As an important part of process industry，steam power system（SPS）is required to be secure and steady in order to make the process plant work under the situation of economy，security，stability and long period operation.In this paper，the design and optimization of SPS in process industry was summarized in terms of design，research methods and optimization objectivesLiterature review was presented.In addition，the limits of the current studies were commented，and the prospective research directions，including the study of multi-objective design theory，flexible optimization，integrated modeling，model solving and engineering application were presented.

Two novel topological electro-negativity indices based on distance matrix,named Y_C and W_C indices，were proposed to be used for modeling properties of multiple bond organic compounds by equilibrium electro-negativity of atom and relative bond length of molecule.A quantitative structural property relationship (QSPR) model for estimating flash point of 92 compounds was developed based on the newly introduced topological electronegativity indices Y_C and W_C and path number parameter P₃.The model correlation coefficient and standard error for training set in multiple linear regression were 0.9923 and 5.28，respectively.The average absolute error of flash point was only 3.86 K between experimental and calculated values，and the relative error was 1.46%.Furthermore，the model was strictly tested by both internal and external validations.The predicted values were in good agreement with experimental values for leaveoneout (LOO), and the training set and validation set.The results show that this QSPR model is of good stability and powerful prediction ability.

The effect of interaction in ionic liquids on diffusion coefficient of nitrobenzene was investigated with ultraviolet spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry.The results showed that compared with the ultraviolet spectrum in cyclohexane and water, red shift effect of absorption peak of nitro group was observed in EMimBF₄(1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate), and no end absorption was found when the wavelength was smaller than 210 nm, while the absorption of benzene ring had little change.These phenomena could be ascribed to the strong interaction between EMimBF₄ and nitro group.The interaction between EMimBF₄ and nitrobenzene as well as between EMimBF₄and water had a complicated effect on diffusion coefficient of nitrobenzene electrochemically reduced in EMimBF_4With increasing concentration of nitrobenzene, diffusion coefficient of nitrobenzene decreased.Increasing the carbon number of imidazolium side chain had a similar effect, but the trend of decrease was slower.At the same nitrobenzene concentration, with increasing water concentration, the value of diffusion coefficient of nitrobenzene increased in the same ILs.In different ILs, at a larger carbon number of imidazolium side chain, increasing water concentration caused a faster trend of increase of diffusion coefficient.

Various bubble jet flows induced by thermocapillary force were found during sub-cooled boiling on heated wires，and strong jet flows usually existed above very small bubbles，while the jet flow direction was normally dependent upon local conditions.Both jet flow structure and flow field were visually observed and explored by using small particle tracing technology，and the jet flow behavior and dynamic characteristics were discussed together with the experimental measurements.The bubble jet flow was divided into three regions，namely pumping region，neck region and expanding region.The bubble near jet flows was observed to act as a cold source，which prominently affected the adjacent jet flows due to the thermocapillary effect.The bubble jet flows nearby had attractive interaction due to the thermocapillary force and bubble sink，and two bubble jet flows would combine into one jet flow due to strong interaction.During bubble departing，the adjacent bubble jet flows experienced an unsteady evolution.

The air-side heat transfer and friction characteristics of one-row and two-row wavy fin-and-tube heat exchanger under dehumidifying condition were studied experimentally.The results showed that the heat transfer factor was strongly related to the number of rows, and the heat transfer factor of tworow heat exchanger was 60% greater than that of onerow one.The effect of the number of rows on the friction factors could be negligible.Fin efficiency increased as inlet water temperature decreased, while it decreased as wind velocity increased.The experimental value of heat transfer factor was 30% lower than that predicted by the Pirompugd correlation .

The hydrodynamics of a three-phase internalloop airlift reactor with large particles was experimentally investigated.Effects of superficial gas velocity and solid concentration on the expanded bed height，circulation liquid velocity and distribution of solid holdup were studied.The results suggest that the flow in the reactors can be divided into three regimes，namely the fixed bed regime，fluidized bed regime and circulating fluidized bed regime.The flow character in each regime is quite different.Both the minimum fluidization gas velocity and the minimum circulation gas velocity increase significantly with the increase in solid concentration.A mathematical model based on the existing model for a three-phase fluidized bed and the characters of the airlift reactor was proposed to predict the minimum fluidization gas velocity and the minimum circulation gas velocity in the three-phase airlift reactor，and a good agreement between the calculated and measured values was obtained.

A secondorder moment model of particles in dense gassolid flow is proposed based on the kinetic theory of granular flow.The solid phase constitutive model is closed with the approximated thirdorder moment enclosure equation of particle velocity from the elementary transport theory.The boundary conditions of particles are proposed in considering the energy transfer and dissipations by collisions between the wall and particles.Flow behavior of particles is numerically simulated in a bubble fluidized bed, which indicates the distinct anisotropy behavior of the turbulent particles.Simulated particle velocities are in agreement with the measurements by Muller et al(2008) and Yuu et al(2001).Predicted secondorder moment of velocity has the same trend as that of measurements.The calculated Reynolds stresses per unit bulk density agree with the measured data by Muller et al(2008) and with the fluctuating velocity of particles measured by Yuu et al(2001).

Flow pattern identification is an important issue in multiphase systems.Because of the gravitational component normal to the flow direction，there exists complex water-dominated countercurrent flow patterns in the inclined oil-water two-phase flow，which is difficult to be discerned objectively with traditional nonlinear analysis methods.The inclined oil-water two-phase flow is studied using complex networks，and the flow pattern complex network is constructed with the conductance fluctuating signals measured from oil-water two-phase flow experiments.Hence，a new method based on time-delay embedding and modularity is proposed to construct the network from nonlinear time series.Through detecting the community structure of the resulting network using the communitydetection algorithm based on data field theory，useful and interesting results are found，which can be used to identify three inclined oil-water flow patterns.From a new perspective，the complex network theory is introduced to the study of oil-water two-phase flow，and may be a powerful tool for exploring nonlinear time series in practice.

49 metalloporphyrins were designed and synthesized, and 9 quantum chemical parameters of them, such as geometric structure, charge distribution and the frontier molecular orbital etc, were calculated by using density functional method.Using the catalytic oxidation of o-nitrotoluene to o-nitrobenzaldehyde as a model reaction, effect of metalloporphyrin structures on the selectivity of o-nitrobenzaldehyde was investigated.Main factors that affected the selectivity were found out via stepwise regression analysis method, and a quantitative structureselectivity relationship equation was effectively established.Results showed that the Mulliken charge and the electrostatic potential of metal ions, the energy of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital were the main factors affecting the selectivity of o-nitrobenzaldehyde.This equation could be used to provide a theoretical guidance to design metalloporphyrins with high selectivity.

A series of hexaaluminate LaNi_xMg_0.8Al _112-xO _19+δ were prepared and characterized by means of XRD, UVDRS and TPR.The results showed that the LaNi _xMg _0.8 Al_112-xO_19+δ are consisted of structures with both magnetoplumbitetype and β-Al₂O₃ type, and the modifier Ni and Mg have been incorporated into the hexaaluminate lattice.The prepared hexaaluminate LaNi _x Mg _0.8 Al_11.2-xO_19+δ possess higher catalytic activity and exhibits good reduction stability during the reaction of CO₂ reforming with CH₄ to syngas.Under similar reaction conditions, CH₄ and CO₂ conversions are clearly increased with increasing the x value and reaction temperature.

In propane dehydrogenation to propene，the catalyst activity decreases continuously and rapidly owing to the coke formation.In this paper，a dynamic model for propane dehydrogenation in a radial fixed-bed reactor is developed，which is based on the kinetics of Pt-Sn catalyst.Simulated by this model，the distribution of temperature，pressure and catalyst activity in the reactor at different time is obtained together with regular patterns of conversion，selectivity and yield of propene.The results show that the temperature in the reactor front declines quickly in the initial stage of the reaction and then increases.The catalyst activity decreases with reaction time very quickly also.As a result，the selectivity and yield of propene decrease but the conversion increases with reaction time.Moreover，operating conditions of the reactor are optimized based on the analysis for the influences of inlet temperature，flow and pressure.

Safe and effective reaction condition is one of the important issues in green chemical technologyParametric sensitivity and thermal runaway behavior in non-adiabatic fixed bed reactors were analyzed by using a reaction kinetics model for ortho-xylene oxidation.The sensitivity of thermal behavior in a nonadiabatic fixed bed reactor was also examined with respect to cooling medium flow rate, feeding temperature and initial pressure.The simulation results showed that the non-adiabatic fixed bed reactor became extremely sensitive to small changes in cooling medium flow rate, feeding temperature and initial pressure when the reactor was operated in the sensitivity region of parameter space.The divergence (div) of the system was used to calculate the critical operating parameters and similar results were obtained in comparison with the criteria of literatureHowever, the divergence method was simpler than the existing criteria.Finally, the influence of cooling medium was taken into consideration to modify the div criterion, and more exact thermal runaway critical operating parameters were obtained.This criterion could provide good reference for reactor design and process control.

The catalytic performance of β-zeolites modified by Fe or La was investigated in the alkylation of benzene with 1-butylene in a fixedbed reactor.Effects of metal content, temperature and feed ratio on the reaction were studied.The structure and acidity of modified β-zeolites were characterized by XRD, BET,NH₃-TPD and TG-DTA.The quantities of both strong and weak acid decreased evidentlyEspecially, the acidity of the β-zeolite modified by La is higher than that modified by Fe, and the La modified β-zeolite shows better catalytic performance and stronger coke-resistance, which is supported by the results obtained by BET and TG-DTA.Both of Fe and La modified β-zeolites show better catalytic performance than the original one.After 6 h reaction over 2.0%La/β-zeolites at 453 K with WHSV of 0.6 h^-1 for 1-butylene and of 1.2 h^-1 for benzene, the conversion of 1-butylene is 87.9% with the selectivity of 88.2% for sec-butylbenzene.

The systematical and thorough analysis of the hazard scenario is the foundation and core not only for analyzing and finding the solution for safety issues，but also for process hazard analysis（PHA）and fault diagnosis.The hazard scenario was defined and was categorized into five groups.On the basis of the above categories，the algorithm for intelligent selfinterpreted alarm，single and multiple fault root cause detection was presented by using signed directed graph(SDG).The results could play an important role in the development of the intelligent hazard and operability study（HAZOP），layer of protection analysis（LOPA），self-interpreted alarm and on-line fault diagnosis system for process industry.

Neural network ensemble could dramatically improve the generalization performance of neural network.In traditional ensemble processes, all the trained networks are directly combined to the integrated networkHowever, these networks may have certain correlation in fact.Therefore, selective neural network ensemble has become a hot issue recently, by which the generalization ability of neural network ensemble can be further improved.Thus, the authors propose a new selective constructing approach to neural network ensemble named DWSEN through measuring the diversity of individuals according to weights of networks.Compared with some prevailing ensemble approaches such as Bagging and Boosting, testing of UCI data sets illustrated that the DWSEN approach has higher generalization ability and stronger stability.This method is further validated by the modeling of solvent dehydration tower of purified terephthalic acid (PTA) solvent system.Case study shows that the obtained model has better generalization performance, and can simulate the production process better.

The static and dynamic structure of poly (ethylene terephthalate)(PET) and poly (ethylene naphthalate)(PEN) is compared with methods of quantum mechanics, molecular mechanics and molecular dynamics.These two polyesters have a similar chain structure. However, their dynamic structures are quite differentThe PET molecular chain is more flexible than that of PEN, which makes it much easier for oxygen diffusionHowever, due to the bulky naphthalene group, it is relatively difficult for the molecular chain motion, which provides the PEN fiber a better oxygen barrier property.

Aiming at the great difficulty in crude oil unit (CDU) operation for the diversity of crude oil, an advanced process control comprehensive scheme is presented, which composed of both decreasing the property variety of crude oil feedin and introducing parameters reflecting property into soft sensor and controller.By scheduling and blending the optimization of multiple crude oils to be refined, the blended crude oil feed-in has relatively steady properties and has small influence on parameters of the unit operation, hence the disturbance from the change in operating point is decreased remarkably.On the other hand, for the remaining small property variety of blended crude oil, the parameters reflecting property are introduced to soft sensor calculation and advanced process controller based on model predictive control to overcome the disturbance of property variety.By scheduling and blending optimization, the parameter varieties of unit operation are small, which makes it possible that the soft sensor and predictive control using linear approximate model have a great performance.Application on a CDU with multiple crude oils shows the validity of the comprehensive scheme.

A novel method is presented for synthesizing flexible heat exchanger network（HEN）and optimizing on-line cleaning schedule simultaneously at the initial design stage，so that dynamic synthesis of HEN can be implemented.To reduce severe problem complexity，a two-stage approach is introducedIn the first stage，a multi-period network over sourcestream temperature，heat capacity flowrate and overall heat transfer coefficient is preliminarily synthesized by pseudo-temperature enthalpy diagram approach，thus most promising matches favorable to thermal economy are identified.In the second stage，the network structure is further optimized in parallel with heat exchanger areas and cleaning schedule by genetic/simulated annealing algorithms（GA/SA).As utility consumptions are acquired by integral approach，the established mathematical model in this work is more rigorous than those reported in literaturesFinally，the proposed method is proved to be capable to decrease the total annual cost with a numerical example.Moreover，it may be applied to solve relatively large-scale flexible HEN synthesis problems.

Under the certainty of production device and technical condition, whether the operating scheme is appropriate or not will directly affect the product quality and output, as well as the consumption of materials and energyThe operating variables are massive and their relations are complex, so that the traditional operating regulation can not meet the requirement in operation optimizationAn intelligent operation optimization method based on extension theory is proposed in order to find the best operating schemeMatterelement and affairelement models are established for operating conditions, production goal and restrictionExtension analysis and transformation are used to obtain the operating schemeGiven values of operating variables are set to form an operating scheme set, and assessment is applied to determine the best operating schemeThe effectiveness of the proposed method has been verified through an actual production operation in HDPE cascade reaction process, which provides a new approach to the regulation of operating conditions in process industry.

The real contact state between the end faces in friction pair of mechanical seals was studied with fractal theoryA fractal model for the end face contact of friction pair was proposed，with which the mathematical expressions for the area distribution of micro-contacting points of the friction pair，the micro-contacting area related to the critical elastic and plastic deformations，and the dimensionless fractional contact area were obtained.A corelation curve describing the relationship between the dimensionless contact area and the unit load on the endfaces of GY70 mechanical seal was obtained by numerical calculationResearch results indicated that the real contact area presents an approximately linear increase with surface unit load, and at the same unit load，the real contact area decreases with the increase of characteristic length scale G and increases with the increase of fractal dimension D，but decreases with the increase of D when D is greater than 167.The end-face contact fractal model for friction pair provides a foundation for the study of the friction mechanism and sealing performance of mechanical seals.

A mutant Clbeijerinckii strain with higher butanol production ability was obtained by protoplast mutation with ⁶⁰Co-γ irraditionThe optimal conditions for protoplast preparation were: the cell cultivated for 15 h was dealt with 1 g.L^-1 glycin and 0.3 U.L^-1 penicillin for 2 h and then digested with 1×10⁴ U.L^-1 lysozyme at 37℃ for 8 h.By plate count method, the formation and the regeneration rate of protoplasts was calculated as 99.82% and 10.12% respectively.The protoplasts were then irradiated by ⁶⁰Co with a dose rate of 5Gy.min^-1.The lethality of the protoplasts was 99.3% when the radiation dose was 500 Gy.Under such condition, a mutant strain R₃ with higher butanol production ability and higher inheritance stability was selectedCompared with the original strain, the total solvent concentration and the butanol concentration of the mutant strain R₃ was increased by 81.46% and 85.41% respectively in the P₂ semi-synthesis medium at 37℃.

The effect of redox potential regulation on metabolite flux distribution of Actinobacillus succinogenes NJ113 was studied by using the metabolic flux analysis methodThe results showed that the flux of HMP and EMP were changed after ORP regulationUnder the optimal ORP(-350 mV) condition, the ratio of HMP to EMP was improved from 43.6∶56.2 to 63.2∶36.5 and thus the reducing power was better balanced.The value of NADH/NAD⁺ at the ORP of -350 mV was much higher than that without regulationIn the initial phase the NADH/NAD⁺ was increased from 2.19 to 8.73.Finally, the succinic acid flux increased from 114.5 mmol.(g DCW)^-1 .h^-1 to 129.3 mmol.(g DCW)^-1.h^-1 with the metabolic flux of acetic acid and formic acid decreased by 30.6% and 30.2%, respectively.Succinic acid yield was increased from 75.46% to 89.34% with the productivity of 1.18 g.L^-1.h^-1.

The bifunctional fusion protein systems consisting of Rhodococcus erythropolis chiral alcohol dehydrogenase (READH), Candida boidinii formate dehydrogenase (CbFDH) or maltose binding protein (MBP) were constructed to regenerate the cofactors for biocatalysis.READH originated from Rhodococcus erythropolis is an (S)-specific nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH)dependent alcohol dehydrogenase, meanwhile, CbFDH originated from Candida boidinii is an NADH-dependent formate dehydrogenaseThe strategies of the different fusion protein systems included: (1) fusion of the N terminus of READH to the C terminus of MBP, (2) fusion of the N terminus of CbFDH to the C terminus of MBP, (3) fusion of the N terminus of READH to the C terminus of CbFDH, (4) fusion of the C terminus of READH to the N terminus of CbFDHThe activities of READHs were depressed in all fusion strategiesWhen the N terminus of READH was fused to the C terminus of CbFDH, READH reached the highest activity, but CbFDH had no activity.In contrast, when the C terminus of READH was fused to the N terminus of CbFDH, CbFDH showed the highest activity, and both moieties displayed activities.From this study, the authors suggest that the rational design of the bifunctional fusion protein system may improve the biocatalysis efficiency by the simultaneous cofactor regeneration.

Gasification experiment was performed in a bench-scale membrane wall entrained-flow gasifier and the work conditions were altered during the process.A two-dimensional model for the membrane wall was established to simulate the temperature and thermal stress changes.Results indicated that both the circumferential and the radial stress increases with the temperature rising in the membrane wall and slag layer, and the circumferential stress is relatively greater than the radial one.On the interface of slag and silicon carbide layer, the equivalent stress increases rapidly and then reaches to a steady state with the distance from the selected node to the water tube and the slag nail.Significant difference in the equivalent stress was observed for different materials.

There are three competitive reactions in the removal of CO in reformate by methanation，including CO methanation，CO₂ methanation and reverse water-gas shift（RWGS.Influence of several parameters such as reaction temperature，CO concentration and CO₂ concentration on these reactions is studiedResults showed that both the CO and CO₂ methanation rate increased with increasing temperature，while the selectivity for CO methanation decreasedWith higher CO concentration，the CO methanation appeared remarkably faster at higher temperature，and the CO₂ methanation was notably depressed at lower temperatureThe selectivity for CO methanation increased with increasing CO concentration.On the other hand，the concentration of CO₂ appeared no effect on the CO methanation，while both the CO₂ methanation rate and the RWGS reaction rate increased when increasing the CO₂ concentration，especially at higher temperature.The macro-kinetics of these three competitive reactions was also studied.

Soil vapor extraction（SVE）has been effectively used for removal of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from unsaturated soilIt is safe, economical and highly efficient.Columnventing experiment was used to simulate the SVE in the typical red earth in south China.Benzene, one of the most common VOCs, was selected as the single compound.Fluvo-aquic soil of Beijing and black soil of Jilin were selected as the control samples to study the effect of soil types on the SVE remediation process.Different soil water content on the venting behavior of a binary mixture (benzene and ethylbenzene) from the red earth was also investigated.The results showed that the best soil water content was 16.8 % at the 600 ml.min^-1 vapor flow rate for the binary mixture.Control experiments indicated that soil type and soil organic matter were also key factors in SVE.

Induced crystallization is employed to treat copper-containing wastewater in this study.The copper removal efficiency can be achieved to 90% when the influent copper concentration is 20 mg.L^-1，50 mg.L^-1，100 mg.L^-1.For a 145 d experiment，it can be found a noticeable crystal growth，which can be speculated as alkaline copper carbonate ［CuCO₃.Cu（OH）₂.xH₂O)］as measured by SEM-EDS.Optimized conditions for copper removal efficiency were investigated by varying the type of chemical reagents，the molar ratio of C_T to Cu，the hydraulic loading and the hydraulic retention time.The best results were obtained when the chemical reagent is Na₂CO₃，the molar ratio of C_T/Cu is1—2，and the hydraulic loading is not higher than 25 m.h^-1.

The experiments focused on the Fenton treatment of humic substances (HS) in concentrated landfill leachate rejected by reverse osmosis (RO).The changes in dissolved organic matter by oxidation/coagulation were assessed by using gross organic parameters such as chemical oxygen demand (COD), total organic carbon (TOC), UV254 and COD/TOC molar ratio during the treatment with Fenton reagent.The results demonstrated that the humic substances removal efficiency (from 119% to 895%) was higher than that of COD (from 9.6% to 75.2%) and there was a good correlation between humic substances degradation and COD removal.This study showed that the oxidation efficiency controlled the coagulation efficiency, so high oxidation efficiency may cause relatively low coagulation.The change of (COD/TOC)oxid indicated that the oxidation reaction was ultimate degradation under the condition of pH= 20—40, ［H₂O₂］>80 mmol.L^-1, ［Fe²⁺ ］= 40—160 mmol.L^-1, reaction time 2h.The changes of (COD/TOC)coag illustrated that the oxidation state of the organic matter removed by coagulation was significantly higher than in the fresh landfill leachate under the above reaction conditions.

In this study, the characteristics and kinetics of substrate degradation in anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) were investigated by using glucose as dilute organic wastewater.Operation conditions, such as hydraulic residence time (HRT), sludge concentration and temperature were proved to have effects on the treatment efficiency of ABR through the analysis on the kinetics of substrate degradation.Declining growth rate constant K₂ was obtained in a small experimental ABR using glucose as influent, based on the experimental results at different temperatures.According to the analysis of Arrhenius relationship, temperature did not affect K₂ greatly.This is one of the reasons why comparatively good treatment efficiency may still be achieved at a lower temperatureIn the experiment, activation energy(1.92 ×10⁴ J.mol^-1) was also obtained from the Arrhenius equation.

Polystyrene grafted with poly（methyl methacrylate（PS-g-PMMA）has been achieved via atom transfer radical polymerization（ATRP）methodologyThe grafting reaction of methyl methacrylate（MMA）was initiated from the chloroacetyl groups on the chloroacetyl styrenedivinylbenzene copolymer microspheres（PS-acyl-Cl）with CuCl/CuCl₂ and N，N，N′，N′-tetramethyl ethylenediamine（TMEDA）complex as catalystThe influences of the catalyst，reaction temperature，and the amount of ligand and solvent on the grafting reaction were investigatedUnder the optimized conditions，satisfactory grafting yields（up to 687% within 15 h）were obtained using PS-acyl-Cl microspheres with 3.44 mmol.g^-1 of chloroacetyl groups，and at the same time，the grafting reaction showed a firstorder kinetics nature（k=5.13×10^-5 s^-1）.The PS-g-PMMA microspheres with different grafting arm lengths were obtained by varying the reaction conditions，which are expected to be used as weakacid ion exchange resin with high loading amount after being hydrolyzed，or as flexible immobilization carrier for enzymes after further functionalization.

Starting from alumina with particle size of 0.3—0.4 μm，disk α-Al₂O₃ supports were prepared via colloidal filtration with a mean pore size of ca.70 nm as determined by Hg intrusion method.The polished supports with mirror-like surface were used for mesoporous membrane preparation.A stable Boehmite sol with a mean particle size of about 20 nm was successfully synthesized with aluminium sec-butoxide（ALSB）as a precursor through particle colloidal sol-gel route.Defect-free γ-Al₂O₃ mesoporous membranes with pore size of ca.3 nm superimposed on the disk α-Al₂O₃ supports were then prepared by dip-coating with the Boehmite sol and subsequently calcined in a temperature range of 400—800℃The molecular weight cut-off（MWCO）for PEG and the flux for pure water of these membranes are 2800—5300 and 11.5—25.9 L.m^-2.h^-1［7.6×10⁵ Pa，(14±1)℃］，respectively，which confirms the integrity of the mesoporous membranesThe results presented in this paper provide a feasible method for the preparation of defectfree mesoporous membranes with a pore size of about 3 nm directly by coating onto macroporous Al₂O₃ support with a pore size of about 70 nm.

By using spray-drying treated ammonium metatungstate (AMT) as precursor, the hollow globular tungsten carbide (WC) catalysts were prepared by sphere miniaturation-gas-solid reaction, and then the catalysts Pt/WC and Pt/C were prepared by reduction of platinum salts with HCHO in H₂O solvent.The size of Pt metal particles in both catalysts was characterized by XRD and SEM, and the results indicated that Pt metal particles were 10.6 nm in Pt/WC while they were 2.8 nm in Pt/C. The measured polarisation curves of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in the gas diffusion electrode showed that Pt/WC oxygen-diffusion electrode exhibited a better electro-catalytic properties than Pt/C in acid solution, as shown by the higher current density at the same potential and initial potential of oxygen reduction positive.Then the possible reason and electro-catalytic mechanism were discussed, and the AC impedance spectra of gas diffusion electrode with Pt/WC under the controlled conditions were also studied.

The TiO₂/methyl-methacrylate-butyl acrylate-methacrylic acid copolymer ［TiO₂/P(MMA-BA-MAA)］composite particles were synthesized by emulsion polymerization.The emulsifier concentration and molar concentration ratios of monomers exhibited a great influence on the morphology of the composite particles.The effects of operation variables, such as emulsifier concentration, initiator concentration, molar concentration ratios of monomers, co-emulsifier concentration, polymerization temperature on the kinetic features were also investigatedThe TEM images, FTIR spectra and TG analysis indicated that the composite particles of TiO₂/P(MMA-BA-MAA) with smooth surface, good dispersibility and spherical core-shell structure were obtained.The kinetics data showed that under the conditions studied the rate equation for the whole reaction of coating polymerization was educed,and the apparent activation energy was 163.0 kJ.mol^-1, which suggested that the possible reaction mechanism could be “TiO₂/surfactant” micelle nucleation and homogeneous coagulative nucleation mechanism of the emulsion polymerization of MMA-BA-MAA.Thermal analysis showed that the thermal stability of composite particles was higher than that of copolymer particles formed under the same conditions.Compared with nano-TiO₂, the measurements of ζ-potential and contact angles of composite particles indicated that the hydrophilicity of composite particles decreased and the hydrophobicity increased.

The thermally conductive（TC）polymer composites filled with thermally conductive inorganic fillers were prepared with melt mixing.The influence of such essential factors as size and filler material on the thermal conductivity and electrical resistivity of the composites was investigated.The results showed that with the reduction of filler size，the thermal conductivity of the composites decreased，however the electrical conductivity increased，and that with increasing volume fraction of filler，the thermal conductivity of composites rose gradually.The changes in the thermal conductivity of composites were not as rapid as those of the electrical conductivity of composites.A mechanism was suggested to explain the difference mentioned above between the thermal conductivity and the electrical conductivity of the compositesHeat conduction of the composites may be due to thermal vibration transmission.

Using molten LaMg₁₁Zr as the master alloy, LaMg₁₁Zr＋200%Ni+xB(x=0,2%,5%,10%) amorphous alloys have been prepared by mechanical alloying (MA), and the effect of boron addition on their structure and electrochemical properties has been investigatedThe alloys are amorphous after 20 h ballmilling, and the formation of amorphous alloys is promoted by the boron addition, and the thermal stability is also improved.All the alloys have good electrochemistry activation characteristics, the discharge capacity of the alloy electrodes varies with increasing the boron content.An alloy electrode with a composition of LaMg₁₁Zr＋200%(mass)Ni+2%(mass)B achieves the maximum discharge capacity of 614.2 mAh.g^-1, which is 67% higher than that without B addition.The cycling stability of alloy electrodes is improved with B addition, the capacity retention rate increases from 44.4%(x=0) to 70.4%(x=10%) after 30 chargedischarge cycles, and the high rate dischargeability (HRD) is also improved in some extent with B addition.

Through the determination of contact angle, the SiO₂/HPA hybrid sol was studied by changing the kinds of silicane coupling agents, such as MTMS, ETES, and MPMS.TiO₂-SiO₂/HPA hybrid sol was prepared by means of surface modification of nano TiO₂ with MPMS, and then the hydrophobic coating for the glass surface was prepared by the UV curing technique.The structure and properties of the coating were characterized by means of FTIR and SEM and contact angle instrument.The study showed that TiO2 modified with MPMS and silica gel modified with MTMS are completely miscibleIf modified TiO₂ at a content of 0.1% was added into modified silica sol, the maximum contact angle of coating would reach 140°.Furthermore the optical performance had no visible change before and after coating the glass.

A novel micro kinetic analyzer (MFBK) for fluidized bed gas-solid reactions is developed With this MFBK analyzer, the reaction rate and kinetic parameters can be deduced via measuring the timedependent composition changes of its evolved gas.By using a micro fluidized bed reactor, it is expected to enable the on-line feed of particle reactant based on a pulse solid conveying mechanics and the effective suppression of external gas diffusion in the reactor.This MFBK analyzer is evaluated through the decomposition of CaCO₃ powder, giving an apparent activation energy of 142.73 kJ.mol^-1 and a preexponential factor of 399777 s^-1 .This activation energy value is much lower then the TG-measured one of 184.3 kJ.mol^-1 and within the literaturereported range of 120—280 kJ.mol^-1.The measurement also provides a kinetic-model function with a correlation linearity of above 0.99.With this MFBK analyzer, the pyrolysis of coal and biomass at 800℃ is studied.The measured pyrolysis reaction finished in about 15 s, which is very close to the theoretically anticipation.This pyrolysis measurement with the MFBK analyzer can also identify a definite gas release order for typical gas species contained in the pyrolysisformed gas products, which actually can provide a strong evidence for the deep insight in the pyrolysis reaction mechanism.