X, Wang S P, et al. Study on dry gas sealing performance of T-groove based on ordered micro texture modeling design[J]. Lubrication Engineering, 2023, 48(9): 99-107.
[10]	彭旭东, 张岳林, 白少先, 等. 转速压力对T型槽干气密封槽型几何结构参数优选值的影响[J]. 化工学报, 2012, 63(2): 551-559.
	Peng X D, Zhang Y L, Bai S X, et al. Effect of rotational speed and sealing medium pressure on optimization of groove geometric parameters of a T-groove dry gas face seal[J]. CIESC Journal, 2012, 63(2): 551-559.
[11]	沈宗沼, 陈逸, 李香, 等. 多相介质泵用高压密封设计及性能分析[J]. 润滑与密封, 2023, 48(3): 55-60.
	Shen Z Z, Chen Y, Li X, et al. Design and performance analysis of high pressure seal for multiphase medium pump[J]. Lubrication Engineering, 2023, 48(3): 55-60.
[12]	彭旭东, 宗聪, 江锦波. 干气密封单向螺旋槽及其衍生结构功能演变进展[J]. 化工学报, 2017, 68(4): 1271-1281.
	Peng X D, Zong C, Jiang J B. Progress in dry gas seal performance evolution of unidirectional spiral groove and its derivative structures[J]. CIESC Journal, 2017, 68(4): 1271-1281.
[13]	王洪涛, 董志强. 螺旋槽动压径向气体轴承承载特性研究[J]. 润滑与密封, 2022, 47(6): 65-72.
	Wang H T, Dong Z Q. Study on bearing characteristics of spiral groove dynamic pressure gas bearing[J]. Lubrication Engineering, 2022, 47(6): 65-72.
[14]	汤臣杭, 杨惠霞, 王玉明. 单向双列螺旋槽干气密封流场数值模拟[J]. 润滑与密封, 2007, 32(1): 145-148.
	Tang C H, Yang H X, Wang Y M. Flow numerical simulation of dry gas seal with double-row spiral grooves[J]. Lubrication Engineering, 2007, 32(1): 145-148.
[15]	张岳林, 白少先, 孟祥铠, 等. 直线变深T型槽干气密封性能研究[J]. 润滑与密封, 2011, 36(9): 19-23.
	Zhang Y L, Bai S X, Meng X K, et al. Analysis of performance of a tapered-T-groove dry gas face seal[J]. Lubrication Engineering, 2011, 36(9): 19-23.
[16]	Shahin I, Gadala M, Alqaradawi M, et al. Centrifugal compressor spiral dry gas seal simulation working at reverse rotation[J]. Procedia Engineering, 2013, 68: 285-292.
[17]	潘嘉阳, 江锦波, 彭旭东, 等. 双面开槽石墨圆周密封分层计算模型及开槽位置影响研究[J]. 化工学报, 2025, 76(6): 2886-2899.
	Pan J Y, Jiang J B, Peng X D, et al. Study on a layered computational model of double-sided graphite circumferential seal and the effect of grooved position[J]. CIESC Journal, 2025, 76(6): 2886-2899.
[18]	Sun J J, Ma C B, Yu Q P, et al. Numerical analysis on a new pump-out hydrodynamic mechanical seal[J]. Tribology International, 2017, 106: 62-70.
[19]	郑伟, 孙见君, 马晨波. 扩压式自泵送流体动压机械密封综合性能研究[J]. 摩擦学学报(中英文), 2024, 44(5): 686-695.
	Zheng W, Sun J J, Ma C B. Comprehensive performance of diffused self-pumping hydrodynamic mechanical seal[J]. Tribology, 2024, 44(5): 686-695.
[20]	潘振威, 江锦波, 彭旭东, 等. 轴向叠层回流泵送槽干气密封泄漏特性及其参数影响研究[J]. 摩擦学学报(中英文), 2024, 44(9): 1230-1245.
	Pan Z W, Jiang J B, Peng X D, et al. Leakage characteristics and parameters influence of an axial laminate pumping-out groove dry gas seal[J]. Tribology, 2024, 44(9): 1230-1245.
[21]	彭旭东, 张风云, 白少先, 等. 中低速下干气密封型槽仿生改进研究[J]. 摩擦学学报, 2014, 34(1): 43-50.
	Peng X D, Zhang F Y, Bai S X, et al. Bionic improvement of a spiral-grooved dry gas seal at mid-and-low speed[J]. Tribology, 2014, 34(1): 43-50.
[22]	彭旭东, 刘坤, 白少先, 等. 典型螺旋槽端面干式气体密封动压开启性能[J]. 化工学报, 2013, 64(1): 326-333.
	Peng X D, Liu K, Bai S X, et al. Dynamic opening characteristics of dry gas seals with typical types of spiral grooves[J]. CIESC Journal, 2013, 64(1): 326-333.
[23]	王衍, 徐慧, 谢雪非, 等. 仿特斯拉阀结构新型槽端面干气密封的数值研究[J]. 摩擦学学报, 2022, 42(5): 1024-1035.
	Wang Y, Xu H, Xie X F, et al. Numerical study on a new tesla valve structure dry gas seal[J]. Tribology, 2022, 42(5): 1024-1035.
[24]	Li X P, Meng X K, Zhao W J, et al. Numerical investigation on a hybrid porous-spiral groove mechanical face seal[J]. Tribology International, 2024, 198: 109943.
[25]	张伟政, 赵吉军, 张献中, 等. 新型螺旋槽干气密封流固耦合分析[J]. 润滑与密封, 2022, 47(9): 1-10.
	Zhang W Z, Zhao J J, Zhang X Z, et al. Fluid-structure coupling analysis of a new spiral groove dry gas seal[J]. Lubrication Engineering, 2022, 47(9): 1-10.
[26]	尹晓妮, 彭旭东. 干式气体端面密封性能的有限元分析中形函数的选择[J]. 润滑与密封, 2006, 31(3): 13-14, 18.
	Yin X N, Peng X D. Selection of a shape function in finite element analysis for a spiral groove dry gas seal[J]. Lubrication Engineering, 2006, 31(3): 13-14, 18.
[27]	Wang B, Zhang H Q, Cao H J. Flow dynamics of a spiral-groove dry-gas seal[J]. Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2013, 26(1): 78-84.
[28]	莫陇刚, 丁雪兴, 严如奇, 等. 仿树形槽干气密封稳态性能分析[J]. 润滑与密封, 2022, 47(12): 68-74.
	Mo L G, Ding X X, Yan R Q, et al. Steady-state performance analysis of dry gas seal with imitation tree groove[J]. Lubrication Engineering, 2022, 47(12): 68-74.
[29]	吴卫萍, 刘松, 刘旭. 正交实验设计优选FDM＿3D打印工艺参数[J]. 机电工程技术, 2024, 53(9): 271-274.
	Wu W P, Liu S, Liu X. Orthogonal experiment design optimizing FDM 3D printing process parameters[J]. Mechanical & Electrical Engineering Technology, 2024, 53(9): 271-274.
[30]	熊典峰, 陈源, 李运堂, 等. 高速齿轮泵齿轮摩擦端面织构正交优化及润滑性能研究[J]. 润滑与密封, 2025, 50(6): 103-110.
	Xiong D F, Chen Y, Li Y T, et al. Orthogonal optimization of lubrication texture of gear friction end face in high speed gear pump and study of lubrication performance[J]. Lubrication Engineering, 2025, 50(6): 103-110.