Multi-objective optimization of high-efficiency solar water electrolysis hydrogen production system and its performance

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20221595

Abstract

Abstract:

Given the growing demand for clean and sustainable production technologies of green hydrogen, an efficient solar-based system with power and hydrogen production integrated has been developed. The system consists of a tower solar power generation and thermal energy storage system, a proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolysis water system, a reheated steam Rankine cycle with a regenerator and an organic Rankine cycle waste heat recovery subsystem with a regenerator. Energy cascade utilization can be realized. The integrated system is simulated in Aspen Plus software, and the mathematical models of the solar heliostat field and PEM electrolyzer are written in Fortran language and embedded. Based on the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-Ⅱ (NSGA-Ⅱ) and the interaction between Aspen Plus and MATLAB software, the trade-off between maximum exergy efficiency, maximum output electrical energy per day, and minimum levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH) is performed through multi-objective optimization. The Pareto frontier shows that the optimal exergy efficiency and output electrical energy per day are 52.19% and 247.352 MWh/d, increased by 3.00% and 31.14%, respectively; the LCOH is 6.05 USD/kg, decreased by 4.87%, and the optimal hydrogen production capacity is 4.796 t/d. This study has specific guiding significance for large-scale solar power generation and hydrogen production.

Key words: solar power tower, electrolysis, hydrogen production, integration, algorithm, multi-objective optimization

摘要：

针对日益重要的清洁可持续绿氢生产技术需求，开发了一种基于太阳能，集发电和制氢于一体的高效系统。该系统由塔式太阳能发电和热能存储系统、质子交换膜(PEM)电解水系统和含有回热器的再热式蒸汽朗肯循环及含有回热器的有机朗肯循环余热回收子系统组成，可实现能量梯级利用。在Aspen Plus中建立了各子系统的模拟模型，并用Fortran语言编写太阳能定日镜场和PEM电解槽数学模型，基于非支配排序遗传算法-Ⅱ (NSGA-Ⅱ)和Aspen Plus与MATLAB软件的交互和多目标优化权衡最大㶲效率、最大日净输电量、最小氢气的平准化成本(LCOH)，实现该系统的优化。所建立的模型可以高效准确地模拟、分析和优化该集成系统。帕累托前沿表明，该系统最优的㶲效率、日净输电量和LCOH分别为52.19%、247.352 MWh/d和6.05 USD/kg；优化后，最佳氢气产能为4.796 t/d，㶲效率提高3.00%，日净输电量增加31.14%，LCOH降低4.87%。该研究对于大规模太阳能耦合发电和制氢工艺的开发具有重要的指导意义。

关键词: 塔式太阳能发电, 电解, 制氢, 集成, 算法, 多目标优化

CLC Number:

TQ 021.8

Sheng’an ZHANG, Guilian LIU. Multi-objective optimization of high-efficiency solar water electrolysis hydrogen production system and its performance[J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(3): 1260-1274.

张生安, 刘桂莲. 高效太阳能电解水制氢系统及其性能的多目标优化[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(3): 1260-1274.

Figures/Tables 17

Fig.1 Principle diagram of PEM water electrolysis system based on solar energy

Fig.2 Aspen Plus flowsheet of PEM water electrolysis system based on solar energy

Fig.3 Temperature-entropy diagrams of reheat SRC with recuperator and ORC with recuperator

Table 1 Comparison of simulation results of reheat SRC and ORC with recuperator with literature data

流程	参数	本模型	文献数据	相对误差/%
含有回热器再热式SRC^[23]	最高温度/℃	500	500	N/A
	冷凝温度/℃	60.18	60.06	0.20
	高压汽轮机出口温度/℃	345.3	345.2	0.03
	最高压力/bar	80	80	N/A
	中间压力/bar	30	30	N/A
	最低压力/bar	0.2	0.2	N/A
	热效率/%	38.03	39.80	4.44
含有回热器的ORC^[24]	介质质量流率/(kg/s)	33.424	33.424	N/A
	最高温度/℃	100.4	100.0	0.40
	冷凝温度/℃	30	30	N/A
	热流股回热输出温度/℃	40	40	N/A
	最高压力/bar	12.67	12.67	N/A
	最低压力/bar	1.801	1.801	N/A
	热效率/%	13.70	13.07	4.82

Fig.4 Comparison of data predicated by the PEM electrolyzer model and experimental data (a) and comparison of heat demanded by water splitting and that generated by overpotentials (b)

Fig.5 The optimization procedure with NSGA-Ⅱ based on MATLAB software

Table 2 The basic parameters of the proposed process［20-21，30］

参数	取值	参数	取值
直射太阳光辐照量, DNI	995.3 W/m²	高压蒸汽轮机进口温度	525℃
光学效率, $η O p t$	0.75	高压蒸汽轮机进口压力	170 bar
单个定日镜面积， $A H e l i o$	121 m²	蒸汽的循环质量流量	15.29 kg/s
中央接收塔发射率, $ε$	0.88	SRC泵的效率	0.80
中央接收塔面积， $A r$	60 m²	SRC汽轮机的效率	0.88
中央接收塔表面温度， $T r e v, s u r f$	1100℃	ORC循环工质	R245fa
充热时间， $t S o l a r$	8 h	ORC泵的效率	0.80
风速，V_a	3 m/s	ORC膨胀机的效率	0.85
PEM电流密度， $i$	2000 A/m²	ORC膨胀机进口温度	110℃
热盐罐出口温度	565℃	ORC膨胀机进口压力	10 bar
冷盐罐出口温度	290℃	ORC膨胀机出口压力	2.17 bar
储罐数量	2	ORC的质量流率	160 kg/s

Table 2 The basic parameters of the proposed process［20-21，30］

参数	取值	参数	取值
直射太阳光辐照量, DNI	995.3 W/m²	高压蒸汽轮机进口温度	525℃
光学效率, $η O p t$	0.75	高压蒸汽轮机进口压力	170 bar
单个定日镜面积， $A H e l i o$	121 m²	蒸汽的循环质量流量	15.29 kg/s
中央接收塔发射率, $ε$	0.88	SRC泵的效率	0.80
中央接收塔面积， $A r$	60 m²	SRC汽轮机的效率	0.88
中央接收塔表面温度， $T r e v, s u r f$	1100℃	ORC循环工质	R245fa
充热时间， $t S o l a r$	8 h	ORC泵的效率	0.80
风速，V_a	3 m/s	ORC膨胀机的效率	0.85
PEM电流密度， $i$	2000 A/m²	ORC膨胀机进口温度	110℃
热盐罐出口温度	565℃	ORC膨胀机进口压力	10 bar
冷盐罐出口温度	290℃	ORC膨胀机出口压力	2.17 bar
储罐数量	2	ORC的质量流率	160 kg/s

Table 3 Simulation and analysis results of the integrated system

参数	数值
产品
电能	188.618 MWh/d
氢气	4.834 t/d
氧气	36.366 t/d
效率和技术经济性结果
能量效率， $η e n$	20.52 %
㶲效率， $η e x$	50.67 %
发电效率， $η P G E$	37.52 %
定日镜面数	1769
中央接收塔高度	158 m
年度化成本 (TAC)	15.48 MUSD/a
氢气的平准化成本 (LCOH)	6.36 USD/kg

Table 3 Simulation and analysis results of the integrated system

参数	数值
产品
电能	188.618 MWh/d
氢气	4.834 t/d
氧气	36.366 t/d
效率和技术经济性结果
能量效率， $η e n$	20.52 %
㶲效率， $η e x$	50.67 %
发电效率， $η P G E$	37.52 %
定日镜面数	1769
中央接收塔高度	158 m
年度化成本 (TAC)	15.48 MUSD/a
氢气的平准化成本 (LCOH)	6.36 USD/kg

Fig.6 Effect of flow rate of electrolyzed water on the system performance

Fig.7 Effect of outlet pressure of HPT on system performance

Fig.8 Effect of expansion pressure of ORC on system performance

Fig.9 Effects of parameters of PEM electrolyzer on system exergy efficiency and LCOH

Table 4 Decision variables and constraints for multi-objective optimization

变量与约束条件	取值范围	单位
决策变量
电解水的进料质量流率	0.2~0.9	kg/s
HPT出口压力	30~45	bar
PEM电解温度	40~90	℃
PEM的电流密度	500~8000	A/m²
ORC的膨胀压力	4~15	bar
ORC的循环质量流率	150~180	kg/s
熔盐泵P100出口压力	5~10	bar
蒸汽轮机等熵效率	75~95	%
流股8的温度T₈	36~56	℃
约束条件
熔盐泵P100的压头H_P100	H_P100>H_t	m
熔盐流股MS4和MS6的温度	T_MS4≥290，T_MS6≥290	℃
日净输电量 $W ˙ N e t, d a y$	$W ˙ N e t, d a y ≥ 0$	MWh/d
氧气流股8的温度T₈	T₈≥T₂+10	℃

Table 4 Decision variables and constraints for multi-objective optimization

变量与约束条件	取值范围	单位
决策变量
电解水的进料质量流率	0.2~0.9	kg/s
HPT出口压力	30~45	bar
PEM电解温度	40~90	℃
PEM的电流密度	500~8000	A/m²
ORC的膨胀压力	4~15	bar
ORC的循环质量流率	150~180	kg/s
熔盐泵P100出口压力	5~10	bar
蒸汽轮机等熵效率	75~95	%
流股8的温度T₈	36~56	℃
约束条件
熔盐泵P100的压头H_P100	H_P100>H_t	m
熔盐流股MS4和MS6的温度	T_MS4≥290，T_MS6≥290	℃
日净输电量 $W ˙ N e t, d a y$	$W ˙ N e t, d a y ≥ 0$	MWh/d
氧气流股8的温度T₈	T₈≥T₂+10	℃

Fig.10 Pareto frontier for the exergy efficiency versus LCOH

Fig.11 Pareto frontier for the net output electricity per day versus LCOH

Table 5 The objective functions and operation parameters corresponding points A， B， C， D， E and F

参数	A	B	C	D	E	F
决策变量
电解水的进料质量流率/（kg/s）	0.864	0.445	0.200	0.787	0.450	0.268
HPT出口压力/bar	38.88	32.31	33.45	42.193	42.29	41.53
PEM电解温度/℃	66.55	56.03	40.50	69.46	69.27	54.67
PEM的电流密度/（A/m²）	4044.50	2609.08	5953.25	4622.80	4622.82	5026.40
ORC的膨胀压力/bar	7.488	13.019	10.178	14.247	14.261	14.677
ORC的循环质量流率/（kg/s）	162.97	160.32	166.77	158.54	158.47	162.87
熔盐泵P100出口压力/bar	8.657	9.655	8.577	8.889	8.72	8.457
HPT等熵效率/%	92.91	92.52	91.22	95	95	95
LPT等熵效率/%	95	95	95	90.48	95	82.54
流股8的温度T₈/℃	51.84	48.11	38.64	47.29	47.31	48.97
目标函数
㶲效率/%	48.38	52.39	54.57	—	—	—
日净输电量/（MWh/d）	—	—	—	61.673	247.352	310.180
LCOH/（USD/kg）	5.08	6.19	9.65	5.09	6.05	8.49

Table 6 Comparison between this study and other solar-hydrogen methods

系统	LCOH/（USD/kg）	下降(+)/上升(-)比例/%	文献
太阳能驱动超临界CO₂布雷顿循环的高温SOEC制氢	9.28	+82.32	[31]
太阳能驱动氦闭式布雷顿循环发电的PEM制氢	7.00	+37.52	[32]
太阳能驱动超临界蒸汽朗肯循环发电的Cu-Cl循环制氢	7.58	+48.92	[33]
太阳能驱动的蒸汽朗肯循环发电的PEM制氢	6.00	+17.88	[34]
光伏和电池储能系统的碱性电解槽制氢	6.55	+28.68	[35]
太阳能-燃气轮机与蒸汽轮机混合发电的PEM制氢	5.72	+12.38	[36]
太阳能-风能-生物乙醇膜反应器耦合制氢	4.16	-18.27	[37]
光伏-风-蓄电池-蓄热多联产的PEM制氢	1.42	-72.10	[38]
太阳能-电-氢多联产	5.09	—	本文

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