Aging analysis of emulsion explosive matrix based on percolation theory

doi:10.11949/j.issn.0438-1157.20170088

Abstract

Abstract:

Considered crystallization and demulsification phenomena of emulsion explosive (EE) matrix during storage, a percolation model for EE matrix in aging process was established by the percolation theory. Accelerated aging of EE matrix was run by freeze-thaw cycles and EE matrix after every cycle was examined by optical microscope and laser particle analyzer. The observation of crystallization process in EE matrix showed that the site percolation cluster model reflected well with real situation, which the percolation threshold p_c represented a rational indication of EE matrix aging degree. Combined with data in previous studies, the percolation model was used to analyze the critical phenomena of electrical conductivity change in EE during aging process. When cluster percentage reached to p_c, the infinite cluster was formed such that EE changed from insulator to conductor. This percolation model can be a new method for studying relationship between microstructure and macrostability of EE matrix.

Key words: aging, emulsion explosive, percolation theory, stability, crystallization

摘要：

针对乳化炸药基质在储存过程中出现的析晶破乳现象，基于逾渗理论，建立了乳胶基质老化过程的逾渗模型。采用高低温循环法加速乳胶基质老化，并使用光学显微镜及激光粒度仪对乳胶基质进行观测。结果表明，所建逾渗模型符合实际，其中逾渗阈值p_c可以合理地解释乳胶基质的老化程度。将该模型用于先前的实验研究，分析了乳化炸药在老化过程中电导率出现变化的原因。该模型为研究乳胶基质的微观结构与宏观稳定性能之间的关系提供了一种新方法。

关键词: 老化, 乳化炸药, 逾渗理论, 稳定性, 结晶

CLC Number:

TQ560.7
O384

ZHANG Yang, WANG Xuguang, WANG Yang, WANG Yinjun. Aging analysis of emulsion explosive matrix based on percolation theory[J]. CIESC Journal, 2017, 68(7): 2938-2945.

张阳, 汪旭光, 王阳, 王尹军. 基于逾渗理论对乳胶基质老化过程的分析[J]. 化工学报, 2017, 68(7): 2938-2945.

References 30

[1]	汪旭光. 乳化炸药 [M]. 北京: 冶金工业出版社, 2008.WANG X G. Emulsion Explosive [M]. Beijing: Press of Metallurgy Industry, 2008.
[2]	张阳, 汪旭光, 王尹军, 等. 高低温循环与电导率法对乳化炸药稳定性的试验研究 [J]. 工程爆破, 2014, 20 (1): 51-53, 62.ZHANG Y, WANG X G, WANG Y J. Study on the stability of the emulsion explosive by combining the electric conductivity and high-low temperature cycle [J]. Engineering Blasting, 2014, 20 (1): 51-53, 62.
[3]	黄丽媛, 张国虎, 汤代红, 等. 乳化炸药稳定性测试方法研究 [J]. 爆破器材, 2013, 42 (2): 34-37.HUANG L Y, ZHANG G H, TANG D H, et al. Testing method study on the stability of emulsion explosives [J]. Explosive Materials, 2013, 42 (2): 34-37.
[4]	宋锦泉, 汪旭光. 乳化炸药的稳定性探讨 [J]. 火炸药学报, 2002, 25 (1): 36-40.SONG J Q, WANG X G. Discussion on stability of emulsion explosives [J]. Chinese Journal of Explosives and Propellants, 2002, 25 (1): 36-40.
[5]	BROADBENT S R, HAMMERSLEY J M. Percolation processes [J]. Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 1957, 53 (3): 629-641.
[6]	MONCEAU P, HSIAO P Y. Percolation transition in fractal dimensions [J]. Physics Letters A, 2004, 332 (3/4): 310-319.
[7]	CHAYES L. On the length of the shortest crossing in the super-critical phase of Mandelbrot's percolation process [J]. Stochastic Processes and Their Applications, 1996, 61: 25-43.
[8]	MEESTER R, ROY R. Continuum Percolation [M] Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
[9]	DURRETT R T, SCHONMANN R H. Stochastic growth models, percolation theory and ergodic theory of infinite particle systems. [J] IMA Volumes in Mathematics and its Applications, 1987, 8: 85-119.
[10]	薛东杰, 周宏伟, 王超圣, 等. 上覆岩层裂隙演化逾渗模型研究 [J]. 中国矿业大学学报, 2013, 42 (6): 917-922, 940.XUE D J, ZHOU H W, WANG C S, et al. Percolation model of mining-induced crack evolution of the overlying strata [J]. Journal of China University of Mining & Technology, 2013, 42 (6): 917-922, 940.
[11]	吕兆兴. 孔隙裂隙双重介质逾渗理论及应用研究[D]. 太原: 太原理工大学, 2008.LÜ Z X. The theory and its application of percolation in pore and fracture double-medium [D]. Taiyuan: Taiyuan University of Technology, 2008.
[12]	吕兆兴, 冯增朝, 赵阳升, 等. 孔隙裂隙双重介质的三维逾渗数值模拟研究 [J]. 岩土力学, 2007, 28 (S1): 291-294.LÜ Z X, FENG Z C, ZHAO Y S, et al. Numerical simulation of percolation law of 3D porous and fractured double-medium [J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics, 2007, 28 (S1): 291-294.
[13]	吕兆兴, 冯增朝, 赵阳升, 等. 孔隙介质三维逾渗机制数值模拟研究 [J]. 岩石力学与工程学报, 2007, 26 (S2): 4019-4024.LÜ Z X, FENG Z C, ZHAO Y S, et al. Numerical simulation of 3D percolation mechanism in porous media [J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 2007, 26 (S2): 4019-4024.
[14]	孙中秋, 谢凌志, 刘建锋, 等. 基于逾渗模型的盐岩损伤与破坏研究 [J]. 岩土力学, 2014, 35 (2): 441-448.SUN Z Q, XIE L Z, LIU J F, et al. Study of salt rock damage and failure based on percolation model [J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics, 2014, 35 (2): 441-448.
[15]	LUX F. Models proposed to explain the electrical conductivity of mixtures made of conductive and insulating materials [J]. Journal of Materials Science, 1993, 28 (2): 285-301.
[16]	刘生丽, 冯辉霞, 张建强, 等. 逾渗理论的研究及应用进展 [J]. 应用化工, 2010, 39 (7): 136-140.LIU S L, FENG H X, ZHANG J Q, et al. The research of percolation theory and application [J]. Applied Chemical Industry, 2010, 39 (7): 136-140.
[17]	PARUTA-TUAREZ E, MARCHAL P. Association of percolation theory with Princen's approach to model the storage modulus of highly concentrated emulsions [J]. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 2013, 52 (33): 11787-11791.
[18]	AHARONY A, STAUFFER D. Introduction to Percolation Theory [M]. London: Taylor and Francis, 2003: 1-2.
[19]	NAKAYAMA T, YAKUBO K, ORBACH R L. Dynamical properties of fractal networks: scaling, numerical simulations, and physical realizations [J]. Review of Modern Physics, 1994, 66 (2): 381-443.
[20]	申英锋, 汪旭光, 肖裕民. 乳化炸药粒径分布的表征方法及分布模拟算法 [J]. 爆破器材, 1998, 27 (5): 1-4.SHEN Y F, WANG X G, XIAO Y M. The characterizing method and simulation algorithm of particle radius distribution of emulsion explosive [J]. Explosive Materials, 1998, 27 (5): 1-4.
[21]	刘杰, 徐志祥, 孔煜. 乳化炸药稳定性及其破乳机理研究 [J]. 爆破器材, 2015, 44 (6): 48-52.LIU J, XU Z X, KONG Y. Storage stability and demulsion mechanism of emulsion explosives [J]. Explosive Materials, 2015, 44 (6): 48-52.
[22]	MASALOVA I, MALKIN A Y. A new mechanism of aging of highly concentrated emulsions, correlation between crystallization and plasticity [J]. Colloid Journal, 2007, 69 (2): 198-202.
[23]	EXEROWA D, GOTCHEV G, KOLAROV T, et al. Interaction forces in thin liquid films stabilized by hydrophobically modified inulin polymeric surfactant (Ⅱ): Emulsion film [J]. Langmuir, 2007, 23 (4): 1711-1715.
[24]	MASALOVA I, KHARATYAN E, TSHILUMBU N N. Effect of the type of the oil phase on stability of highly concentrated water-in-oil emulsions [J]. Colloid Journal, 2013, 75 (5): 579-585.
[25]	FOUDAZI R, MASALOVA I, MALKIN A Y. The role of interdroplet interaction in the physics of highly concentrated emulsions [J]. Colloid Journal, 2010, 72 (1): 74-92.
[26]	BRUJI? J, EDWARDS S F, HOPKINSON I, et al. Measuring the distribution of interdroplet forces in a compressed emulsion system [J]. Physical A Statistical Mechanics & Its Applications, 2003, 327 (3): 201-212.
[27]	LIU J, REGENAUER-LIEB K, HINES C, et al. Improved estimates of percolation and anisotropic permeability from 3-D X-ray microtomographic model using stochastic analyses and visualization [J]. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 2009, 10 (5): 323-328.
[28]	唐睿康. 表面能与晶体生长溶解动力学研究的新动向 [J]. 化学进展, 2005, 17 (2): 368-376.TANG R K. Progress in the studies of interfacial energy and kinetics of crystal growth/dissolution [J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2005, 17 (2): 368-376.
[29]	李振亚, 高雷, 孙华. 异质复合介质的电磁性质 [M]. 北京: 北京大学出版社, 2012: 21-23.LI Z Y, GAO L, SUN H. Electromagnetic Properties of Heterogeneous Composite Media [M]. Beijing: Peking University Press, 2012: 21-23.
[30]	杨仁树, 胡坤伦. 几种表征乳化炸药稳定性方法的实验研究 [J]. 煤矿爆破, 2007, 77 (2): 1-4.YANG R S, HU K L. Experimental Research on several methods of characterizing the stability of emulsion explosive [J]. Coal Mine Blasting, 2007, 77 (2): 1-4.