The demonstrated excellent performance of fluid on the nano-/microscopic chemical heterogeneous surface has attracted wide attention.However, the application of the chemical heterogeneous surface in chemical engineering is still a baffling issue to chemical engineers.In this article, the distinct properties of heterogeneous surfaces in chemical industry are discussed, and based on recent publications, the wetting behavior on heterogeneous surfaces and the influences of chemical heterogeneity on molecular transport are reviewed.The factors affecting the properties of chemical heterogeneous surfaces are complicated.With the method of modern surface science and computer technology, and based on the understanding of interaction of fluid and surface on the molecular level, most chemical processes could be improved.Thus chemical heterogeneity could be considered one of the methods promoting the development of chemical industry.

Ionic liquid is a new kind of surfactant，and it is very important to investigate the physicochemical properties of ionic liquid（IL）aqueous solutions.In this work，surface tensions，densities，and viscosities of ［Bemim］［Cl］（1-methyl-3-benzylimidazolium chloride），［C_nmim］［Cl］（1-methyl-3-alkylimidazolium chloride， n=4，14，16），［BeiQu］［Cl］（N-benzylimidazolium chloride），［C_miQu］［Cl］（N-alkylisoquinolinium chloride， m =4，8）aqueous solutions were measured at different temperatures as a function of the concentration of aqueous solutions.The density of imidazolium-based solution is larger than that of isoquinolinium-based.The viscosity gets lower as the temperature increasing，and gets higher with the concentration increasing.At the same condition，with the same substitute of head group of cation，the surface tension of imidazolim-based solution is larger than that of isoquinolinium-based solution.

The ［bmim］Cl/CH₃OH solution as working fluid for absorption refrigeration is proposed and its application potentials are analyzed in different aspects.The vapor-liquid equilibrium, heat capacity, viscosity and density of ［bmim］Cl/CH₃OH solution were measured respectively with saturation vapor pressure determination system, DSC, Ubbelohde viscometers and pycnometers in the temperature range from 293.15 K to 353.15 K.The NRTL model parameters of vapor-liquid equilibrium and the empirical correlations for heat capacity, viscosity and density as functions of temperature and concentration were obtained.The results revealed that the properties of ［bmim］Cl/CH₃OH solution can meet the requirements of ideal working fluid for absorption refrigeration and has great application potentials in absorption refrigeration.

Two-dimensional solubility parameters are applied to select the dewaxing solvents for diesel in improving its flowing performance at low temperature.Based on the established two-dimensional plane model, the two-dimensional solubility parameters of each components of diesels in 14 solvents were calculated, and the distance between solvent and n-alkane (R_c) in the two-dimensional plane was proposed as the solvent-solute dissolution judgment.From the analysis of the relationship between the two-dimensional solubility parameters of solvents and the n-alkane extraction yields (E), it was found that E increases with the increase in R_c except 2-propanol, which proves the feasibility by using R_c as the basis to select the dewaxing solvents.It was also found that the physical solubility parameters (Δ_p) have little influence on the dewaxing performance.The extraction is mainly influenced by the chemical solubility parameter (Δ_c) of the solvents, especially the dipolar solubility parameter.

Internal inserts can effectively enhance heat transfer，and also have good anti-scaling and scale removing performance.In the present numerical study，the effects of structural parameters of the spiral rotor internal insert on heat transfer and flow resistance were investigated.The numerical results confirmed that the heat transfer is enhanced by 30% and the friction resistance is increased by 600%～700% as compared with those in plain tube respectively.The increase in the clearance between blade and tube wall，the increase in the helix pitch of rotor，and the decrease in the radius of rotating shaft can decrease the rotational speed and then decrease the heat transfer rate and friction factor.Appropriately increasing the helix pitch of rotor，reducing the clearance between blade and tube wall and reducing the radius of rotating shaft can lead to a better heat transfer performance.

Numerical calculations have been performed to analyze the characteristics of air flow and heat transfer inside the wing tunnels of air cooler condenser used in power plant，the local heat transfer coefficient distributions on the surface of wings with and without interrupted holes are discussed.Parameters which could affect the airside flow and heat transfer performance have been optimized with system analysis，including the number，the dimension and the position of the interrupted holes.Numerical simulation results showed that the heat transfer coefficient and the flow resistance increase with the increase in the number of the interrupted holes，and the total heat exchange increases within a certain range.The heat transfer coefficient and the flow resistance increase with the increase in the dimension of the interrupted holes，however，the total heat exchange decreases .Relatively，the position of the interrupted holes has a less impact on the heat transfer coefficient and the flow resistance as compared with those of the number and the dimension of the interrupted holes.

Experimental investigations were carried out on a pilot scale slurry transport apparatus to evaluate the friction losses across 90° bends, sudden contraction and sudden expansion for coal-water slurries with the presence of wall-slip behavior.The flow behavior (wall-slip behavior and rheological properties) of these slurries flowing in a straight pipe was determined to use as the baseline.Local resistance coefficients versus generalized Reynolds number correlations were established, in which the generalized Reynolds number (Re_g) well accounted for the wall-slip behavior and rheological properties of these slurries.Local energy losses in a series of bends were investigated as a function of ratio of bend to diameter, pipe diameter and generalized Reynolds number.For sudden expansion and sudden contraction, the effects of the flow behavior of the test slurries on local energy losses were determined.When Re_g was used as a parameter to represent the flow status, a high degree of overlap in local resistance coefficients of various slurries was observed for all test fittings except for sudden contraction.The trends of change in local resistance coefficients with Re_g showed obvious similarity for different bends.The measurements established that dynamic similarity could not be achieved in bends.With increasing Re_g, the resistance coefficients for sudden expansion decreased rapidly when Re_g<350 and leveled off when Re_g>350.At a high generalized Reynolds number, the resistance coefficient for sudden contraction became closely related to the flow behavior of the test slurries and increased with increasing solid concentration.

Many problems would be induced by the change in LNG tank temperature or components.Such as the stratification and rollover phenomena in large-scale LNG container，and the evaporation in closed small-scale container，etc.A mathematical model for LNG stratification and rollover under the condition of disturbed flow is established based on the equation of viscous fluid.Through numerical simulation，the developing processes of LNG stratification and rollover can be visually observed.The numerical simulation results revealed that the stratification of LNG is the basic reason for the rollover phenomenon，and the flow of thermal boundary layer inside the LNG tank is the direct cause for the rollover of the LNG stratification.By virtue of the disturbed flow model，various factors which affect the rollover phenomenon were analyzed.When the heat leakage is greater than 30 W·m^-2，the changes in heat leakage value has little effect on the rollover time.When the tank is 70% full，the rollover happening takes longer time as the container volume increases.The measures for preventing LNG stratification are proposed.

The process of multiphase flow and heat transfer in an entrained-flow coal gasification radiant syngas cooler (RSC) was simulated by coupling the multiphase flow model and heat transfer model.The gas phase flow field was calculated by realizable k-ε model with an Euler method while the discrete random walk (DRW) was applied to trace the particles, and the interaction between gas and particles was considered.The radiative properties of syngas mixture were calculated by Weighted-Sum-of-Gray-Gases (WSGG) model.The discrete ordinates model (DOM) was used for modeling the radiative heat transfer, and the effect of slag particles on radiative heat transfer was included.Results showed that the expanding angle of inlet jet is 10°, where the temperature and velocity are higher than other area’s.The recirculation region around the inlet jet has a higher particle concentration.Most of the slag particles are straightly dropped into the slag pool, and the larger the particle, the faster the dropping and the higher the temperature it will have.The temperature distribution in RSC is uniform except the inlet jet region, and the temperature increases with the increase in ash/slag deposition thickness.The mathematical models for numerical simulation are compared with experimental and literature data.Overall agreement between the predicted and experimental values is good and gives confidence in using these routines for RSC design calculations.

A calculation method is presented to analyze the two-phase flow distribution of parallel channels in a manifold with a radical inlet.The mathematical models of impacting and dividing T-junction are applied to predict the two-phase separation, providing a calculation procedure for the two-phase flow distribution of parallel channels in a manifold with a radical inlet.In order to verify the reliability of the calculation procedure, the calculation results are compared with experimental results in a manifold with a radical inlet and four parallel channels, which shows a good agreement within about ±20% accuracy.The uncertainty between the experimental and calculation results is analyzed using high speed camera and numerical prediction of CFD.The flow recirculation occurs at the rear part of the manifold, which should be considered in order to improve the accuracy of the calculation method.

An independent component analysis (ICA) method was applied to extract the flow characteristics and separate the gas/liquid phase information from the data of a gas/liquid flow in horizontal pipe obtained by electrical resistance tomography (ERT).The efficiency of ICA with the ERT data was assessed by experiments.The obtained independent components were interpreted by comparing with the reconstructed images by ERT and the records from camera.For slug flow, stratified flow and wavy flow, the method combining ERT and ICA is effective in extracting the flow characteristics of two-phase flow, and the extracted independent components have explicit physical meaning corresponded to the gas phase and the liquid phase separately.For a plug flow, useful signals from high frequency components are submerged, in which case multi-resolution analysis may need to be combined to obtain more useful information.

Screening of catalyst for clean synthesis of methyl N-phenyl carbamate (MPC) through coupling route was performed under pressure, and process optimization, recycling of catalyst, and characterization of catalyst were also studied.The results showed that Bu₂SnO was the best one among the screened catalysts.Under the conditions that the molar ratio of dimethyl carbonate (DMC) to N,N′-diphenyl urea (DPU) was 10∶1, the amount of catalyst Bu2SnO was 2%, reaction temperature was 160℃, and reaction time was 2 h, the yield of MPC reached 98%, which was more than 77%, the reported yield of MPC with catalyst Bu₂SnO in the literature.Catalytic performance of Bu₂SnO was constant after four cycles.Catalyst Bu₂SnO before reaction and after reaction was characterized with FTIR, XPS and XRD.The analysis of XRD and XPS showed that the catalyst separated by the precipitator water from reaction solvent was still Bu₂SnO, but FTIR showed presence of new compounds.Since trace components or amorphous compounds in samples can not be detected by XPS or XRD, it could be concluded that most of the catalyst separated by the precipitator water from reaction solvent was Bu₂SnO with a small amount of possibly catalytic intermediates.

The chlorination of synthetic rutile with CCl₄ for the low temperature production of TiCl₄ was studied in both packed bed and fluidized bed reactors.Synthetic rutile samples before and after chlorination were characterized with SEM, XRD and XPS.Synthetic rutile produced by the Zigong process can be rapidly chlorinated by CCl₄ at 450℃ to 500℃.The presence of Fe³⁺ ions in the lattice of the rutile phase was the key reason for the high reactivity.It was also found that an inert rutile shell was formed during the mild pre-oxidation used in the manufacturing process of the synthetic rutile material.This limited the maximum TiCl₄ yield in the chlorination process to 90%.However, this inert rutile shell structure maintained the particle size during the chlorination process, it was also beneficial because it allowed the chlorination of the synthetic rutile material in a fluidized bed reactor.This process of using CCl₄ for the chlorination of rutile is potentially valuable as an environmental protection technology.It effectively converts the undesirable ozone destructive substance (ODS) CCl₄, an industrial byproduct, into a non-ODS product.

With a small volume pressure vessel batch reactor, glucose and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural decomposition kinetics in high temperature liquid water catalyzed with metal chlorides were determined at 180℃.Thirteen types of metal chlorides were selected.A series of first-order reactions with the consideration of parallel by-reactions were used to fit the kinetics data.The results showed that the catalytic effects of different metal chlorides on glucose and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural decomposition were totally different.Iron (Ⅲ), nickel and zinc chlorides could greatly accelerate the decomposition rate of glucose decomposition, while the decomposition rate of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural was highly improved by adding copper chloride and iron (Ⅲ) chloride.The catalytic effect of transition metal chlorides on glucose and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural decomposition was much better than that of alkaline metal chlorides and alkaline earth metal chlorides.As to the metal elements in the fourth period, the results showed that the rate constants of glucose decomposition were increased with the increase of atomic weight except copper chloride.In addition, the lower the pK_a value of different metal ions, the stronger the catalytic effects on glucose and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural decomposition.This work obtained some general rules on the effects of metal chlorides on glucose and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural decomposition to provide important basic data for efficient utilization of biomass.

Dagang vacuum residue was fractionated into sixteen narrow fractions and an end-cut by supercritical fluid extraction and fractionation.The effective diffusion coefficients of five chosen fractions and the end-cut through 15, 50, 80 and 1000 nm polycarbonate membranes were measured at 308 K by a diaphragm cell.The results showed that diffusivities of residue fractions and end-cut decreased gradually as the experiment proceeded.It indicated that residue cuts were all composed of various molecules with different sizes.The effective diffusion coefficients of residue cuts decreased with increasing molecular weight and decreasing membrane pore size.The degree of hindered diffusion of five fractions and the end-cut diffusing through 15 nm membranes was more significant, when compared with 50 nm and 80 nm membranes.Comparisons between fractions and end-cuts sufficiently showed that the diffusion of end-cut was more severely hindered in these three types of membranes.The difference of molecular configuration might contribute to different degrees of hindered diffusion between fractions and end-cut.

In the process of ethylene production, ethylene yield cannot be measured on-line via traditional approaches.To resolve this problem, a novel differential evolution (DE)-particle swarm optimization(PSO) based hybrid optimization algorithm (DEPSO) was proposed.Then a soft sensor model for real-time measuring ethylene yield was constructed.The procedure of optimization was divided into two phases and the particles were divided into two sub-swarms, one sub-swarm searched via PSO and the other searched via DE at the same time.Evolution speed factor was introduced in judging local convergence of algorithm during the process of iteration, with two sub-swarms exchanging information in each iteration to avoid local optimum.Optimization test on several complex functions with high-dimension indicated that the improved algorithm performed better than standard PSO and DE in whole optimization capability.Application results showed that the soft sensor model based on the improved algorithm had high measurement precision as well as good generalization ability.

Nonlinear principal component analysis（NLPCA）fault detection method achieves good detection results especially in a nonlinear process.Signed directed graph（SDG）model is based on deep-going information，which excels in fault interpretation.In this work，an NLPCA-SDG fault diagnosis method was proposed.SDG model was used to interpret the residual contributions produced by NLPCA.This method could overcome the shortcomings of traditional principal component analysis（PCA）method in fault detection of a nonlinear process and the shortcomings of traditional SDG method in single variable statistics in discriminating node conditions and threshold values.The application to a distillation unit of a petrochemical plant illustrated its validity in nonlinear process fault diagnosis.

The scale-up of fermentation process plays an important role in the industrialization of lab results.As the increase of fermentation scale, the microenvironment of microorganism would be different, which would result in the change of microorganism metabolism and affect the results of scale-up.In order to accomplish the industrialization of HT-1 production, high-expression of HT-1 fusion protein was carried out with fed-batch culture method of E.coli in a 200 L fermentor.The problem of the decrease in HT^-1 fusion protein expression level caused by secondary seed culture process was solved by the methods of advancing initial induction and increasing inoculation volume.As a result, the cell density, the expression level, the cell yield as well as the volume yield of HT-1 fusion protein were achieved to 55.1 g·L^-1, 27.4%, 0.056 g·(g cell)^-1 and 3.103 g·L^-1, respectively.Compared with the results before optimization, these indexes were increased by 9.8%, 23.4%, 14.3% and 25.2%, respectively.These results provide an important reference for the optimization and scale-up of HT-1 production.

Kinetic models were developed for the batch fermentation of bioflocculant from Corynebacterium glutamicum.Logistic equation and time-corrected modified Gaden’s growth-associated model were used to describe the cell growth and the bioflocculant synthesis，respectively.Two kinetic models in the format of non-linear equations were proposed to predict the consumption of glucose and urea.Curve fittings for the above models by using experimental data were performed with the software Origin 8.0.The results showed that the four models proposed in the work could well characterize the batch culture of C.glutamicum in bioflocculant production.

Three derivatives of dehydroabietylamine were synthesized from dehydroabietylamine through trifluoro-acetyltion,nitration and hydrolysis.Two of them were first reported as new compounds.The compounds were characterized by FT-IR, 1H NMR, EI-MS, elemental analyses and HRMS.Their bactericidal activities were investigated, and the results indicated that 12-nitro-dehydroabietylamine and 12,14-dinitro-dehydroabietylamine had strong bactericidal activity against E.coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas fluorescens.

The pyrolysis mechanism of alkyl side chain of n-butyl anthracene as model compound of coal was studied by using the DFT/B3LYP/6-311G method in the Gaussian program package.The thermodynamic parameters of all reaction processes and the frontier orbital energy difference of the product free radical were calculated.The results indicated that the β C—C bond dissociation in the alkyl side chain of n-butyl anthracene was the easiest to occur.In the three isomeric hydrocarbons of n-butyl anthracene the alkyl side chain connected to the γ C atom had the highest reactivity.The size of aromatic rings had positive effect on the β C—C bond dissociation of the alkyl side chain, but had only a little effect on the other C—C bonds.

Thiocyanate (SCN^-) is one of the main contaminants in coking wastewater and has non-neglectable contribution to COD, chroma and NH⁺₄-N value.The interactive inhibitory reaction of SCN^- with other pollutants would affect the selection of treatment technology and the draining water quality control.In this study, the SCN- degradation kinetics was investigated using activated sludge of coking wastewater.Effects of phenol on SCN- degradation and SCN^- on nitrification were also studied in order to assess the interaction of SCN^- with other pollutants.Under specified culture condition, the degradation rate of SCN- reached up to 20.15 mg SCN^-·(g MLSS)^-1·h^-1 and the sludge activity was not significantly affected by the initial concentration of SCN^-.The SCN^- degradation process follows the Michaelis-Menten model.Experiment results indicated that phenol has toxic inhibition on SCN- degradation, with 738 mg·L^-1 phenol, the complete degradation time of 108 mg·L^-1 SCN^- was delayed from 1.5 h to 20 h.On the other hand, SCN^- also inhibits the nitrification of NH⁺₄, especially for the conversion of nitrite to nitrate, which resulted in the accumulation of NO^-₂.Hence, the inhibitory interactions of thiocyanate with phenol and ammonia make the treatment of coking wastewater more complicated and difficult.Thus, for the pollution control of coking wastewater, it should identify the interaction effects among main contaminants, consider the adaptation of sludge activity with pollutants concentrations from the point of co-substrate effect or poisonous effect, which would give help in establishing an optimized biological treatment technology.

The characteristics of energy consumption of the super-high-rate anaerobic bioreactor were investigated by using anaerobic granular sludge and simulated gas produced in the laboratory.Energy consumption models for the separation unit，reaction unit，water distribution unit and the whole reactor were established.The predictions from these models agreed well with the experimental data，and therefore the models can be used to optimize the energy consumption of the same kind of reactor.The maximum energy consumption in the whole reactor was 110.56×10^-4W，in which energy consumption of the reaction unit accounted for 83.0%，that of the water distribution unit accounted for 17.0%，and that of the separation unit was negligible.The energy consumption of the reaction unit of gas-fluid-solid three-phase was more than that of fluid-solid two-phase.As for the whole reactor，the energy consumption of the reaction unit was more than that of the water distribution unit at a low superficial liquid velocity.On the contrary，the energy consumption of the water distribution unit was more than that of the reaction unit at a high superficial liquid velocity.From parametric sensitivity analyses，the energy consumption of the whole reactor was significantly influenced by ρ_p，u_l，V_p，u_g and d_p.

Samples of soil and air around a coal-fired power plant were collected and the concentrations of Hg were determined through the amalgamation/CVAAS method.Spatial distributions of Hg in soil and air around the power plant were investigated by using geostatistics techniques.The results showed that mercury concentration in air samples varied from 4.3 ng·m^-3 to 12.4 ng·m^-3 with an average of 7.0 ng·m^-3，and Hg levels in soil samples were in the range of 0.045—0.529 mg·kg^-1 with an average of 0.180 mg·kg^-1.After twenty-three years of operation，the power plant has caused an increase of mercury levels in the surrounding environment.Except the annular region of radius between 1 km and 3 km contaminated by the power plant maximally，mercury pollution decreased as the distance from the power plant increased.

Pressurized turbulent circulating fluidized bed (CFB) gasification of coal in a lab scale fluidized bed gasifier was successfully realized, and the effect of gasifying agent preheating temperature on coal gasification characteristics was studied.Experimental results indicated that the gas thermal value was increased by 21% when the gasifying agent preheating temperature increased from 400℃ to 700℃.The concentration of combustible components hydrogen and carbon monoxide in the gas were increased from 10.55% and 9.57% to 13.62% and 13.12% respectively, while the concentration of incombustible components nitrogen and carbon dioxide in the gas were decreased from 61.03% and 16.14% to 57.03% and 13.7% respectively, and the concentration of methane changed slightly.Increasing the gasifying agent temperature would increase the gasification efficiency from 49.3% to 56%.The carbon conversion and dry gas yield changed little with the increase of the gasifying agent preheating temperature.A special flow field in the rising section of CFB has been realized with turbulent in the lower part and core-annulus in the upper part, which can not only enhance the fluidized state, but also promote the gas thermal value, gas yield and gasification efficiency, providing a more suitable way for coal gasification as compared with other CFB gasification experiments.

Molecular weight distribution of the mixed liquor in membrane bioreactor (MBR) with different powdered activated carbon (PAC) dosage was detected with steric exclusion liquid chromatography.The results showed that macromolecules with molecular weight higher than 10×10³ increased when PAC dosage added from 1 g·L^-1 to 2 g·L^-1.Molecules with molecular weight less than 0.5×103 and within 3×10³—10×10³ kept almost no change, while molecules with molecular weight within 0.5×10³—3×10³ was reduced obviously.Membrane fouling rates were 2.74 and 3.10 kPa·m^-1 respectively, which proved that the membrane fouling was mainly caused by macromolecules with molecular weight higher than 10×10³.

An activated sludge 2D model was used for optimizing the process design of nitrogen and phosphorus removal in urban sewage plant.Simulation model of A²/O process was constituted, and the model was calibrated to optimize the operation parameters.Such optimization design was compared with the traditional activated sludge process design and trial calculation method.The simulated results acquired are basically approximate to experimental values.Compared with the other two methods, the optimization design presented here has a big reduction in the sewage plant capital construction expense and running cost.Although the effluent quality has a slight drop, it still satisfies the national standard for first-level B draining.Hence, the activated sludge 2D model is capable to the optimization design and the control for sewage plants. Under the premise of meeting the requirements of effluent standards, the expenses of plants can be reduced. It also provides a theoretical guide for future process design.

ASM2D was used as mechanism model for optimizing the activated sludge nutrient removal process.For minimizing the total design cost under the premise of meeting emission standards, the sensitivity of each parameter in the optimization model was analysed.The sensitivity of different parameters varies greatly, in which the objective function has the largest impact on the design results with a sensitivity value of -99.02%.The maximum sensitivities of influent components, stoichiometric parameters and kinetic parameters are 16.06%, 11.9% and 7.60%, respectively.With the decline of emission standards, the total cost also will be reduced.Through sensitivity analysis in optimization design, the influence extent of important parameters on the optimization results can be obtained, which also provide theoretical bases for parameters calibrating and results outputing.

The degradation of phenol in aqueous solution with the combination of microwave and ozone（MW/O₃）was studied with laboratory-scale experiments.Effects of ozone dose，pH value，initial phenol concentration and reaction temperature on the reaction kinetics were investigated.In all cases，the degradation of phenol follows a pseudo-first-order kinetics relation.MW/O₃ combined technology is favorable for enhancing the removal efficiency of phenol，with the enhancement factor of the first-order kinetics constant being around 3.6.Experimental results showed that the synergetic effect of MW/O3 combined technology was obvious and up to 99 % of phenol was removed after 30 min reaction with initial phenol concentration of 100 mg·L^-1，ozone dose of 1.1 mg·min^-1，pH value of 9—11，and reaction temperature of 25℃.

The core-shell polyacrylate emulsion containing fluorine and silicon in the shell was synthesized by semi-continuous seeded emulsion polymerization in the presence of reactive anionic emulsifier, using methyl methacrylate (MMA) and butyl acrylate (BA) as principal monomers, dodecafluoroheptyl methacrylate (DFMA) and γ-(methacryloxy)propyltrimethoxy silane (KH-570) as functional monomers.The influences of the amount of fluorine and silicon monomers on emulsion polymerization process and surface hydrophobic properties of the latex films were discussed, and the surface free energies of prepared emulsion films were calculated.The fluorinated-silicated acrylate emulsion and their films were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrum(FT-IR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetry (TG), contact angle (CA) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis.The results showed that fluorine and silicon monomers had effectively copolymerized with acrylic monomers and a gradient distribution in the latex films was formed.The deioned water contact angle for film-air interface is 110.6° and the surface free energy is as low as 15.4 mN·m^-1,when the amount of DFMA and KH-570 is 16% and 5%,respectively.Both the hydrophobicity and thermal stability of the emulsion films were greatly improved.

A series of experiments on the relationship between pressure and flow rate in the cooling pipe network of injection mold were carried out to verify the applicability of the analysis method of traditional pipe network in the mold design.The test result showed that the current method based on the Darcy-Weisbach equation was not correct.Neither MPI，the major CAE software for injection molding，nor some CAE software developed in China gave correct result.Although the Darcy-Weisbach equation still has certain use for reference，its basic theory on resistance calculation is not applicable to the cooling analysis of the injection mold.The reason was discussed and the correct analysis method was proposed.

Paper or recycled paper containing contaminants can be used for food packaging if the food is protected by a functional barrier made of plastic.It is important to research the migration of chemical compounds from these materials.The problem of contaminants transfering through the packaging into food was studied from a theoretical viewpoint.According to the actual system of paper/plastic packaging-compound-food，diffusion equations were built based on one-dimensional Fick diffusion theory.Different diffusion coefficients D_P and D_C of contaminant in paper and plastic，limited paper thickness，and partition coefficient k_CP between paper and plastic were considered in the model.Analytical solutions were obtained under specific initial conditions and boundary conditions.In addition，the model universality used for the same bilayer plastic-compound-food system after simplification of the model was discussed.Then analysis was made between the model built and the Laoubi-Vergnaud model.The results showed that the model built can be used not only for the compound migration prediction from paper/plastic material，but also for the compound migration prediction from bilayer plastic material.

Nanoparticles，such as TiO₂，are readily aggregated in aqueous medium，which always drastically deteriorates their performance.In this study，the agglomeration state of TiO₂ particles in aqueous dispersion and the effects of several conventional dispersion technologies and surface grafting modification technology on the de-aggregation of TiO₂ agglomeration were investigated.It was found that most of TiO₂ particles in aqueous media existed as soft agglomeration.The de-aggregation effects of high-speed shear dispersion and dispersing agent on the soft agglomeration were not obvious，and the ultrasonic dispersion could only have a temporary de-aggregation effect.While the surface of TiO₂ particles was grafting modified by polymer molecule via in-situ polymerization，an extensive de-aggregation effect with good efficiency and stability could be achieved.Thus the dispersion and the dispersion stability of TiO₂ particle in aqueous media as well as in the fabric surface could be significantly improved.

A kind of fluorinated self-crosslinking vinyl acetate polymer was synthesized by soap-free emulsion polymerization.The distribution of the fluorinated group on the surface of the polymer membrane was investigated with electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA).The contact angles of the membrane with water and ethylene glycol were measured.The results showed that during the process of membrane-forming by casting, the fluorinated group stretched on the interface of air and polymer, which could protect the inner molecule of the polymer effectively,and the membranes were provided with excellent corrosion resistance and weather resistance.As fluorinated group content was 5.73%(mass), membrane adhesive force grade and flexibility could reach the 1st level, gloss 98.2%, hardness 2H, resistance to shock 50 cm and the surface free energy decreased from 0.3751 mN·cm^-1 to 0.1652 mN·cm^-1.The membrane gloss retention ratio kept above 90% after 1600 h artificial aging. Furthermore, no changes took part in the membranes after being corroded with wet salt and chemical for 360 h.

The high-grade mine tailings backfill made up from phosphogypsum and phosphor slag enhances multipurpose utilization of mineral resources, prevents collapse and cracking of mountain massif, and alleviates environmental pollution by utilization of industrial waste.The concentration of the tailings backfill slurry has a remarkable influence on its workability and strength.With an appropriate concentration, tailings backfill slurry can not only guarantee the self-flowing capability but also ensure its desirable strength development.Phosphor slag gradually hydrates and hardens under the effect of activator.Together with phosphogypsum, phosphor slag develops into a crystal composition whose strength increases with increasing addition of phosphor slag.Slurry’s self-flowing capability can achieve simplification of tailings backfill and reduction of its cost.

The leaking rate is crucial for the determination of emergency zone and leakage control measures，but most of the existing calculation methods were based on the conditions of steady leaking or dynamic leaking after a simultaneous closure of emergency shut down(ESD) valves.Hence，an equivalent model of gas leakage combined with process of natural gas pipeline is established by using HYSYS simulative software，and the leaking rates in steady and dynamic states are calculated under conditions of closure delays for ESD valves. Results showed that the closure delay of ESD valves has obvious effects on the leaking rates and the flow rates in pipeline，and countercurrent flows would occur in pipeline with the increase in the release hole size.The closure delay of ESD valves has little effect on release duration.

Based on a real instance of liquefied natural gas (LNG) transportation engineering in a tunnel, a mathematical model of LNG leakage fire from pipeline was proposed with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method.The LNG leakage fires under 3 different LNG leakage cases were simulated, and their changes in temperature distribution with time in the tunnel were calculated, through which the development of temperature distribution and fire risk were assessed.The simulation results showed that the rate in the tunnel temperature increase during fire is not high when the LNG leakage intensity is small, where the change in temperature is gentle and the fire risk is relatively low.The rate in tunnel temperature increase during fire is higher when the LNG leakage intensity is medium than the case of small intensity leakage, and the change in temperature is more severe, which makes the risk grow obviously.When the LNG leakage intensity is big, the fire temperature in the tunnel is highest among the three cases, the fire smoke will be seriously accumulated in the tunnel, which is very dangerous and should be avoided.