A cascade of spherical reactors can be used in the large scale methanol synthesis process under low pressure, because of simplicity of manufacture and flexibility of operation, where one methanol synthesis converter is divided into several reactors in series. The one -dimensional heterogeneous model of the spherical reactors is presented, which describes the distribution of gaseous compositions and temperatures in the gas bulk and on the external surface of the catalyst particle. The effectiveness factors of the parallel hydrogenation reactions of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide to methanol over Cu - based catalyst were calculated by the orthogonal collocation method. The volume of the spherical fixed bed and the optimal operating conditions were found out by the Powell optimization method.

To avoid the effect of the thermal sensitivity of Fischer -Tropsch catalyst(Fe -Cu -K) on the correlation of intrinsic kinetic data, the kinetic experiments are carried out over a passivated catalyst. A kinetic expression is obtained by using lumping method. Then, the final kinetic expression for fresh catalyst is obtained by modifying the k0 preexponential factor,in comparison with the fresh catalyst experiments.

An adaptive observer and nonlinear feedback control strategy with constraints on control action are developed by using supervisor learning rule of adaptive neuron and the theory of functional -link networks. The convergence of adaptive observer and the stability of control system are proven. They are applied to the control of an exothermic stirred -tank reactor. It is shown that an adaptive observer for concentration can be constructed for a reaction system when only temperature measurements are on line available. An adaptive observer is used to identify the pre- exponential Arrhenius constant and to provide on- line estimation of the unmeasured reactant concentration for a nonlinear state - feedback controller. Simulations show that the combined observer/controller provides satisfactory closed - loop behavior, fast responses and strong robustness. Estimated and actual concentration are in good agreement. Nonlinear feedback controller can provide effective feedback control over a wide range of operating conditions.

Ten 1 - phenylazonaphthalene dyes were synthesized, and their 1H,13C NMR spectra were recorded with emphasis on the criteria of azo and hydrazone tautomers on 1H,13 C NMR spectra. The electron effect and stereohindrance of substituents on the naphthalene ring, as well as the solvent effect on azo - hydrazone tautomerism were discussed.

The Clegg - Pitzer equations with some simplifications are used to correlate the vapor - liquid equilibrium data for the CO2 - MDEA - H2O and CO2 - MEA - H2O systems. The interaction parameters determined from the data for binary .ternary systems can be used to predict the quaternary systems without any additional parameters. The model is applied to the CO2 - MDEA - MEA - H2O system containing three neutral solvents (MDEA,MEA and H2O) and four ionic species (MDEAH+, MEAH+, HCO3- and RNHCOO-) with four chemical equilibria simultaneously involved.

Thermodynamic analysis on bubble nucleation in the process of depressurization of gas saturated water has shown that the higher the dissolved gas pressure,the smaller bubbles obtained. On the basis of Kolmogoroffs isotropic theory, the stable condition of bubble existing in a turbulent flow was obtained. Experiments were carried out on the influence of operating parameters on the bubble size and distribution. It was found that the bubbles followed Gamma distribution and experimental results were in good agreement with theoretical predictions.

Concepts of "the three criticals and the two optimums", i. e the critical operating pressure ratio (R-), selectivity coefficient (α-) and feed concentration (x1-) ,and the optimum operating pressure ratio and selectivity coefficient are first proposed. And through calculation, analysis and optimization in the range of x1≥0.4, R≤100 and α≤100, a general regression equation is obtained and shown as followsR-=2+B/(α-+A)where parameters A and B are related to x1- only, and the regression equations of xf- and A B are also obtained respectively. Moreover the following regression equations are obtained in the range of R≤1000and α≤1000R-=2+2. 15205/(α-)1.000568+2.07563 for xf-=0.95R-=2+6.2727/(α-)0.960+3.8307 for xf-=0.50

A feasible Laser Doppler Velocimetry technique based on Amplitude Discrimmation has been used to determine the local gas and solids velocity simultaneously, which can lead to the local slip velocity between the gas and solids in a cocurrent downflow circulating fluidized bed (CDCFB).The experimental and analytical results show that the highest local slip velocity is many times greater than the slip velocity of single particle, and the pole position of the slip velocity profile is in correspondence with that of the particle concentration. It is suggested that there should be obvious particle aggregation phenomenon in CDCFB as well as in a riser.

The paper presents a study on NHF - Ⅱ air centrifugal rotor superfine powder classifier newly developed. The classifier efficiency at different rotor speeds and exhaust capacity was studied. The classifier can be used for classifying powders of micron or submicron size.

The process of Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) coating was investigated in the rotating reactor. Base on this ,TiO2 was coated on A12O3 particles by using hydrolysis reaction of Ti(OC4H9)4, and the mechanism of the coating process was studied. The results indicated that : (1) The coating film of TiO2 on A12O3 was compactness and uniform, and the coating quantity of TiO2 was about 0. 1%-10%; (2) The coated TiO2 was amorophous at low reaction temperature and was anatase at reaction temperature higher than 673K, the amorophous TiO2 could be translated to anatase by high temperature heat treatment; (3) Nucleation and film formation co - existed in the coating process, and nucleation could be promoted by controlling the concentration of reactant.

The intrinsic kinetics of methanol synthesis in the gas - liquid - solid phase process , starting from carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and hydrogen over a copper - based catalyst suspended in paraffin as the liquid medium, were studied in a well - mixed, agitated slurry reactor at T = 210-250℃ and p= 3-8 MPa. The results obtained show that methanol can be formed from both carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide hydrogenation reactions. Based on these two reactions a dual -site Langmuir -Hinshelwood mechanism was proposed, and 6 kinetic rate models were derived. After parameter estimation and model discrimination, a final model which gave a good agreement with the experimental results was obtained. The average relative deviations between experimental and calculated conversion rates are 3. 69% and 3. 92% for CO and CO2 respectively.

Based on a new mechanismic model proposed by the authors recently which accounts for the heat transfer modes of conduction, convection and radiation in fluidized beds, a quantitative analysis of characteristic regions of heat transfer is presented in this paper. A new scheme of heat transfer regions is shown with the Archimedes number representing the fluidizing property of particles and Planck number reflecting the relative importance of conduction and radiation. Nine characteristic regions are defined,according to the change of dominant heat transfer modes, which are useful in the optimum design and normal operation of fluidized bed equipment.

The relation of swelling capacity of polyacrylamide (PAM) on time in the solvents of different water - methanol proportionality of volume at room temperature was discussed. The relation of swelling capacity for cation polyacrylamide (APAM) and amphoteric polyacrylamide (AHPAM) on its aminating rate in 40℃ water -methanol solvents of different proportionality of volume was studied. Swelling capacity is balanced by water -methanol solvents of different proportionality of volume in a short period. If water -methanol proportionality of aminating rate is increased,the swelling capacity will be increased. At APAM aminating rate 30%-40% and AHPAM aminating rate 28%-85%, more phenomena of polymer particles were discovered.Non - homogeneous phase Mannich reaction kinetics of PAM or HPAM show that the swelling capacity of APAM or HPAM vary with water - methanol proportionality and aminating rate. If water -methanol proportionality is larger, the aminating rate will be larger under the same condition. For products of larger aminating rates,PAM or HPAM at the early reaction periods should be aminated in solvents of larger water -methanol proportionality, that at the late reaction periods should be aminated in solvents of smaller water - methanol proportionality, The largest aminating rate was 40% and 35% in these experiments.

The morphology of zinc -neutralized sulfonated EPDM (Zn-SEPDM) plasticized with low molecular weight unsaturated polyester (GR) was studied through DSC,XPS, SAXS.DMA and TEM. The results show that GR can coordinate with Zn2+,weaken the interaction between ions, lower the 7g of Zn - SEPDM. Besides, GR can also induce Zn -SEPDM crystallization and improve its mechanical property.

Similitude theory is used in the research of composite electrodeposition in this paper for the first time. Considering simultaneously the effect of factors of hydrodynamics and electrochemistry,a model describing composite electrodeposition process of solid particle with metal is established. For the composite electrodeposition process of SiC particles with Cu in acidic copper sulfate solution, values of parameters in the correlation equation established are obtained through experiment. Prediction of the codeposition amount of SiC particle in Cu -SiC composite coating is made by using the correlation equation. It is found from the results that the prediction value is close to the experimental value with deviation not larger than 6%.

Vapor - liquid equilibrium data for the binary system methanol - water at four temperatures between 353. 15 and 403. 15 K,and pressure between 64 and 815 kPa were measured by using a static apparatus. The equilibrium data were correlated with Margules, NRTL, Van Laar, Wilson and UNIQUAC liquid activity coefficient models by using the Powell parameter estimation method for nonideal vapor phase behavoir. The best fits for the system were obtained in the same order in which the models are mentioned above, the deviations being not significantly different from one model to the other.

The affinity adsorption equilibrium was studied by using a three parameter adsorption equilibrium model. The model took account of the influence of heterogeneous adsor-bate - ligand binding affinity on the adsorption equilibrium.

Fluid flow,heat transfer and reaction during filling in a rectangular thin cavity for RIM process is numerically simulated. Fountain flow behavior in the flow front region is considered in the mathematical model, where moving coordinates and grids slicking on the flow front are adopted to simplify the calculation procedure. The predicted numerical results coincide well with the experimental data from Castro and Macosko. Some useful conclusions are obtained from numerical study.

Heat transfer enhancement of three types of tubular oil cooler ,transversally finned tube bundle supported with segmental baffles, petal - form fin tube bundle supported with segmental baffles and with nests constructed with wave form long holes has been experimentally investigated. The results of evaluation of heat transfer performance of these oil coolers show that petal - form fin tubes can enhance heat transfer more effectively than transversally finned tubes and longitudinal flow in shell side with nest supports is better than cross flow with segmental baffle supports.

Taking the industrial alcohol as a medium and the T - shaped fin tube as a heat transfer element, an experimental study on pool boiling heat transfer of single tube and small tube bundle have been done. The experimental results have show that the T -shaped fin tube is very effective for enhancement of pool boiling. Its boiling heat transfer coeffecient is 2-5 times of plain tube within the range of experimental heat flux. The relatve location of T -shaped tube has only a very small influence on boiling performance. The hysterisis phenomina of boiling of T -shaped tube have not been observed regardess of single tube or tube bundle within experimental heat flux. The carbon steel T -shaped fin tube and its correlation from experimental data regression with a wider application range and accuracy within ±25% have been succesfully used for butane reboiler of depropanizer.

In the paper, a kinetics -based mathematical model of the industrial fixed bed reactor for propylene hydration to isopropanol is established from material balance and heat balance. The reduced on - line mathematical models are made through the use of statistical analysis experimental design and system identification. The simulation and the field test results show that the models are in excellent agreement with the industrial process.