Bioregeneration, a rising regeneration method for adsorbents in recent years, has good prospects in research and industrial applications.The bioregeneration processes and mechanisms for commonly used adsorbents, such as activated carbon and zeolite, are summarized.Current essential bioregeneration processes, such as offline, online and fixed-bed reactor bioregenerations, are reviewed.The bioregeneration for the adsorbents used in diesel desulfurization is discussed in detail.Meanwhile, the problems to be solved are presented, and the prospect research works in future are proposed.

Equilibrium gas solubility and volumetric mass transfer coefficient (k_La) of ethylene/n-hexane, propylene/n-hexane, ethylene/n-hexane/low molecular weight polyethylene (LMW HDPE) and propylene/n-hexane/ LMW HDPE systems were obtained in a Buchi autoclave, using the transient physical gas absorption technique, under the pressure from 0.2 MPa to 1.45 MPa, and the temperature from 343 K to 393 K.The apparent dissolution heat was obtained by regression.The PC-SAFT equation of state was used to correlate the gas-liquid equilibrium data, while an empirical correlation to predict the k_La values was proposed, and the model value matched the experimental results well.The effects of pressure, temperature and LMW HDPE concentration on gas solubility and k_La were investigated.The results showed that the gas solubilities obeyed the Henry’s law, while it decreased with increasing temperature and LMW HDPE concentration.The k_La values were found to drop slightly with increasing pressure and decrease dramatically with increasing LMW HDPE concentration.Particularly, k_La increased for ethylene/n-hexane and decreased for propylene/n-hexane with increasing temperature.

Numerical investigations focused on slit-perforated-fin and wavy-perforated-fin 3-D models were conducted to analyse the flow mechanism and heat transfer characteristics.The simulation results were compared and verified with the existing empirical equations.For the slit-fin, the results indicated that the perforation influenced the flow and temperature fields.Flow resistance increased with increasing aperture size, but heat transfer performance became better first but was improved slightly after the aperture size reached a specific value.For the wavy-fin, the position of perforation was an important factor. Heat transfer performance was better and air side pressure drop was greater with aperture on the wave-crest than the case with aperture on the wave-middle.

The effect of ultrasound on restraining the occurrence of frost on the flat surface was studied.The frost phenomena on the flat surface with and without 20 kHz ultrasound under natural convection conditions were visually studied.The effects of different cold surface temperatures on the frost thickness with and without ultrasound were compared and analyzed.The experimental results indicated that the frost layer grew very slowly with the effect of ultrasound，and the frost layer composed by “frost line” was more inerratic.The results showed that the frost growth on the flat surface was remarkably restrained by ultrasound.

In virtue of desiccant rotor’s dehumidification and air-cleaning, a novel system combining desiccant rotor and heat pump combined system was proposed, in which the evaporator of heat pump cooled the hot air after desiccant rotor, while the condenser supplied regeneration energy to desiccant rotor.Therefore, an air source heat pump using R142b as refrigerant was developed and tested experimentally in psychrometric room, which can simulate dehumidification air and regeneration air of the desiccant rotor.The cycle performance and discharge pressure of air source heat pump were investigated by varying the outdoor temperature and indoor air intake of the condenser.It showed that the heat pump could supply hot air at 79.2℃, while outdoor temperature was （45±0.2）℃ and inlet air temperature was （27±0.2）℃.In this case, the discharge pressure of compressor was within the range of compressor’s normally operating pressure.The results suggested that hot air heated by the condenser could satisfy desiccant rotor’s regeneration without other auxiliary heating systems.The cooling and heating capacity could be matched in this combining desiccant cooling system and the total energy consumed could be reduced significantly.Thus it could save energy and reduce environment pollution.

The dynamic processes of solids mixing were obtained from the CFD-DEM simulations for two cases at different fluidizing velocities.The mechanisms of solids mixing in view of the particle and bubble scales were examined, and it was established that bubble movement through the bed, bubble burst at the bed surface and emulsion flowing downward induced by bubble rise played crucial roles in solids mixing.The kinetic theory based two-fluid model was used to simulate 2-dimensional fluidized beds with the width of 0.2 m, 0.4 m and 0.8 m,respectively, covering regimes from bubbling to turbulent fluidization.Based on the simulation results from the two-fluid model, ideal tracing particles were used to track the solids phase movement, then according to these trajectories the average solids dispersion coefficients were computed.The results indicated that the lateral dispersion coefficient (D_x) increased with the increase of gas velocity, but it was greatly limited by the bed size.The axial dispersion coefficient also increased with the increase of gas velocity, yet was weakly limited by the bed size.The computational results agreed in the same order of magnitude with the values of D_x reported by different authors in the range of 10^-4—10^-1 m²·s^-1 orders.The prediction established that the values of D_x in larger fluidized beds at a higher fluidizing velocity was much larger than that in small bubbling beds, which explained the discrepancy between the experimental values of D_x in the literature and the methodology for scaling-up solids dispersion rate in industrial fluidized beds.

In emulsified oil, flexing oscillation of latex particle happens in the pulse electric field.The exact solution of the force acting on latex particle by oil is not clear yet.By establishing a model of single particle’s flexing and deformation in oil, the velocity potential of the liquid inside the particle was obtained.The flow function of the liquid outside the particle was derived from the ellipsoid harmonics function.In the course of latex particle’s deformation, the force produced by the oil around was calculated at the instant of deformation with the theory of Stokes flow.The results of numerical calculation showed that at a small deformation of particle, the force coefficients agreed well with the calculation based on the assumption of linear distribution of particle’s deformation.When the length of particle’s long axis was greater than three times of short axis, the force coefficient tended to a minimal value, close to zero.So the force on deforming latex particle by oil at an arbitrary moment could be solved with the exact expression.

The catalytic activity of KNO₃/HMS for the synthesis of didodecyl carbonate (DDC) by transesterification from dimethyl carbonate (DMC) and dodecanol were studied.The KNO₃/HMS catalysts were characterized with XRD and FTIR.The method of Hammett indicator-benzene carboxylic acid was used to characterize the basicity strength and the basicity amount distribution.The effects of loading quantity of KNO₃,calcination temperature and reaction conditions were investigated.The results indicated that the structures of HMS were well maintained, the optimized KNO₃ loading amount and calcination temperature were 13%（mass）, and 600℃ respectively.The basicity amount of KNO₃/HMS was greatly affected by the loading amount and calcination temperature.At the molar ratio of DMC to dodecanol 1∶4, DMC addition temperature 140℃, reaction time 5 h and catalyst content 1% of the reactants mass, the yield and the selectivity of DDC were 81.9% and 99.5% respectively.

V-MCM-41 mesoporous materials were synthesized by the hydrothermal method, and characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, ICP-AES, FTIR, diffuse reflectance UV-Vis and N₂ adsorption-desorption.The results showed that a part of vanadium ions were incorporated into the MCM-41 framework and all synthesized samples exhibited a high crystallinity that increased with increasing molar ratio of V/Si in the synthesis gels.The results of cyclohexene oxidation catalyzed by V-MCM-41 indicated that its catalytic activity decreased in cyclohexene selective oxidation when the V content was larger than 1.10% due to the presence of V-O-V species.And at the same time, acetonitrile was also found to be the best solvent for the V-MCM-41 catalyzed cyclohexene oxidation with H₂O₂, and the optimum reaction temperature was 70℃.The reaction results showed that cyclohexene conversion and H₂O₂ utilization could reach 23.91%(mol) and 95.4%(mol) under the optimum reaction conditions, respectively.

The iron-incorporated hexagonal mesoporous silica (HMS) material Fe-HMS was synthesized at ambient temperature by using dodecylamine as the template agent, and was characterized by XRD,BET，SEM, H₂-TPR and N₂ adsorption measurements.Its catalytic performance for oxidation of benzyl alcohol with H₂O₂ to benzyl aldehyde was investigated.The effects of reaction conditions were examined.The results showed that Fe³⁺ ions were incorporated into the framework of HMS, and Fe-HMS had a uniform mesoporous structure.Most of the Fe³⁺ ions (Fe₂O₃) of calcined Fe-HMS remained in the tetrahedral coordinated framework.Fe-HMS exhibited superior catalytic performance in the selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol compared to the common silica-supported material by the same method. At molar ratio of Si to Fe 25∶1, molar ratio of benzyl alcohol to H₂O₂ 1∶2, catalyst content 4%(mass), reaction time 85℃ and reaction time 4 h, the conversions of benzyl alcohol and the selectivity for benzyl aldehyde reached 65.1% and 74.6%, respectively.

Titanium dioxide nanotubes (TNTs) were prepared and used as catalysts for degradation of humic acid by titanium dioxide nanotubes/UV/O₃.With a view of kinetics, the effect of calcination temperature and the synergistic effect of photocatalysis and ozonation were analyzed.The influences of reaction temperature, original pH value, dosage of TNTs and dosage of ozone on the reaction kinetics were also investigated, and the reaction kinetics model was established.The result showed that photocatalysis and ozonation had a good synergistic effect and the best reaction temperature of TNTs was 400℃.The TOC removal of humic acid followed zero-order kinetics.In the model, the best reaction kinetics k was obtained under the condition with original pH value of 7.35, TNTs dosage of 0.806 g·L^-1 and ozone dosage of 0.49 g·h^-1.It was 0.8095 mg·L^-1·min^-1 when the reaction temperature was 25℃ while 0.8231 mg·L^-1·min^-1 at 30℃.The theoretical predictions were in good agreement with the experimental data.

In recent years, the extraction characteristics of Cr(Ⅲ) with the acidic organophosphate extractants have been studied, while the researches on the back-extraction of Cr(Ⅲ) were seldom reported.The acidic extractants loaded with Cr(Ⅲ) condense easily and form stable complex which can be hardly back-extracted to the aqueous phase, i.e., the extractant can’t be regenerated.This is so-called ‘aging’.In this paper, 10% D2EHPA/10% 1-octanol/kerosene was used as the solvent, 0.6 mol·L^-1 H₂SO₄ was used as the back-extraction agent, and the back-extraction was used as a method to study the aging process.The effect of Cr(Ⅲ) concentration and temperature on the aging process was investigated.The condensation reaction mechanism and a mathematic model were proposed.The aging dynamic parameters were simulated on the basis of this model, and the activation energy of aging process was obtained by regressing the experimental data.The results showed that the condensation reaction rate increased with temperature quickly.The reaction order was 1.57 and the rate constants varied between 2.49×10^-3 and 4.06×10^-2.The activation energy of aging process was low enough for a spontaneous reaction (43.0 kJ·mol^-1）.Furthermore, the operating temperature of below 23℃ in an industrial process is suggested on the condition of aging efficiency below 3% within 30 min.

The effect of packing density of hollow fiber contactors on shell-side mass transfer in methanol/water distillation was analyzed.The distillation experiments were carried out with three polypropylene hollow fiber modules whose packing densities were 4.7%,9.5%,19%,respectively.The results showed that all the contactor worked well above the limit at which flooding normally occurs in conventional cases at various packing densities of fibers.Experimental Sherwood number was smaller than calculated Sherwood number at a low packing density, but bigger than that calculated at a high packing density.Higher Reynolds number made better shell-side mass transfer.The Sherwood numbers at high packing densities were smaller than those at low packing densities.The resistance on the vapor side decreased with increasing F factor.The higher the packing density, the bigger the resistance on the vapor side.The overall mass transfer coefficients of hollow fiber contactors decreased rapidly from 391.84×10^-5 m·s^-1 to 83.28×10^-5 m·s^-1 with increasing packing density.

Fe/C hybrid carbon membranes were designed and prepared by incorporating ferrocene into the precursor of carbon membrane and then by carbonization under high temperature.Effects of ferrocene quantities added on the gas permeability of the hybrid carbon membrane were investigated.The prepared hybrid carbon membrane was characterized by TG, ATR-FTIR, XRD and TEM.The ferrocene quantities added have a remarkable effect on the gas permeability of carbon membrane.The gas permeability of the membrane increases, while the selectivity decreases, with the increase of the ferrocene quantities added. The hybrid carbon membrane shows an excellent gas separation performance when the addition of ferrocene is 15% where the gas permeabilities of pure gases such as H₂, CO₂, O₂, N₂ and CH₄ are 2806,1039, 266, 31 and 8 barrer, and the selectivity of O₂/N₂, CO₂/N₂ and CO₂/CH₄ are 8.6, 33.5 and 129.5,respectively.

Whereas the back propagation (BP) neural network may easily go to the local minimum value in the optimization process, a genetic algorithm based BP(GABP) neural network was constructed by combining the genetic algorithm（GA）with the BP neural network. The characteristic of searching the group optimization for GA can prevent the GABP neural network from converging in local optimal solution and ensure that it finds the global optimum or second-best solution with good performance.The training of the GABP neural network was finished in two steps.The GA was firstly used to make a thorough searching in the global space for the weights and thresholds of the neural network, which can ensure they fall into the neighborhood of global optimal solution.Then, in order to improve the convergence precision, the gradient method was used to finely train the network and find the global optimum or second-best solution with good performance.The experimental data of an orthogonal design (temperature, pressure, concentration) for a micro-filtration device (1 μm hydrophilic polyvinylidene fluoride micro-filtration membrane for bovine serum albumin filtration) were used as the sample data for training the GABP neural network, so the well-trained network can be used to predict the flux of the micro-filtration devices.The results showed that this method had greatly improved the convergence speed and the prediction accuracy of the traditional BP network.

The problem of modeling and fault diagnosis of the single loop and cascade loop control systems was studied based on the deep quantitative knowledge model, signed directed graph (SDG）.A bidirectional inference method based on supposition and validation was introduced, and the problem of the shielding of the multiple control loops in the complex system with respect to the system fault in the traditional fault diagnosis was resolved.The method of fault diagnosis based on the SDG model was applied to the actual distillation equipment under atmosphere pressure, which proved the validity and feasibility of the SDG fault diagnosis method in the complex systems with multiple control loops.

Focusing on the problem that information-theoretical measure, namely, mutual information (MI) in a high dimensional space is difficult to be calculated for feature selection, an equation of estimation for the conditional mutual information between the candidate feature and output class given the subset of selected features was derived under the assumption that the information of features was distributed uniformly in the high dimensional space.When the information of features did not violate the uniform distribution severely, this equation could be used to rank features effectively, and based on the estimation equation, a feature selection filter algorithm was proposed on the basis of the second order mutual information of selected features.Unlike MI-based feature selection (MIFS) in which parameters relating to the redundancy of selected features were needed to be preset manually, this algorithm could estimate the redundancy of selected features adaptively. Hence the performance of the method was improved largely.The experimental results of Tennessee-Eastman process (TEP) showed that the proposed algorithm could provide more accurate and more effective feature evaluation measures, and have higher accuracy of fault diagnosis.

An integrated fault diagnosis method based on independent component analysis (ICA) and support vector machines (SVM) is proposed to resolve the problems of the difficulty in fault diagnosis for complex operation and multi-loop controls of chemical industry process.The basic idea of the proposed diagnosis method is to use ICA arithmetic to extract the essential independent components.And, I²，I_e² and SPE charts are proposed as on-line fault detecting strategy.The contribution chart of every monitoring variable to I²，I_e² and SPE are calculated separately using the gradient algorithm, and used to extract the preliminary possible fault resource by monitoring the change of contributions.Finally, faults are diagnosed further from possible fault resource using binary tree SVM.The proposed fault diagnosis method is proved to be effective by simulation with the data from a real fault in an industrial butadiene distillation column.

The optimization of heat exchanger networks (HEN) is a typical MINLP problem.For large-scale HEN, when the number of process streams increases, its feasible configurations could increase exponentially.Till now, no effective methods are available to solve such problems.A new strategy based on the optimization of the sub-networks of HEN was proposed.According to the first optimization, the sub-networks underwent recombination,decomposition and transplantation operations were further optimized with the hybrid genetic algorithm.Evolution of the sub-networks instead of the optimization of the whole HEN was simple and fast.A large-scale HEN with 22 hot and 17 cold streams from literature was calculated with this new method and a better result was obtained. Although the exchanger area increased a little, the number of heat exchanger units was less, also utility and total annual cost decreased.

A theoretical analysis was made for the energy saving process of syngas methanation with reaction heat carried by steam recycling generated from waste heat. Calculations of the main parameters demonstrated that the heat carrying capacity was proportional to the parameter H, the molar ratio of steam to other components in the syngas mixture. From heat and mass transfer taking place in the coupled evaporation and condensation two-phase flow, H could reach the value of 3.0—4.0. Consequently the adiabatic temperature run-up in the catalytic methanation reactor could be controlled within 300—400℃. The energy efficiency of the process could be improved by over 6% because of omitting the mechanical compressor for recycling of process fluid. The experimental results obtained in a tubular reactor indicated that the performance of methanation catalyst remained the same owing to the high value of steam content.

The CO₂ emission reduction in power system is a high energy consumption process.Aiming at this point, a nearly zero CO₂ emission power system is proposed, in which the cold energy from liquefied natural gas (LNG) is utilized in the process of air separation for oxygen production together with the capture of CO₂.It is predicted that the unit power consumption by the proposed system using LNG cold energy could be reduced by 57.6% than that of the traditional air separation device in producing high pressure oxygen, liquid nitrogen and liquid argon.The exergy efficiency of the power cycle could be increased from 52% to 55.9%.Meanwhile, a mathematical model for this energy-saving and nearly zero CO₂ emission power system is established, with which the process parameters of the power system are analyzed.For a terminal with 3.0×10⁶ t·a^-1 LNG input, the proposed power system could save 2.78×10⁸ kW·h power per year and reduce 3.87×10⁵ t·a^-1 CO₂ emission, by which the economic benefits could reach 2.19×10⁸ CNY·a^-1.

The microstructure of CaO as CO₂ carrier has significant effect on its cyclic calcination/carbonation performance during capturing CO₂ from coal combustion.The fractal dimension was proposed as a characteristic parameter for microstructure of CaO.The fractal characteristics of CaO as well as its effect on CO₂ capture performance were investigated during cyclic calcination/carbonation reactions.The results showed that the fractal dimension of CaO exhibited a decrease with increasing cycle number, and its pore channel changed from rough and irregular to smooth and regular.The fractal dimension of CaO showed a drop with increasing calcination temperature.The higher the fractal dimension of CaO, the greater the carbonation rate.CaO had a sharp reduction in the fractal dimension during the first 10 min of the carbonation period, and then the fractal dimension changed slowly with time.In the test range of CaO fractal dimension (D) less than 2.61, there was a linear proportional correlation between fractal dimension and cyclic carbonation conversion.And there probably was a critical D_cr, when D＞D_cr, CaO conversion likely declined with further increasing D.

A multiple heat source solar heat pump water heater system was presented.This system can heat residential water from air heat source and solar radiation by valve switching，based on different weather conditions.A numerical model for 150 L water heating was established.The performance of different operation modes was simulated.The effect of solar radiation and environment temperature（air heat source）on the system performance was analyzed and the all year round operation status was also calculated.The results showed that heat pump with solar collector mode（HP+SC）took a slightly longer heating time than collector with heat pump mode（SC+HP）and had a higher COP.The former had a high monthly total thermal efficiency than the latter.Heat pump COP and total thermal efficiency increased with increasing solar radiation and environment temperature.On sunny days in April to October，solar collector mode（SC）should have top-priority to save electricity.Heat pump mode（HP）should be only utilized in non-solar radiation conditions.

Coal utilization can be improved by coupling a fluidized bed pyrolyzer to a CFB boiler, which enables a co-production of pyrolysis oil and electricity. In this process, the pyrolyzer uses generally the self-generated pyrolysis gas as the fluidizing gas. The present study deals with the pyrolysis oil production in a fluidized bed reactor through using a simulated pyrolysis gas as the reaction atmosphere,and both the yield and composition were analyzed with TG-FTIR. For a bituminous coal used in steam boilers, the oil yield reaches its possible peak value of 13%(mass,daf). The presence of H₂ and CO₂ in the reaction atmosphere decreases the tar yield, whereas the addition of CO and CH₄ into the atmosphere increases the tar production. TG-FTIR analysis demonstrated that adding H₂ into the pyrolysis atmosphere increases the contents of phenolic and carboxylic compounds in the produced pyrolysis oil, while it promotes as well the cracking of aliphatic hydrocarbons during pyrolysis. Adding CH₄ causes more aliphatic hydrocarbons, single aromatic ring chemicals and phenolic compounds in the pyrolysis oil.

The objective of the present study was to recover silver and remove cyanide from silver-plating wastewater using the novel pulse-electrolysis technique.The efficiency of silver recovery and cyanide removal, as well as power consumption was discussed in terms of pulse voltage, pulse duty factor, and pulse frequency.The optimum condition for silver recovery (99%) and cyanide removal (86%) was as follows: electrolysis voltage of 2.0 V, pulse duty factor of 50%, pulse frequency of 1200 Hz and electrolysis time of 2.0 h.In addition, compared with the conventional direct current electrolysis, the pulse-electrolysis technique showed such advantages of lower polarization of electrodes, lower over-voltage, and lower tank voltage.Thus, the presented method has a potential application for electroplating wastewater treatment.

The processes of oxidation of NO from flue gas of coal combustion over KMnO₄ was studied in the fixed bed reactor at a low temperature.The effect of flue gas components，such as SO₂，H₂O and O₂，on the oxidation of NO was analysed.The influence mechanism of Ca（OH）₂ on oxidation of NO over KMnO₄ was proposed.The presence of H₂O was found to be necessary for the oxidation of NO to NO₂ over KMnO₄.SO₂ was absorbed as K₂Mn₂（SO₄）₃ by KMnO₄，which restrained the oxidation of NO.The addition of Ca（OH）₂ into KMnO₄ could increase the solid alkalinity of KMnO₄ surface and enhance the oxidation of NO. Ca（OH）₂ could weaken the inhibition of oxidation of NO by SO₂. The results of XRD analysis of the products and the components of flue gas from reactor outlet showed the oxidation mechanism of NO over KMnO₄ that the NO and SO₂ firstly reacted with KMnO₄ in the presence of H₂O，and then were transferred to alkaline site and absorbed.

The pyrolysis reactivity of demineralized higher rank coal loaded with Fe₂O₃ by using co-mixing was investigated with thermo-gravimetric analyzer, and it was indicated that pyrolysis reactivity of the sample loaded with Fe₂O₃ was higher than that of the sample without Fe₂O₃.Chars were prepared from the two coal samples in a temperature programmed muffle furnace, and their structures were analyzed by using FTIR, XRD and RAMAN.TG and FTIR results showed an increase of pyrolysis conversion and free radicals during pyrolysis of demineralized coal with Fe₂O₃.XRD revealed that diffraction angle of 002 peak did not change obviously, while by contrast, L_a and L_c decreased by loading with Fe₂O₃, indicating decreasing degree of graphitization for microcrystalline structure of char.In addition, parts of Fe₂O₃ were reduced to FeO as shown in XRD.RAMAN spectroscopy showed decreasing area of G band and increasing area of D band for char from demineralized anthracite loaded with Fe₂O₃, indicating that ordering of char was decreased by Fe₂O₃.

Modification of pyrolytic carbon black (CB_p) was carried out by acid washing (washed carbon black, WCB_p) and then added with stearic acid (stearic acid modified WCB_p, SWCB_p).These three carbon black samples were characterized by using X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)，etc.The CB_p is composed of carbon particles in micron scale containing a large proportion of ash.After acid washing, the ash content decreases from 20.46% to 8.65%.Both the WCB_p and the SWCB_p have a higher BET specific surface area and a higher volatile content than CB_p.As analyzed by XPS, the CB_p surface is covered by carbonaceous deposits, which makes the surface polarity decrease and the oil-affinity increase.Upon acid washing and stearic acid modification, part of the polar functional groups is exposed, and there contains more C—OR,C—OEt, COOR/COOH groups in SWCB_p.

Indirect CO₂ mineral sequestration that involves two separate steps, with acetic acid as the recycling medium, was limited by a crystallization conversion of only 20% in the second gas-liquid reactive crystallization step.In this paper, the second carbonation step was greatly improved by coupling reactive crystallization and solvent extraction with the introduction of an organic solvent, tributyl phosphate (TBP), to the process.The effect of the initial concentration of calcium acetate in the aqueous solution on the crystallization conversion was studied experimentally.The obtained calcium conversion was above 40%, which was one time higher than that reported in the literature.Based on the mechanism discussion and thermodynamic equilibrium calculation analysis, it can be concluded that adding TBP to the step can consume the produced acetic acid, and it is in favor of the precipitation of calcium carbonate.While the challenge presented by the strong interaction between calcium ions and acetate ions for further improving crystallization conversion cannot be solved only by the addition of TBP.

The methyl orange (MO) simulated dye wastewater was treated by electrocoagulation. The effect of operation parameters on MO decolorization and the kinetic model of chemical oxygen demand (COD_Cr) removal were investigated. Operation parameters, such as input voltage, electrode distance, initial MO concentration, electrolyte concentration and pH, were investigated based on the decolorization efficiency of MO. Experimental results showed that up to 97% of color decay was obtained after 10 min reaction with input voltage of 20 V, current of 0.4 A, electrode distance of 2.5 cm, treated volume of 500 ml, initial MO concentration of 500 mg·L^-1, electrolyte KCl concentration of 0.5 g·L^-1 and pH of 3.0. A kinetic model for COD_Cr reduction was established based on the coagulation and oxidation processes. The experimental data fitted well with the model curves. The parameters predicted from the kinetic model showed that the coagulation process was the main pathway for COD_Cr removal and the oxidation process was the next. In addition, the increase of Fe²⁺ in the solution decreased the COD_Cr removal.

A new method of recovery of phosphorus from high concentration phosphorous-containing pharmaceutical industry wastewater with composite calcium was proposed. It was found that the efficiency of phosphorous removal from the wastewater was affected by dosage of composite calcium, pH of solution, and the mole ratio of calcium chloride and calcium oxide in the composite calcium. The production of phosphorus residue, the available phosphorus (calculated as P₂O₅) and N,N-dimethylformaide (DMF) in the phosphorus residue were also determined. The content of phosphorus in the wastewater could be reduced from 31000 mg·L^-1 to less than 0.5 mg·L^-1, and the content of the available phosphorus in the phosphorous residue was about 18%, approaching the national standard for superior grade product of phosphorus fertilizer. Furthermore, the poisonous material DMF was not detectable in the residue by GC-MS and spectra photometry.

A visual measurement apparatus was applied to monitor in-situ the swelling behavior of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) in supercritical carbon dioxide(scCO₂).This work presents the swelling data of PMMA over a useful range of processing conditions (temperature from 305 K to 325 K, and pressure up to 24 MPa).The Sanchez-Lacombe equation of state (S-L EOS) is suitable to describe low molecular weight solvent-polymer systems.Through fitting the PVT data into S-L EOS, the characteristic pressure, temperature and density of PMMA were regressed as 212.38 MPa, 898.04 K and 1206.7 kg·m^-3 (8—25 MPa,305—350 K), respectively.Similarly, the characteristic parameters for carbon dioxide (CO₂) were 541.56 MPa, 313.38 K and 1502.1 kg·m^-3 (8—25 MPa,305—325 K), respectively.The equilibrium swelling data of PMMA in scCO₂ were correlated with S-L EOS, the binary interaction parameter was obtained as 1.0671.These results indicated that the S-L EOS can be used to predict the solubility of CO₂ and the swelling of PMMA over a wide range of pressure.The S-L EOS modeled values agreed well with the experimental data in supercritical region.

Ordered mesoporous carbon was made from preasphaltene derived from coal liquefaction, with SBA-15 used as template.The microstructure and capacitance properties of the as-made ordered mesoporous carbon (OMC) were investigated with XRD, TEM, N₂ adsorption and electrochemical workstation.The results showed that the OMC had partially graphitized and well-ordered hexagonal structure that was a reverse replication of the template.The specific surface area of the OMC was 542 m²·g^-1 with a pore volume of 0.479 cm³·g^-1 and a narrow pore size distribution centering at 3.5 nm.The properties of the capacitor electrodes assembled from the OMC were tested in a three-electrodes system, showing that the OMC was a promising capacitor electrode material, of which the specific capacitance of single electrode at 1 mA was up to 310 F·g^-1.

Density and melt index (MI) are the most important properties of high density polyethylene (HDPE) in industrial manufacturing.In this work, density and MI of commercial grade HDPE were detected by Raman spectrum, based on the partial least squares (PLS) method.The short-branch degree was found to be inversely proportional to the density, according to the PLS analysis of the characterization spectra in the range 2700—2970 cm^-1.A regression model between short-branch degree and density was built up.The correlation coefficient (r), average relative deviation (ARD) and standard error of the prediction (SEP) for density prediction were 0.950, 0.09% and 1.02, respectively.And the density regression model gave a better result than those obtained by near-infrared spectrum and Raman spectrum based on phase structure analysis.Furthermore, the vinyl content was found to be proportional to the MI value.A regression model between vinyl content and the MI of HDPE was established by analyzing the characterization spectra in the range from 1288 cm^-1 to 1650 cm^-1.And the values of r, ARD and SEP for MI prediction were 0.966, 8.61% and 0.99, respectively.Comparing with the results measured by near-infrared spectrum, Raman spectrum showed higher precision for MI estimation.

Lignin was treated with emulsion of ethyl acrylate（EA）-maleic anhydride（MA）copolymer，then blended with poly(vinyl chloride)(PVC).The rheological property，thermal stability and mechanical performance of the blends were investigated.When PVC is blended with lignin，the torque obviously increases in the first part of the rheological profile，while the equilibrium torque and process stability are not visibly distinguished from PVC without lignin, and the thermal stability is better than PVC without lignin.There is little change in rheological property or thermal stability of the blends when lignin is treated with emulsion of EA-MA copolymer，but the mechanical performance increases obviously.The best mechanical performance was found when lignin was treated with 1%(mass) of the copolymer emulsion，where the impact strength of the blend is 37.7% higher than that of the PVC control，while the tensile strength was not found visible change.Micrographs of the blend samples fractured at low temperature obtained by SEM illustrated a better compatibility between PVC and the lignin treated with the copolymer emulsion.

Regenerated silk fibroin/nano-TiO₂ composite films in different ratios were prepared by sol-gel method.UV-Vis spectroscopy and SEM observations revealed that the nano-TiO₂ particles are well dispersed in the regenerated silk fibroin.Diameter of the nano-TiO₂ particles was determined as about 80 nm.FTIR and two dimensional FTIR correlation spectroscopic studies indicated that the formation of nano-TiO₂ particles leads to the aggregation structural changes of silk fibroin，in which strong hydrogen bonding was reconstructed from the rupture and rearrangement of the weak and free hydrogen bonding of the N—H groups.At the same time，the alignment of the silk fibroin molecules tends to be in an ordered form，and the crystal structure of fibroin in the composite films were transformed from Silk Ⅰ to a typical Silk Ⅱ form.

The relations between the micro-structure and properties of rubber/clay nanocomposites, isobutylene-isoprene RCN (IIRCN), styrene-butadiene RCN (SBRCN), and nitrile-butadiene RCN (NBRCN) were investigated.Some interesting problems were studied with respect to the influence imposed by vulcanization on the micro-structure and corresponding mechanisms in different polarity environment of RCNs, the different micro-structure between RCNs of a high content of clay based on different polarized rubber matrices, and the influence imposed by different polarities of the rubber matrices on the mechanical properties and gas barrier property of RCNs, especially for RCNs with a high clay content.Certain conclusions were made from these experiments.The polarity of rubber matrix had certain influence on both the short range and the remote range micro-structures of RCNs, but the final results were not definitely consistent for different rubber matrices.In other words, the silicate layers in the RCNs were integrated in the remote range in the process of vulcanization because of the high pressure, but the short range micro-structure changed according to the properties of the rubber matrix.The micro-structures of the high clay content RCNs were decided by the properties of the matrix.The experimental results showed that the mechanical and gas barrier properties of RCNs increased with increasing amount of filled clay.The mechanical properties of RCNs were mainly decided by the remote micro-structures, while the gas barrier properties of RCNs was influenced by both the remote range and the short range micro-structures according to the clay content in the RCNs.The gas barrier properties of NBRCNs decreased slowly at a small filling clay amount and were determined by short range micro-structures at a high filling clay amount.

The short glass fiber (SGF)/polypropylene (PP) foam composites toughened by maleic anhydride grafted ethylene-1-octene copolymer (EOC-g-MAH) were prepared via post-foaming process in designed dies.The influence of EOC-g-MAH content on the cellular morphology, microstructure and mechanical properties of composites were investigated.The results indicated that the outstanding improvement in foaming effect was realized by the addition of EOC-g-MAH with a 35% reduction for average cell size and nearly four-fold increase in cell density.The interfacial adhesion between SGF and matrix was enhanced.More importantly, a novel morphology of EOC-g-MAH particles adhered to the surface of SGF was observed.The impact toughness of the SGF/PP foam composites was improved significantly and the peak value with a 77% increase was obtained when the mass fraction of EOC-g-MAH was added up to 8%.The flexural strength of SGF/PP foam composites was increased first and then decreased. However, the compressive strength exhibited an almost linear decline with the increase of the EOC-g-MAH.

Transparent hydrophobic methyltrimethoxysilane(MTMS)/Si-sol/hydroxypropyl acrylate coatings was prepared in order to improve the hydrophobicity of glass surface.Effects of the hydrolysis temperature of MTMS, the pH value of hydrolization solution, the reaction time of MTMS with Si-sol, and the MTMS content on the hydrophobicity of the coatings were discussed respectively.The type and amount of functional groups on the coating’s surface as well as the microstructure were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR)and atomic force microscope.The coatings with the best hydrophobicity was found when prepared with the following conditions: the MTMS was hydrolyzed in 40℃, pH=3, and the volume ratio of the hydrolyzed MTMS and Si-sol was 0.1, the reaction time was 2 h and the reaction temperature was 60℃.

Oriented carbon films with novel structure were prepared by microwave plasma from heavy oil residue.The prepared films were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy, high resolution transmission electron microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction and Raman spectroscopy.The products were formed with high purity, and oriented as the shape of a strip-like wheat spike.The outer layers of the spike have a higher degree of crystallization, the maximum width and length are about 65 nm and 900 nm, respectively, while the central parts are amorphous.It was suggested that the products experienced a process from outer to inner growth.Some metals existed in the deoiled asphalt, such as Ni and Fe, may contribute as catalyst to the aligned carbon film growth.