Research on discharge path and evaluation of spent lithium-ion batteries

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20230759

Abstract

Abstract:

With the rapid development of new energy vehicles, the recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries has received widespread attention. Discharge is an important step in the recycling process of spent lithium-ion batteries. At present, sodium chloride solution is mainly used to achieve discharge, which leads to the discharge of a large amount of waste liquid containing heavy metals and high organic matter, and will produce hydrogen, methane, etc., which has high treatment cost and serious environmental and safety risks. This study systematically studied the effects of different discharge media during solution treatment on discharge time, gas generation, electrolyte leakage, metal dissolution, etc., analyzed the change law of gas-liquid-solid three-phase composition, explored the discharge path mechanism of lithium-ion batteries, and clarified the evaluation and control methods of discharge process resources, environment, and safety. An intrinsically safe and efficient discharge technique is further constructed. It is found that the decrease of residual voltage of lithium-ion battery during chemical discharge is mainly caused by three paths: electrolytic water, electrolyte leakage and battery short circuit heat release. The positive and negative electrodes of lithium-ion batteries produce oxygen and hydrogen respectively during the early water electrolysis process, and then the competitive reaction of electrochemical corrosion or external short circuit of metal deposition occurs, and the metal dissolution and electrolyte leakage process occur successively. Through the evaluation of different discharge media, it is found that a sodium sulfate solution based on electrolyzed water with a very small amount of electrolyte dissolved out is optimal. Using the electricity release path as a guide, it solved the problems of large amounts of electrolyte leakage and heavy metal dissolution during the solution discharge process from the source. It provides effective support for the efficient recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries.

Key words: spent lithium-ion battery, discharge path, electrolysis, corrosion, process control, evaluate

摘要：

随着新能源汽车迅猛发展，废锂离子电池资源化回收受到广泛关注，放电是废锂离子电池循环利用过程的重要环节。当前主要采用氯化钠溶液浸泡放电，导致大量含重金属、高有机物废液排放，处理成本高，且存在严重的环境与安全隐患。系统研究了溶液处理过程不同放电介质对放电时间、气体产生、电解液泄漏、金属溶出等的影响，探明了气液固三相组成变化规律，并对锂离子电池的电量释放路径机制进行了探索，明确了放电过程资源环境安全评价与控制方法，进一步构建了本征安全的高效放电技术。发现以电解水为主伴随极少量电解液溶出的硫酸钠溶液最优，以电量释放路径为引导从源头上解决了溶液放电过程大量电解液泄漏以及重金属溶出等问题，为实现废锂离子电池高效循环利用提供了有效支撑。

关键词: 废锂离子电池, 放电路径, 电解, 腐蚀, 过程控制, 评价

CLC Number:

TQ 152

Fei KANG, Weiguang LYU, Feng JU, Zhi SUN. Research on discharge path and evaluation of spent lithium-ion batteries[J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(9): 3903-3911.

康飞, 吕伟光, 巨锋, 孙峙. 废锂离子电池放电路径与评价研究[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(9): 3903-3911.

Figures/Tables 12

Fig.1 Schematic diagram of the discharge process of lithium-ion battery

Table 1 Main components of 18650 cylindrical lithium-ion battery

碳钢外壳	正极材料	铝箔	负极材料	铜箔	其他
20.56%	35.90%	4.32%	17.83%	7.18%	14.21%

Table 2 Competitive oxidation reaction and theoretical potential of positive electrode

正极半反应	E⁰/V	编号
Fe(s) $⇌$ Fe²⁺(aq)+2e^–	0.45	(7)
Fe²⁺(aq) $⇌$ Fe³⁺(aq)+e^–	-0.77	(8)
Al(s) $⇌$ Al³⁺(aq)+3e^–	1.66	(9)
Cu(s) $⇌$ Cu²⁺(aq)+2e^–	-0.34	(10)
Ni(s) $⇌$ Ni²⁺(aq)+2e^–	0.26	(11)
Mn(s) $⇌$ Mn²⁺(aq)+2e^–	1.19	(12)
Mn²⁺(aq) $⇌$ Mn³⁺(aq)+e^-	-1.54	(13)
Mn²⁺(aq)+2H₂O(l) $⇌$ MnO₂(s)+4H⁺(aq)+2e^–	-1.22	(14)
2Mn²⁺(aq)+3H₂O(l) $⇌$ Mn₂O₃(s)+6H⁺(aq)+e^-	-1.49	(15)
Mn²⁺(aq)+4H₂O(l) $⇌$ MnO₄^-(aq)+8H⁺(aq)+5e^–	-1.51	(16)
2NH $4 +$ (aq) $⇌$ N₂H $5 +$ (aq)+3H⁺(aq)+2e^–	-1.28	(17)
2Cl^-(aq) $⇌$ Cl₂(g)+2e^-	-1.36	(18)
2CO $3 2 -$ (aq) $⇌$ 2CO₂(g)+O₂(g)+2e^–	-1.90~-1.95	(19)
4HCO $3 2 -$ (aq) $⇌$ 2H₂O(l)+4CO₂(g)+O₂(g)+4e^–	-1.45~-1.50	(20)

Table 2 Competitive oxidation reaction and theoretical potential of positive electrode

正极半反应	E⁰/V	编号
Fe(s) $⇌$ Fe²⁺(aq)+2e^–	0.45	(7)
Fe²⁺(aq) $⇌$ Fe³⁺(aq)+e^–	-0.77	(8)
Al(s) $⇌$ Al³⁺(aq)+3e^–	1.66	(9)
Cu(s) $⇌$ Cu²⁺(aq)+2e^–	-0.34	(10)
Ni(s) $⇌$ Ni²⁺(aq)+2e^–	0.26	(11)
Mn(s) $⇌$ Mn²⁺(aq)+2e^–	1.19	(12)
Mn²⁺(aq) $⇌$ Mn³⁺(aq)+e^-	-1.54	(13)
Mn²⁺(aq)+2H₂O(l) $⇌$ MnO₂(s)+4H⁺(aq)+2e^–	-1.22	(14)
2Mn²⁺(aq)+3H₂O(l) $⇌$ Mn₂O₃(s)+6H⁺(aq)+e^-	-1.49	(15)
Mn²⁺(aq)+4H₂O(l) $⇌$ MnO₄^-(aq)+8H⁺(aq)+5e^–	-1.51	(16)
2NH $4 +$ (aq) $⇌$ N₂H $5 +$ (aq)+3H⁺(aq)+2e^–	-1.28	(17)
2Cl^-(aq) $⇌$ Cl₂(g)+2e^-	-1.36	(18)
2CO $3 2 -$ (aq) $⇌$ 2CO₂(g)+O₂(g)+2e^–	-1.90~-1.95	(19)
4HCO $3 2 -$ (aq) $⇌$ 2H₂O(l)+4CO₂(g)+O₂(g)+4e^–	-1.45~-1.50	(20)

Table 3 Competitive reduction reaction and theoretical potential of negative electrode

负极半反应	E⁰/V	编号
Na⁺(aq)+e^- $⇌$ Na(s)	-2.71	(21)
K⁺(aq)+e^- $⇌$ K(s)	-2.93	(22)
2NH $4 +$ (aq)+2e^-=H₂(g)+2NH₃(g)	≥-0.83	(23)
Fe³⁺(aq)+e^- $⇌$ Fe²⁺(aq)	0.77	(24)
Fe²⁺(aq)+2e^- $⇌$ Fe(s)	-0.45	(25)
Cu²⁺(aq)+2e^- $⇌$ Cu(s)	0.34	(26)
Mn²⁺(aq)+2e^- $⇌$ Mn(s)	-1.19	(27)
Ni²⁺(aq)+2e^- $⇌$ Ni(s)	-0.26	(28)
SO $4 2 -$ (aq)+4H⁺(aq)+2e^- $⇌$ H₂SO₃(aq)+H₂O(aq)	0.17	(29)
SO $4 2 -$ (aq)+H₂O(l)+2e^- $⇌$ SO $3 2 -$ (aq)+2OH^-(aq)	-0.93	(30)

Table 3 Competitive reduction reaction and theoretical potential of negative electrode

负极半反应	E⁰/V	编号
Na⁺(aq)+e^- $⇌$ Na(s)	-2.71	(21)
K⁺(aq)+e^- $⇌$ K(s)	-2.93	(22)
2NH $4 +$ (aq)+2e^-=H₂(g)+2NH₃(g)	≥-0.83	(23)
Fe³⁺(aq)+e^- $⇌$ Fe²⁺(aq)	0.77	(24)
Fe²⁺(aq)+2e^- $⇌$ Fe(s)	-0.45	(25)
Cu²⁺(aq)+2e^- $⇌$ Cu(s)	0.34	(26)
Mn²⁺(aq)+2e^- $⇌$ Mn(s)	-1.19	(27)
Ni²⁺(aq)+2e^- $⇌$ Ni(s)	-0.26	(28)
SO $4 2 -$ (aq)+4H⁺(aq)+2e^- $⇌$ H₂SO₃(aq)+H₂O(aq)	0.17	(29)
SO $4 2 -$ (aq)+H₂O(l)+2e^- $⇌$ SO $3 2 -$ (aq)+2OH^-(aq)	-0.93	(30)

Fig.2 Discharge efficiency and parameter variation of different solutions

Table 4 Initial pH and conductivity of different discharge solutions

放电溶液	初始pH	初始电导率/ (mS/cm)	放电溶液	初始pH	初始电导率/(mS/cm)
自来水	8.00	0.47	氯化铁	1.40	41.33
纯水	8.40	0.07	氯化铜	3.25	51.57
碳酸钠	11.32	48.73	氯化锰	5.22	39.03
碳酸钾	11.92	61.23	硫酸钠	5.73	45.43
碳酸氢钠	8.36	34.50	硫酸钾	6.43	50.73
碳酸铵	9.43	54.20	硫酸亚铁	3.53	22.43
氯化钠	6.57	74.23	硫酸铜	3.65	21.17
氯化钾	5.66	76.63	硫酸锰	3.87	20.57

Fig.3 Discharge path of chemical solution

Fig.4 GC-TCD gas chromatograms of four discharge solutions

Table 5 Gas composition and content of different discharge solutions

溶液	气体成分/%
溶液	氢气	二氧化碳	氧气	氮气	甲烷	一氧化碳	总计
纯水	60.75	0.82	6.62	24.59	0.55	0.02	99.97
自来水	71.22	1.83	2.23	18.95	0.54	0	99.87
碳酸钠	63.42	0	25.34	8.85	0	0	99.99
碳酸钾	65.54	0.02	26.29	6.42	0	0	100
碳酸氢钠	58.71	5.06	26.36	7.75	0.03	0	100
碳酸铵	71.64	0.52	11.54	12.84	0	0	100
氯化钠	64.99	0.13	3.07	24.86	0.25	0.01	100
氯化钾	78.90	0.08	1.34	15.28	0.28	0.01	100
氯化铁	80.50	0.67	1.47	12.68	1.17	0.02	99.92
氯化铜	79.42	1.42	0.39	13.51	1.50	0.03	99.91
氯化锰	76.62	1.18	1.62	15.54	0.68	0.04	99.86
硫酸钠	58.26	0.03	24.06	13.91	0	0	100
硫酸钾	55.70	0.04	21.18	18.17	0	0.02	100
硫酸亚铁	49.02	0.09	8.01	33.69	0.11	0.01	100
硫酸铜	36.10	0.65	9.71	41.55	0.72	0.06	99.98
硫酸锰	65.12	0.04	23.92	8.56	0.05	0.01	100

Fig.5 XRD patterns of precipitates of three discharge solutions

Table 6 Total metal content in solid-liquid phase after discharge

溶液	金属含量/mg
溶液	Li	Co	Mn	Ni	Al	Fe	Cu	总和
纯水	3.43	0.09	1.81	11.16	21.39	684.07	1.39	723.34
自来水	2.22	0.22	2.67	7.51	79.51	926.80	0.24	1019.17
碳酸钠	0.15	0.00	0.00	0.00	42.64	0.88	0.40	44.07
碳酸钾	0.08	0.08	0.08	0.10	67.66	3.53	3.69	75.22
碳酸氢钠	0.15	0.16	0.00	8.40	0.24	4.24	7.76	20.95
碳酸铵	0.17	0.13	0.18	30.29	0.48	41.02	7.40	79.67
氯化钠	3.46	1.31	3.95	19.40	152.23	817.13	0.31	997.79
氯化钾	5.34	1.21	2.92	12.57	218.43	837.70	1.34	1079.51
氯化铁	6.10	0.39	17.69	42.65	330.05	—	2.06	398.94
氯化铜	4.18	0.36	8.32	40.51	288.05	2170.68	—	2512.10
氯化锰	3.25	0.74	—	18.66	173.76	1262.75	1.04	1460.20
硫酸钠	0.25	0.09	0.92	27.61	3.36	247.88	0.33	280.44
硫酸钾	1.19	0.05	4.87	17.44	179.58	1050.98	0.66	1254.77
硫酸亚铁	0.34	1.87	23.59	12.43	2.85	—	42.07	83.15
硫酸铜	0.08	0.56	83.79	32.08	50.97	2200.51	—	2367.99
硫酸锰	0.08	0.85	—	42.93	6.46	315.70	0.88	366.90

Table 7 Evaluation of discharge effect of different solutions

溶液	评分
溶液	放电时间	金属总损失	总磷泄漏量	溶液TOC	溶液pH	气体危害等级	介质成本	总分
纯水	68	63	35	18	80	70	100	66.5
自来水	84	49	10	10	80	80	100	64.6
碳酸钠	10	97	99	83	80	90	67	70.0
碳酸钾	10	96	98	64	80	90	13	57.0
碳酸氢钠	10	98	99	97	90	80	77	73.6
碳酸铵	10	96	99	87	90	80	51	67.0
氯化钠	100	50	61	46	100	90	94	78.5
氯化钾	100	46	20	10	100	90	49	61.0
氯化铁	100	80	10	10	50	80	60	63.0
氯化铜	100	10	19	69	70	70	10	46.8
氯化锰	100	26	48	14	80	70	25	51.4
硫酸钠	98	85	99	100	100	90	94	94.3
硫酸钾	99	37	100	100	100	90	50	76.2
硫酸亚铁	100	86	100	100	60	90	94	92.8
硫酸铜	100	10	35	100	70	70	10	51.5
硫酸锰	89	81	98	100	70	90	42	78.2

References 37

1	孙睿, 刘丽丽, 刘艳开, 等. 锂离子电池中废旧磷酸铁锂的回收[J]. 电池, 2022, 52(5): 479-483.
	Sun R, Liu L L, Liu Y K, et al. Recycling spent LiFePO₄ from Li-ion battery[J]. Battery Bimonthly, 2022, 52(5): 479-483.
2	Nembhard N. Safe, sustainable discharge of electric vehicle batteries as a pre-treatment step to crushing in the recycling process[D]. Barcelona: Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2020.
3	Fan E S, Li L, Wang Z P, et al. Sustainable recycling technology for Li-ion batteries and beyond: challenges and future prospects[J]. Chemical Reviews, 2020, 120(14): 7020-7063.
4	Yu D W, Huang Z, Makuza B, et al. Pretreatment options for the recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries: a comprehensive review[J]. Minerals Engineering, 2021, 173: 107218.
5	Bravo Diaz L, He X Z, Hu Z W, et al. Meta-review of fire safety of lithium-ion batteries: industry challenges and research contributions[J]. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2020, 167(9): 090559.
6	Jiang H, Emmett R K, Roberts M E. Thermally induced deactivation of lithium-ion batteries using temperature-responsive interfaces[J]. Ionics, 2019, 25(5): 2453-2457.
7	Gaines L, Richa K, Spangenberger J. Key issues for Li-ion battery recycling[J]. MRS Energy & Sustainability, 2018, 5(1): 1-14.
8	Nan J M, Han D M, Zuo X X. Recovery of metal values from spent lithium-ion batteries with chemical deposition and solvent extraction[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2005, 152: 278-284.
9	王洪彩. 含钴废旧锂离子电池回收技术及中试工艺研究[D]. 哈尔滨: 哈尔滨工业大学, 2013.
	Wang H C. Study on recycling of spent lithium ion batteries containing cobalt and pilot scale experiment[D]. Harbin: Harbin Institute of Technology, 2013.
10	Yang A, Wang Y, Yang F F, et al. A comprehensive investigation of lithium-ion battery degradation performance at different discharge rates[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2019, 443: 227108.
11	潘帅, 纪常伟, 汪硕峰, 等. 废旧三元动力电池电热特性的实验研究[J]. 化工学报, 2020, 71(3): 1297-1309.
	Pan S, Ji C W, Wang S F, et al. Experimental study on electro-thermal characteristics of aged power batteries with ternary material[J]. CIESC Journal, 2020, 71(3): 1297-1309.
12	Grandjean T R B, Groenewald J, Marco J. The experimental evaluation of lithium ion batteries after flash cryogenic freezing[J]. Journal of Energy Storage, 2019, 21: 202-215.
13	Georgi-Maschler T, Friedrich B, Weyhe R, et al. Development of a recycling process for Li-ion batteries[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2012, 207: 173-182.
14	Paulino J F, Busnardo N G, Afonso J C. Recovery of valuable elements from spent Li-batteries[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2008, 150(3): 843-849.
15	Li J, Wang G X, Xu Z M. Generation and detection of metal ions and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emissions from the pretreatment processes for recycling spent lithium-ion batteries[J]. Waste Management, 2016, 52: 221-227.
16	靳岩, 娄忠良. 一种废旧锂电池快速放电方法及放电处理设备: 108808143A[P]. 2020-04-17.
	Jin Y, Lou Z L. Rapid discharge method for waste lithium battery and discharge treatment equipment: 108808143A[P]. 2020-04-17.
17	苏勇, 周宏喜, 卢世杰. 废旧动力电池资源化回收的放电试验线设计[J]. 中国资源综合利用, 2021, 39(9): 23-25.
	Su Y, Zhou H X, Lu S J. Design of discharge test line for recycling waste power batteries[J]. China Resources Comprehensive Utilization, 2021, 39(9): 23-25.
18	Mossali E, Picone N, Gentilini L, et al. Lithium-ion batteries towards circular economy: a literature review of opportunities and issues of recycling treatments[J]. Journal of Environmental Management, 2020, 264: 110500.
19	Contestabile M, Panero S, Scrosati B. A laboratory-scale lithium battery recycling process1[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 1999, 83(1/2): 75-78.
20	肖顺, 庄绪宁, 马恩. 报废锂电池高效便捷放电液对比研究[J]. 上海第二工业大学学报, 2022, 39(2): 112-117.
	Xiao S, Zhuang X N, Ma E. Comparative study on efficient and convenient discharging solution of scrap lithium-ion battery[J]. Journal of Shanghai Polytechnic University, 2022, 39(2): 112-117.
21	Shaw-Stewart J, Alvarez-Reguera A, Greszta A, et al. Aqueous solution discharge of cylindrical lithium-ion cells[J]. Sustainable Materials and Technologies, 2019, 22: e00110.
22	Yao L P, Zeng Q, Qi T, et al. An environmentally friendly discharge technology to pretreat spent lithium-ion batteries[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2020, 245: 118820.
23	符元庆, 李强, 陈若葵, 等. 废旧锂离子电池放电实验研究[J]. 应用化工, 2020, 49(S2): 182-184.
	Fu Y Q, Li Q, Chen R K, et al. Experimental study on discharge of waste lithium ion batteries[J]. Applied Chemical Industry, 2020, 49(S2): 182-184.
24	Fang Z, Duan Q L, Peng Q K, et al. Comparative study of chemical discharge strategy to pretreat spent lithium-ion batteries for safe, efficient, and environmentally friendly recycling[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2022, 359: 132116.
25	Rouhi H, Karola E, Serna-Guerrero R, et al. Voltage behavior in lithium-ion batteries after electrochemical discharge and its implications on the safety of recycling processes[J]. Journal of Energy Storage, 2021, 35: 102323.
26	Ojanen S, Lundström M, Santasalo-Aarnio A, et al. Challenging the concept of electrochemical discharge using salt solutions for lithium-ion batteries recycling [J]. Waste Management, 2018, 76: 242-249.
27	宋秀玲, 戴书琪, 徐永胜, 等. 废旧锂离子电池放电的实验研究[J]. 应用化工, 2015, 44(4): 594-597.
	Song X L, Dai S Q, Xu Y S, et al. Experimental study on the discharge of the waste lithium ion battery[J]. Applied Chemical Industry, 2015, 44(4): 594-597.
28	Sun H H, Song Q M, Xu Z M. A method for using the residual energy in waste Li-ion batteries by regulating potential with the aid of overvoltage response[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2023, 120(14): e2213130120.
29	Haynes W M. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics[M]. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2004.
30	黄翰林, 刘春伟, 姚少杰, 等. 废锂离子电池的热处理: 过程污染物迁移和转化[J]. 过程工程学报, 2022, 22(3): 285-303.
	Huang H L, Liu C W, Yao S J, et al. Review of heat treatment process for spent lithium-ion batteries:from the perspective of pollutant migration and transformation[J]. The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering, 2022, 22(3): 285-303.
31	刘肖贝, 张西华, 熊梅, 等. 退役锂电池放电废水特征有机污染物解析[J]. 化工进展, 2022, 41(10): 5619-5629.
	Liu X B, Zhang X H, Xiong M, et al. Analysis on the characteristic organic pollutants from discharge wastewater of spent lithium batteries[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2022, 41(10): 5619-5629.
32	Boucher B, Buhl R, Perrin M. Propriétés et structure magnétique de Mn₃O₄ [J]. Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, 1971, 32(10): 2429-2437.
33	Bryantsev V S, Blanco M. Computational study of the mechanisms of superoxide-induced decomposition of organic carbonate-based electrolytes[J]. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, 2011, 2(5): 379-383.
34	Lisbona D, Snee T. A review of hazards associated with primary lithium and lithium-ion batteries[J]. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 2011, 89(6): 434-442.
35	董缇, 彭鹏, 王亦伟, 等. 锂离子电池大电流放电过程模拟研究[J]. 化工学报, 2020, 71(8): 3710-3721.
	Dong T, Peng P, Wang Y W, et al. Simulation on lithium ion battery discharge process with large current[J]. CIESC Journal, 2020, 71(8): 3710-3721.
36	张媛. 酸性环境中镍基合金和不锈钢的电化学腐蚀行为及钝化膜特性研究[D]. 武汉:武汉科技大学, 2022.
	Zhang Y. The study of electrochemical corrosion behavior and passive film properties of nickel-based alloy and stainless steel in acidic environment[D]. Wuhan: Wuhan University of Science and Technology, 2022.
37	Lv W G, Zheng X H, Li L, et al. Highly selective metal recovery from spent lithium-ion batteries through stoichiometric hydrogen ion replacement[J]. Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering, 2021, 15(5): 1243-1256.

[1]	Congqi HUANG, Yimei WU, Jianye CHEN, Shuangquan SHAO. Simulation study of thermal management system of alkaline water electrolysis device for hydrogen production [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(S1): 320-328.
[2]	Yue CAO, Chong YU, Zhi LI, Minglei YANG. Industrial data driven transition state detection with multi-mode switching of a hydrocracking unit [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(9): 3841-3854.
[3]	Gang YIN, Yihui LI, Fei HE, Wenqi CAO, Min WANG, Feiya YAN, Yu XIANG, Jian LU, Bin LUO, Runting LU. Early warning method of aluminum reduction cell leakage accident based on KPCA and SVM [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(8): 3419-3428.
[4]	Jiaqi CHEN, Wanyu ZHAO, Ruichong YAO, Daolin HOU, Sheying DONG. Synthesis of pistachio shell-based carbon dots and their corrosion inhibition behavior on Q235 carbon steel [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(8): 3446-3456.
[5]	Jing ZHAO, Chengwen GU, Xigao JIAN, Zhihuan WENG. Preparation and performance evaluation of magnolol-based epoxy resin anti-corrosion coatings [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(7): 3010-3017.
[6]	Guixian LI, Abo CAO, Wenliang MENG, Dongliang WANG, Yong YANG, Huairong ZHOU. Process design and evaluation of CO₂ to methanol coupled with SOEC [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(7): 2999-3009.
[7]	Yanhui LI, Shaoming DING, Zhouyang BAI, Yinan ZHANG, Zhihong YU, Limei XING, Pengfei GAO, Yongzhen WANG. Corrosion micro-nano scale kinetics model development and application in non-conventional supercritical boilers [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(6): 2436-2446.
[8]	Nan HU, Demin TAO, Zhaolan YANG, Xuebing WANG, Xiangxu ZHANG, Yulong LIU, Dexin DING. Remediation of percolate water from uranium tailings reservoir by coupling iron-carbon micro-electrolysis and sulfate reducing bacteria [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(6): 2655-2667.
[9]	Xiaodan SU, Ganyu ZHU, Huiquan LI, Guangming ZHENG, Ziheng MENG, Fang LI, Yunrui YANG, Benjun XI, Yu CUI. Optimization of wet process phosphoric acid hemihydrate process and crystallization of gypsum [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(4): 1805-1817.
[10]	Sheng’an ZHANG, Guilian LIU. Multi-objective optimization of high-efficiency solar water electrolysis hydrogen production system and its performance [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(3): 1260-1274.
[11]	Zhongqiu ZHANG, Hongguang LI, Yilin SHI. A multi-task learning approach for complex chemical processes based on manual predictive manipulating strategies [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(3): 1195-1204.
[12]	Jianghuai ZHANG, Zhong ZHAO. Robust minimum covariance constrained control for C₃ hydrogenation process and application [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(3): 1216-1227.
[13]	Weiyi SU, Jiahui DING, Chunli LI, Honghai WANG, Yanjun JIANG. Research progress of enzymatic reactive crystallization [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(2): 617-629.
[14]	Taoyan ZHAO, Jiangtao CAO, Ping LI, Lin FENG, Yu SHANG. Application of interval type-2 fuzzy immune PID controller to temperature control system for uncatalysed oxidation of cyclohexane [J]. CIESC Journal, 2022, 73(7): 3166-3173.
[15]	Xiaolan WEI, Wenjie QI, Jing DING, Jianfeng LU, Weilong WANG, Shule LIU. Effect of valence state of chromium in molten chloride salt on corrosivity of nickel-based alloy [J]. CIESC Journal, 2022, 73(7): 3182-3192.