Recent advances in the influence of mechanical pressure on the performance of lithium metal batteries

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20241035

Abstract

Abstract:

Lithium metal batteries are widely recognized as one of the most promising technical pathways for driving innovation in high-energy-density battery technology due to their extremely high theoretical energy density. In response to different electrolyte systems (liquid/solid), the different stress states and material characteristics within lithium metal batteries lead to distinct core challenges. In liquid electrolytes, the uncontrollable growth of lithium dendrites needs to be focused on, while in solid systems, the contact of solid-solid interfaces needs to be focused on first. This article systematically examines how external pressure and internal stress in lithium metal batteries with different electrolyte systems work together on the battery structure, thereby affecting its electrochemical performance and behavior. Through in-depth analysis, it reveals the key role of mechanical factors in promoting the improvement of battery performance. Finally, this article provides a comprehensive review and evaluation of the mechanical fixtures widely used in the current field of lithium metal battery research, summarizing the specific applications and effects of these tools in experimental research, aiming to provide strong technical support and theoretical guidance for the continuous development and commercialization process of lithium metal battery technology.

Key words: lithium metal batteries, lithium dendrites, mechano-electrochemistry coupling

摘要：

锂金属电池以其极高的理论能量密度被广泛认为是推动高能量密度电池技术革新最有前途的技术途径。针对不同的电解质体系（液态/固态），锂金属电池内部不同的应力状态与材料特性差异使得其所面临的核心挑战迥异。液态电解质中需要重点关注锂枝晶的不可控生长，而固态体系中则首先需要侧重于固-固界面的接触。系统综述了锂金属电池在不同电解质体系中，外部压力与内部应力如何共同作用于电池结构，进而影响其电化学性能与行为表现。通过深入剖析，分析了力学因素在促进电池性能提升中扮演的关键角色。最后，对当前锂金属电池研究领域内广泛采用的力学夹具技术进行了全面梳理与评估，总结了这些工具在实验研究中的具体应用与成效，旨在为锂金属电池技术的持续开发与商业化进程提供有力的技术支持与理论指导。

关键词: 锂金属电池, 锂枝晶, 力-电化学耦合

CLC Number:

TM 912

Di WU, Shipeng LIU, Wenwei WANG, Jiuchun JIANG, Xiaoguang YANG. Recent advances in the influence of mechanical pressure on the performance of lithium metal batteries[J]. CIESC Journal, 2025, 76(4): 1422-1431.

吴迪, 刘世朋, 王文伟, 姜久春, 杨晓光. 机械压力对锂金属电池性能影响的研究进展[J]. 化工学报, 2025, 76(4): 1422-1431.

Figures/Tables 7

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夹具	种类	成本	测试精度	适用场景	不足
扣式固态电池夹具	—	中等	较高	对电极材料进行研究	每一次实验需要对设备进行清洗，较为烦琐
恒间隙夹具	螺栓式	低	中等	大部分恒间隙测试场景	测试精度受夹板刚度影响
	壳体结构式	低	低	适合较低压力场景	无法提供精确的压力控制
	锁止结构式	低	中等	适合较高压力场景	可能会在电极的中心区域产生更高的压力
恒压力夹具	弹簧式	低	低	可以接受膨胀力在一个较小的范围内波动	测量结果受弹簧刚度影响很大
	液压调节系统式	高	高	需要主动控制循环压力	成本过高
	气压调节系统式	较高	中等	需要实现均匀和精确调节的循环压力	电池产气后会堆积在极片上，而不会排入气囊
混合模式夹具	弹片式	中等	较高	需要研究不同压力对电池性能的影响	长期使用中可能会有材料疲劳问题
混合模式夹具	弹簧螺栓式	较低	中等	需要保持均匀接触和受力	弹簧的主要作用为保持均匀接触，而不是使其恒压力

夹具	种类	成本	测试精度	适用场景	不足
扣式固态电池夹具	—	中等	较高	对电极材料进行研究	每一次实验需要对设备进行清洗，较为烦琐
恒间隙夹具	螺栓式	低	中等	大部分恒间隙测试场景	测试精度受夹板刚度影响
	壳体结构式	低	低	适合较低压力场景	无法提供精确的压力控制
	锁止结构式	低	中等	适合较高压力场景	可能会在电极的中心区域产生更高的压力
恒压力夹具	弹簧式	低	低	可以接受膨胀力在一个较小的范围内波动	测量结果受弹簧刚度影响很大
	液压调节系统式	高	高	需要主动控制循环压力	成本过高
	气压调节系统式	较高	中等	需要实现均匀和精确调节的循环压力	电池产气后会堆积在极片上，而不会排入气囊
混合模式夹具	弹片式	中等	较高	需要研究不同压力对电池性能的影响	长期使用中可能会有材料疲劳问题
混合模式夹具	弹簧螺栓式	较低	中等	需要保持均匀接触和受力	弹簧的主要作用为保持均匀接触，而不是使其恒压力

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