Adsorption refrigeration can make good use of low grade thermal energy efficiently. Based upon the recent progress of research in SJTU and in the world, a review is made and discussions are given to the application potential of solid sorption refrigeration and heat pump. Novel adsorption refrigeration working pairs, such as activated carbon fiber-methanol are proposed after comparison with normal activated carbon-methanol pair. The means to enhance heat and mass transfer in the adsorption bed and the design of adsorber are discussed. Various advanced adsorption refrigeration cycles, such as heat recovery cycle, thermal wave cycle, convective thermal wave cycle, double effect cascading cycle are analyzed and typical simulated results are shown. Solar-driven adsorption ice maker is specially examined for possible applications. A new novel hybrid solar-powered water heater / ice maker is suggested which makes good use of solar heating for both hot water supply and ice making. Automotive air conditioning is discussed,which shows the great expectations for such reasonable applications of adsorption air conditioning in automobiles driven by the waste heat of the exhaust gas.

The lifting flight on traditional rotary drum dryer has the disadvantage of missing the rotary drum when scattering material plus unreasonable scattering. The three-arc lifting flight, a product yielded from the marriage between mechanical theories and experiments overcomes these drawbacks. Moreover it enjoys high packed percentage. This new type of lifting flight is remarkable energy when used for industrial production.

A new strategy for computer-aided molecular design of third component in selective separation process is proposed and a group-connecting-fashion table is derived, which is supposed to be a complement to and an improvement of Ganis method. A computer soft-package is developed. By using the proposed strategy and the computer soft-package, all the possible combination of pre-selected number of groups can be obtained successfully. Several design examples are presented.

Tortuosity,as a macro-parameter,modifies the behavior of complicated structure of porous media in terms of mass transfer in them.So far,the clear relationship between tortuosity and the microstructure of porous media is uncertain.Because of the complexity of the porous media,accurate measurement and quantitative description are difficult by both experiment and theory.Therefore,the combination of experiment and computer simulation is necessary for discovering the inner link between tortuosity and porous media structure.In this paper a three dimensional network model based on simple cubic is used for simulating binary gas diffusion in porous media,where the pore radii obey the Rayleigh distribution and the pore length is assumed identical.The diffusion molecules are ethylene,argon,carbon dioxide and hydrogen.Firstly,the calculated tortuosity is found not change with the temperature,the kind of and the concentration of diffusion molecules for the same pore network.Then by changing the pore size distribution and mean coordination number the calculating results show that the mean coordination number is the sole factor influencing tortuosity.Meanwhile,the Wicke-Kallenbach steady state diffusion experiments are done over two types of aluminas, γ - Al 2O 3 and α -Al 2O 3,which have the different pore size distributions.The binary diffusion molecules include the three combinations of ethylene,argon and carbon dioxide,the diffusion temperature is 50—160 ℃,the experiment results confirm that tortuosity is almost the same number for each of the aluminas.Finally,from the analysis of experimental results and simulation,the tortuosity that has a close relationship with the mean coordination number can be considered as the structure parameter of porous media.

The relationship of surface active site and turnover frequency versus activity for ammonia synthesis catalyst which were obtained from different iron oxide as precursor were investigated by means of a physisorption of N 2 and a chemisorption of CO and CO 2 and activity test.The exposure percent of active iron atom on the surface was lower than one percent, which indicates that more than 99% of the iron atom were buried in the internal of catalyst.The change of activity,specific rate,turnover frequency,acid coverage and the coverage ratio of acidic to alkalic surface area had a similar regularity with the change of the state and the composition of iron oxide precursor of catalyst. With increased FeO content,the surface properties and surface structure of the reduced catalyst were changed,and the number of active site was decreased and the intensity (TOF) of active site was increased.FeO might be advantageous to the formation of FeAl 2O 4 iron aluminate in the presence of Al 2O 3,and surface restracturing of FeAl 2O 4 to iron crystal face increased the activity of catalyst.

Particulate fluidization shows a structure of idealized fluidization of complete homogeneity. Aggregative fluidization is characterized by a clear two phase structure,viz., the bubble phase and the emulsion phase. The structure of bed would change at the transition from particulate to aggregative fluidization. In this paper,an optimal algorithm is proposed to compute simultaneously the correlation dimension and the Kolmogorov entropy by the least square method.The change of bed structure corresponding to the transition from particulate to aggregative fluidization is analyzed by using the proposed algorithm from the measured instantaneous pressure fluctuation. Different hydrodynamic behaviors of the two flow regimes are interpreted on different scales. A new criterion is proposed for distinction between particulate and aggregative fluidization.

A short-term prediction method developed on the basis of the deterministic chaos theory is used to predict the time series of pressure fluctuations in a gas-liquid bubble column with a single orifice.The comparison between the prediction values and the experimental data of the time series of pressure fluctuations in different bubbling processes such as period bubbling,transition bubbling and chaotic bubbling is made.The agreement is satisfactory.In period bubbling,the prediction time is very long and the ability to predict is almost unlimited.However,in transition and chaotic bubbling,the prediction time becomes shorter and the prediction ability becomes limited.These results demonstrate the effectiveness of the chaotic forecasting method in the prediction of hydrodynamics in gas-liquid bubble columns.On the other hand,the results show that the chaotic prediction method can be used to identify chaos in a time series.The ability to predict successfully with this method can be the strongest test of whether or not low-dimensionality chaos is present.

Combining the unstable heat conduction in crystal layer with heat transfer of undeveloped slug flow in a vertical tube, a time-progression model of crystal layer growth in the bubble column crystallizer pipe is proposed, the calculation results from the numerical method agree well with the experimental data.Under certain operating conditions,the periodical arrival of gas plugs can cause crystallization and partial re-melting occur in the crystal-melt interface.

A residue carbon is used as a catalyst for the catalytic oxidation of SO 2 in a packed-bed reactor.The influences of reaction temperature,space velocity, and inlet SO 2 concentration on the elimination efficiency for SO 2 is also investigated.A new technique for SO 2 removal is developed in the study,that is SO 2 removal by a partially wetted bed with deactivated carbon regenerated first by multistage bubbling and subsequently by drying.Theoretical analysis and experimental results of low concentration SO 2 oxidation over activated carbon coupled with partial liquid phase vaporization are presented.A dynamic model has been first developed for this combination of reaction with vaporization of liquid in the packed bed.The model reveals the interactions among the exothermic reaction,endothermic vaporization and partial internal wetting of activated carbon pellets.Reliability of the model is confirmed by experiments.Secondly,the effects of the two different operation modes and the states of the wetted catalysts on SO 2 oxidation are compared.The results demonstrate that the method has increased SO 2 removal efficiency and sulfuric acid concentration.SO 2 removal can be almost 100%,the concentration of by-product sulfuric acid can be greatly enhanced to as high as 34%(wt).

Polyether is the raw material polyurethane.The technology of preparing wood flour polyether can reduce the cost of polyurethane.In this paper,the mechanism of wood flour polyether is studied.The rate of reaction is represented by the change of hydroxyl value with time,expressed as r = k(c 0-Δ HV ).Based on the experimental data,the relationship between c 0 and the concentration of wood flour in polyether as well as the temperature T is built.The rate constant k parameter of Arrehnius equation is determined,and the apparent activation energy is 8.04 kJ·mol -1 in the range of 356—389 K.At the same time,the mechanism and kinetic equation are tested by experiment too.

In this paper,based on the background of the research and development of disc-ring reactor which is used as final polycondensation in polyester industry, the power consumption of disc-ring reactor is investigated in three scale reactors with viscous fluid and viscoelastic fluid respectively. The effect of fluid elasticity on this reactors power consumption is obtained by comparing the power consumption of two fluids. Meanwhile the power consumption correlations of two fluids are given. The results show at: ①A grievous rod-crawling effect exists in this reactor with viscoelastic fluid and the effect depends on fluid elasticity, reactor diameter and rotational speed;②Power consumption is increased in elastic fluid and the degree of power increase depends on the diameter and structure of reactor, elasticity and rotational speed;③There is a critical value of elastic number and the effect of elasticity varies in different ranges of elastic number. These results can be used to calculate power consumption accurately for the design calculation of final polycondensation reactor.

The tars obtained from low-temperature carbonization of HDPE,PP,PPVC,and their mixtures with coal(with 5% plastics)were analyzed by GC-MS.The results show that the additions of HDPE and PP increase the yields of aliphatic hydrocarbons in tars.The remarkable increase of hydrocarbons and light compounds makes the tar be used as feedstocks for production of hydrogenated gasoline.The addition of PPVC enhances the yields of both aliphatic hydrocarbons and aromatic compounds.The physical and chemical synergism exists in the co-carbonization of plastics and coal and reduces the chance of secondary reaction,which increases tar yield and favours the formation of methyl-substituted aromatic compounds in tars.

To prepare the high impact polystyrene with good heat resistance, semi-continuous bulk copolymerization of N -phenylmaleimide (PMI) and styrene in the presence of polybutadiene(PB) was carried out in a 2 L stirred tank reactor with a double helical impeller. The effects of polymerization conditions on phase inversion and micro - structure of rubber phase were investigated. It was found that the higher the polymerization temperature and concentrations of PB, initiator and PMI, the earlier the phase inversion occurred, but with raised agitation rate in a later phase inversion. The effects of polymerization technology on the structure of rubber phase, such as particle size, subcontainings in rubber particles, indicate that raising agitation rate,polymerization temperature and the concentration of PB cause higher grafting ratio and larger rubber particles. An increase in the concentration of initiator,BPO,is favorable to raising the grafting ratio. However, an introduction of PMI reduces the value.

Monte Carlo simulation method is used to study the adsorption of AB diblock copolymers in a selective solvent at the solid-liquid interface. The adsorption isotherm and the quantities which manifest the microstructure of the adsorption layer, such as thickness of adsorption layer, bound fraction of adsorbed chains, surface coverage, segment concentration profile, etc., are obtained. The adsorption configuration size and distribution which indicate the configuration of adsorbed polymer are also obtained. The effects of repulsive interaction energy between solvent molecule or segment B and segment A, the content of segment A in AB diblock copolymer and bulk concentration on the various adsorption properties are studied.

The Process simulation software based on equation-oriented technique can only be used by experts but not by most engineers.The object-oriented modeling (OOM) method is the most effective means to tackle this problem. The current OOM technique has great limitations in the reuse and inheritance of built-in classes. One of the most essential reasons is that the process characteristics lacks general description of the process, which must be provided by a theory that gives chemical processes an overall knowledge. It was found that the theory of Field and Flow put forward by Chinese scholars gives chemical processes a systematic knowledge. Based on this theory, a new object-oriented modeling method was proposed. The foundation class library of chemical engineering process was built up with the abstraction of hierarchy of chemical processes, which includes the setups of Flow class, Field class, Space concept and supporting classes. This new modeling method was used in isothermal flash and non-equilibrium reactive distillation stage to test the validity and adaptability, and was proved effective. This method is rigorous in encapsulation of chemical objects and can be inherited to build new objects from foundation class conveniently. Also, this method can process easily the transition between macro and micro world for which other modeling methods cannot process. The field and flow based object-oriented modeling method paves the way for popular use of the equation-oriented method.

The interaction of magnetic colloidal particles includes the interaction of colloidal particles and the interaction of the moment of magnetism.The interaction of the moment of magnetism is regard as perturbation.According to the low density system of magnetic colloidal particles in water,a theoretic model is set up based on perturbation theory.The relations between internal energy,specific heat of magnetic colloidal particles system and temperature,density of colloidal particles are calculated.The calculated results are useful in explaining the magnetic memory effect.

Inverse suspension polymerization of acrylamide was carried out in benzene continuous phase using cellulose acetate as suspension stabilizer and ammonium persulfate as initiator.An ideal recipe was recommended for the preparation of monodispersed polyacrylamide particles of 150—297μm in diameter and 1.5—4.0 nm in polymer network pore size through experiments.The effects of initial monomer concentration,stabilizer concentration,initiator concentration and agitation rate on the diameter and diameter distribution of polymer particles were systematically studied.

A hydrodynamic model of liquid-solid circulating fluidized bed is proposed to predict the slip velocity between fluid and solid particles and bed voidage by applying the theory of two-phase flow.The slip velocity can be represented by the following equation.u s =u-v=(1-ε)(ρ p -ρ f )g+F p -(1-ε)F f /εβ/εExperiments were carried out by using water and ceramic spheres,1.43 and 3.06 mm in mean diameter in a circulating fluidized bed of 31 mm diameter and 1700 mm height.The voidage was from 0.96 to 1,and the ratio between superficial liquid velocity and particle terminal velocity varied from 1.22 to 10.1 in the experiments.The fluid-particle interphase drag coefficient in the model was correlated from experimental data as followsd p βρ f =0.1881(1-ε) 1.0089 UU t -0.8043 d p D t -0.3228 The predicted values by the model proposed agreed with the experimental data well.In the meantime,the variation of slip velocity with superficial liquid velocity,bed voidage and particle diameter was discussed.The results showed that the model in the paper can well predict the hydrodynamics of liquid-solid two-phase flow in circuiating fluidized bed.The model is suitable for liquid-solid circulating fluidized bed under high flow rate and low concentration and can be also used on each tube in liquid-solid circulating fluidized bed heat exchanger.

In this work,at a pressure of 2.0 MPa and room temperature,the effects of gas and liquid flowrates, liquid viscosity and operation pressure on the dynamic liquid holdup were investigated in a downward flow and upward flow fixed-bed reactor. With an air-water-solid packing system, experimental results show that the dynamic liquid holdup increased with an increases of liquid mass flowrates.It decreased with an increasing of gas volume flowrates and porosity of packed bed. It was also shown that there was no large effect on dynamic liquid holdup with an increase of liquid dynamic viscosity. The correlations of dynamic liquid holdup was also given under these two kinds of operation.

A new thermodynamic model derived from a Helmholtz energy function is established by considering the contribution of various particle interactions in the electrolyte solutions to calculate the solubility of gases in aqueous electrolytes. A good agreement between the experimental data and calculation results is obtained. Meanwhile, the results show that this model is superior to the MPT EOS under elevated pressure.

Under the presupposition of plug flow with dispersion, the partial differential equation (s.eq.3) for two-dimension (radial and axial) dispersion in a pulsed extraction column is deduced. Under the condition of pulse input of tracer at the center of the column, the mathematical solution for eq.3 is found and given in this paper, that is,the mathematical model for two-dimension dispersion (s.eq.4). This mathematical model corresponds to the measured experimental data (s. Fig.3). With the Marquardt method for minimization of sum of square of errors between model and experimental data, the radial dispersion coefficient and axial dispersion coefficient could be determined at the same time.

The influence of void fraction on dynamic characteristics of pressure drop fluctuation in the gas- liquid two-phase flow in a horizontal pipe is investigated in this paper. By analyzing the relationship between pressure drop and void fraction on the separated flow model, the effect of void fraction on the Mean-Square Deviation (MSD) of pressure drop fluctuation and the correlation between the parameter r (the ratio of MSD of pressure drop fluctuation to the pressure drop of gas-liquid flow) and the void fraction α are obtained. The value of r mainly depends on void fraction when the flow is full developed and under certain flow regime. Experiments are conducted in a horizontal air-water flow facility with a test section of inner diameter 40 mm. The distance between the upper tapping point and lower tapping point of pressure drop is 400 mm. The flow rate of air varies from 0 to 6 m 3·h -1 in accordance with need. Two different water flow rates are used during experiments: 0.37 kg·s -1 and 1.33 kg·s -1 . The pressure drop signal is measured by differential pressure transducer and sampled by computer with a sampling frequency of 200 Hz. The length of every signal sample is 60s and the sampling process was repeated 3 times under each test condition. Experiment results show that the MSD of pressure drop signal corresponds to void fraction in a monotonic relation under certain flow conditions. Two trends of correlation between the MSD of pressure drop fluctuation and void fraction under two different water flow rates are similar when void fraction is lower than 0.5.

The configuration-bias-vaporization Monte Carlo simulation method developed by Yan et al . has been used to simulate the phase equilibria of AB random copolymers based on the close-packed Flory-Huggins lattice model. Random copolymers are represented as linear chains consisted of r A segment A and r B segment B with segment-segment attractive interaction energy parameters ε AA / kT=-1.0/T *, ε AB / kT=-0.8/T * and ε BB / kT=-0.6/T *. The phase diagrams of random copolymers with a chain length up to 200 segments are obtained. The corresponding critical points for different chain lengths with fixed chain composition are also calculated.

The sorption equilibrium experiments were carried out for lactic acid, acetic acid and succinic acid monocomponent systems and lactic acid-acetic acid and lactic acid-succinic acid two-component systems. The effect of weakly basic resins (D301G, D301R), strongly basic resin (201×4 ) and porous resin (D4020) on sorption equilibrium was evaluated. The monocomponent sorption equilibrium was correlated with general equilibrium isotherm. The correlation results were in good agreement with experimental ones. Based on these isotherms and material balances, two-component competitive sorption isotherms could be successfully predicted by monocomponent equilibrium sorption isotherm parameters. The effect of pH on two-component equilibrium uptake was systematically investigated.

The microscopic observation of directional crystallization of transparent organic melt of mixed dichlorobenzene (DCB) is made to study the interface morphology of growing crystal, the pattern of crystal growth and the cause of impurity inclusion. The results of microscopic observation will provide great benefit to the theoretical and numerical studies of related directional crystallization process.

Fructose-1,6-diphosphate (FDP) is a naturally occurring allosteric effector which plays a direct role in important metabolic pathways other than glycolysis. In order to enhance the yield and producitivity of FDP, researchers have focused almost exclusively on enzyme amplification or other modifications of the pathway. Overproduction of FDP, however, requires significant redirection of flux distributions in the primary metabolic, but metabolic pathways of FDP have evolved to exhibit control architectures that resist flux alternations at branch points. This paper studies both under unperturbed condition and under several experimental perturbations at anaerobic glycolysis in Saccharomyces Cerevisiae whose cell permeability has been altered. The results showed that the branch points of glucose-6-phosphate (G6P), FDP and phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) are principal nodes and the PEP node is a rigidity node. After the metabolic pathway is regulated by chemical regulative factor, node rigidity of PEP is alleviated and the flux of FDP accumulation out of the cell increases to 41.9 from 16.1, The conversion of FDP to glucose and phosphate increases from 14.3% and 41.2% to 41.1% and 92.7%, respectively.

A new method of reusing discarded Cd/Ni battery is presented. The discarded Ca/Ni battery is crushed, heat treated and translated into salt solution. Then the Fe 2+ containing in it is oxidized into Fe 3+ which is removed by regulating the pH value of the solution. Thus a solution containing Ni 2+ and Cd 2+ is obtained. A mixture of Ni(OH) 2 and Cd(OH) 2 is prepared from the solution,and this mixture does not contain Fe and its compound which is confirmed by AES,XPS and EDX . According to the sealed principle and technique requirement of the sealed Ni/Cd battery, the mixture is added to the active materials of both positive and negative electrodes in it. The added material acts as anti-electrode one. The distribution of anti-electrode materials, utilization rate of the active materials, over discharge performance and capacities at a current of ICA and -18 ℃ of the batteries are measured.The results show that the distribution of antielectrode materials was uniform in the electrodes, and electrodes containing the mixture has the same performance as that of unadded reference ones. The distinguishing feature of this process for reusing discarded Cd/Ni battery is that it is not necessary to separate Ni 2+ and Cd 2+ in the mixed waste. Therefore, the process cost would be decreased.

Pd-Ag/ceramic composite membrane, which was prepared by improved electroless plating with osmosis , exhibited higher hydrogen flux,reaching 0.619 mol·s -1 ·m -2 (673 K,Δ p =0.196 MPa). The catalytic dehydrogenation of isobutane in the Pd-Ag/ceramic composite membrane reactor was studied. The effects of various operating parameters,such as reaction temperature, linear velocity of feed gas, linear velocity of purge gas, molar ratio of nitrogen to isobutane in feed gas, and pressure of feed gas on conversion of isobutane were investigated. It was observed that the conversion of isobutane (50.5% at 723 K) in the membrane reactor exceeded the equilibrium conversion (18.8% at 723 K) and that in the fixed-bed reactor (15.5% at 723 K). From experimental results for dehydrogenation of isobutane in the membrane reactor, it was found that when a certain partial pressure of hydrogen was maintained in the reaction-side of the reactor, the formation of accumulative carbon overlayers on the surface of dehydrogenation catalyst and membrane was inhibited to some extent, which reduced the deactivation rate of catalyst and membrane.