The solid-liquid equilibrium data for a ternary system of 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (3) + 3-bromo-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (2) + 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (1) were determined with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).The data were obtained through the method of determining the solid-liquid equilibrium data for the pseudo-binary solution.The solid-liquid equilibrium data of the ternary system showed that the mixture was a eutectic system with mole fractions x_l=0.2445, x₂=0.3883, x₃ =0.3672, and T_eu=338.5 K.The corresponding eutectic type phase diagram was also presented.The data were correlated by the Ott’s equation.With interaction parameters from binary systems，the Wilson equation was extended to correlate the solid-liquid equilibrium data of the ternary system and the root mean square deviation of temperature was only 0.97 K.It demonstrates that the Wilson equation predicts the solid-liquid equilibrium for the ternary system with fair accuracy.

The physical process of LPG（liquefied petroleum gas）flow dispersion in porous media for the releases at vapor and liquid regions of LPG UST（underground storage tank）was analyzed.On the basis of the mixture model principle，a mathematical model was developed to describe the heat and mass transfer of LPG in porous environment.A series of factors including the LPG phase state，gravity，capillary force，viscous force，gas-liquid interaction and interior resistance of porous media were considered in this model.Based on the Forchheimer equation，the non-Darcy flow equation of the multiphase mixture was presented.The relationship of non-Darcy coefficient and Reynolds number was considered，which could describe the transition of LPG flow in unsaturated porous media from multiphase non-Darcy flow to Darcy flow and extend the scope of model application.Based on the insolubility of LPG in water，the formulation of LPG volumetric concentration was deduced.The model could lead to a good understanding of flow development and impact on environment of LPG in unsaturated porous media and would be a good guidance for site selection，regional planning，and forecasting and prevention of LPG UST accidents.

A numerical investigation was carried out to simulate migration of gas and liquid phase LPG（liquefied petroleum gas）in sand pond with different water contents by the developed multiphase mixture flow model in part（Ⅰ）.The three-dimensional propane saturation distribution and non-Darcy flow region in sand were visualized.The variation processes of propane average mass flow rate of outlet with time as propane gas and liquefied propane releases were analyzed，and the general rule of LPG outflow through porous media was obtained.The simulation results showed that LPG infiltration direction was affected significantly by gravity and the position of outlet;pressure drive was crucial for LPG infiltration;the flow about release site and outlet was more active where the non-Darcy effect was obvious.The model was verified by an experiment of LPG vapor infiltration diffusion，and the verification results testified the reliability of the model and numerical modeling.

The effects of Reynolds number，liquid head，orifice diameter and plate thickness on the flow characteristics of vertical sharp-edged orifice discharge were investigated experimentally.According to the distinct profiles of orifice discharge coefficient，it was found that the orifice discharge followed two mechanisms of “small orifice” and “large orifice”，and the orifice coefficients were analyzed regionally.The dissipation of mechanical energy in the orifice flow process with respect to “small orifice” and “large orifice” and the energy loss in different operating regimes were discussed on the basis of the boundary layer theory.

An experimental investigation was performed on the single-phase flow and heat transfer characteristics through silicon-based trapezoidal microchannels with a hydraulic diameter of 194.5 μm using deionized (DI) water and γ-Al₂O₃ nanofluids of volume fractions 0.15 % and 0.26% respectively.The effects of Reynolds number, Prandtl number and nanoparticle concentration on the convective heat transfer characteristics were investigated.The results showed that the pressure drop and flow resistance for nanofluids and DI water were approximately the same, but the Nusselt number of nanofluids increased considerably as compared with that of DI water.With the same pumping power, using nanofluids instead of DI water caused the reduction in thermal resistance.It was also found that Nusselt number increased with the increase in nanoparticle concentration, and the heat transfer enhancement was more obvious at the higher bulk temperature of nanofluids.Based on the experimental data, a dimensionless correlation of Nusselt number was proposed.The results presented in this paper help to guide the design of high efficiency integrated chip cooling system.

A simple but effective hybrid ejector model was developed.First a fundamental model for calculating entrainment ratio was derived based on thermodynamic and fluid dynamic principles.Then a 2D velocity function was used to approximate the velocity distribution of entrained flow to simplify the fundamental equation.Based on numerical studies and the lumped-parameter method, the hybrid ejector model was finally established.Compared with the existing models, the developed model was very simple, consisting of only one equation and three constant parameters.Therefore the model can be used in real time control and optimization of ejector systems.Furthermore, the procedure for identifying the parameters was presented.In the end, an ejector refrigeration system with refrigerant R141B was investigated.The results of the experimental validation showed that the proposed model could accurately predict the ejector performance.

Based on the method of superposition for radiant exchange area，scattering thermal density was defined and matrix equations were obtained for the analysis of radiant exchange areas in isotropic scattering media.The individual matrix equations and total matrix equations of total radiant exchange areas were derived for the case of a uniform grey absorbing-emitting/isotropically-scattering medium confined in an enclosure.The result was identical with that obtained with the Noble’s method.The radiant exchange areas were calculated by considering the scattering property of the medium.Because the approach was simple，with physical significance and high calculation accuracy，it could be useful in simulating radiant heat exchange accurately in isotropically-scattering media.

By changing pipe diameter, temperature, solid particle size and concentration, slip flow behavior of coal-water slurries in pipelines was investigated on a pilot scale flow facility.A procedure combining the traditional Mooney slip-correction method with numerical technique based on Tikhonov regularization was used to determine wall-slip behavior.The results suggested that when temperature and solid particle size increased, critical shear stress decreased and slip velocity increased significantly.At a high concentration, there were larger critical shear stress and higher wall shear stress needed to yield the same slip velocity than low concentration slurry.Increasing temperature at a higher concentration resulted in rapid decrease in critical shear stress and yield stress.Slippage contribution depended mainly on the difference between yield stress and critical shear stress at low wall shear stress, and on both wall-slip velocity and rheological behavior of bulk slurry at high wall shear stress.

A finite volume formulation based on the 3D Chimera grid generation techniques was applied to numerical investigation of the small Reynolds number（9—50）local flows in fixed-bed reactors that were randomly packed with spheres.Due to the inhomogeneous distribution of porosity in the randomly packed fixed-beds，flow fields in fixed-beds are usually rather inhomogeneous.The present study investigated two different packed-bed configurations，which contained 120 and 500 spheres with diameter ratios（reactor diameter to sphere diameter） of 7 and 10.To achieve the resource-consuming computations，PVM-based distributed parallel computations were applied on a cluster parallel system.The numerical simulation results provided rather detailed information of the local flow fields in the fixed-beds and showed that there existed，in both of the fixed-beds，strong flow inhomogeneity，wall effects and channeling flows.

The formation of bubbles generated in a bubble column with 190 mm I.D.from large orifices at high gas velocity was studied for air-deionized water system.The experiments were made with orifice diameters varying from 4 mm to 21 mm and hole gas velocity in the range of 0.8—154.8 m·s^-1.The bubble shape and bubble size were recorded by CCD camera，critical hole gas velocity for bubble deformation was derived from the transition of aspect ratio of bubbles.The results showed that bubbles were spherical when hole gas velocity was lower than 20 m·s^-1.When hole gas velocity was higher than 50 m·s^-1，the shape of bubbles changed to elliptical.A correlation equation was established for bubble size as a function of hole gas velocity and orifice diameter，and the equation predicted the bubble size well for orifice diameter larger than 3 mm and hole gas velocity from 10 m·s^-1 to 80 m·s^-1 in air-deionized water system.

Dimethyl ether（DME） conversion with dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma and rotary corona discharge (RCD) plasma was investigated.The obvious differences in reaction results were found.From the point view of product distribution, conversion of dimethyl ether and energy consumption, with RCD plasma DME conversion was higher and was hardly affected by the residence time of dimethyl ether, and hydrogen, carbon monoxide and unsaturated hydrocarbons with RCD plasma were more than those with DBD plasma.There was no liquid product with RCD plasma, but the liquid product obtained with DBD plasma consisted of aldehydes, alcohols and methoxy-containing organic compounds, for instance, formaldehyde, methyl alcohol, dimethoxy ethane and so on.Moreover, most compositions of liquid product were methoxy-containing compounds, and the liquid product selectivity was as high as 32.23%.However, energy consumption for the reaction with DBD plasma was more than that with RCD plasma.RCD plasma could obtain stronger pulses of voltage and current which were attributed to convergence of energy for discharge.

The intrinsic kinetics experiments were conducted at different temperatures, different gas flow rates, different steam/gas ratios and different gas components over LB energy-saving high temperature shift catalyst.This is necessary for industrial application, process optimization and fundamental chemistry research of LB catalyst.The kinetics data were fitted with formate mechanism and power-law models, and the parameters in the models were estimated.Statistical examination showed that the two models were highly acceptable and creditable.Based on the kinetics results, the industrial measurement of LB catalyst used in a large-scale ammonia-synthesis plant was performed.With one-dimension heterogeneous diffusion-reaction model of isothermal spherical catalyst for multicomponent single reaction, the industrial reactor was simulated by using the configuration method and Merson method.The simulated distributions of bed temperature, intraparticle diffusion efficiency factor, CO content and shift ratio with respect to catalyst bed height were obtained, and the distributions agreed with those of industrial measurements.

Hydrolysis of cyclohexanone oxime promoted by β-cyclodextrin is helpful for protection and deprotection of groups in organic synthesis, thus leading to environment protection.β-Cyclodextrin was used as a catalyst for the hydrolysis of cyclohexanone oxime, since it could activate the substrate and promote its solubility.Various factors including catalyst, reaction temperature, amount of β-cyclodextrin, amount and variety of acid were investigated.β-Cyclodextrin could significantly promote the hydrolysis by interacting with acid, the yield of cyclohexanone was increased from 73% up to 92% by adding β-cyclodextrin at 60℃.Besides, the variety and amount of acids greatly influenced the reaction.Strong acids were much superior to weak acids for the present deprotection reaction.

The photocatalysts of perovskite type sulfate modified titanium-bearing blast furnace slag were prepared by the high energy ball milling method.With the aid of FT-IR, the photocatalysis mechanism of sulfate modified titanium-bearing blast furnace slag was discussed.The effect of different acidities and acidic media on the photocatalytic reduction of Cr (Ⅵ) by sulfate modified titanium-bearing blast furnace slag was investigated.The results showed that acidity and acidic medium affected the photocatalytic reduction efficiency of Cr (Ⅵ) in aqueous solution.Under strong acid condition (pH=1.5), the photocatalytic reduction efficiency of Cr (Ⅵ) reached a maximum.With increasing pH of the solution, the photocatalytic reduction efficiency of Cr (Ⅵ) decreased obviously. The order of the stimulative effect of different acidic media was PO₄^3-＜NO₃^-＜Cl^-＜SO₄^2-;after photocatalytic reduction of Cr (Ⅵ) in aqueous solution after 8 h, the maximum photocatalytic reduction efficiency of Cr (Ⅵ) was 9.32％，48.73%，100％ and 100％ for PO₄^3-, NO₃^-, Cl^- and SO₄^2-, respectively.Based on the research results, effectively keeping the acidity of solution and selecting a suitable acidic medium in the photocatalytic reduction of Cr (Ⅵ) process can further enhance the photocatalytic activities of sulfate modified titanium-bearing blast furnace slag photocatalysts.

Thermal decomposition and non-isothermal kinetic evaluation of magnesium chloride hexammoniate (MgCl₂·6NH₃) were studied with thermogravimetric analysis (TGA).The decomposition mechanism of MgCl₂·6NH₃ was investigated at five heating rates of 4, 7, 10, 13 and 16 K·min^-1 with an air flow of 50 ml·min^-1.The results showed that the thermal decomposition of MgCl₂·6NH₃ was divided into three stages.A globally optimized iterative iso-conversion method was proposed to calculate the activation energy of thermal decomposition.The calculated activation energies of MgCl₂·6NH₃ at each thermal decomposition stage were 51.38, 64.70 and 73.55 kJ·mol^-1 respectively.The most probable decomposition mechanism functions and pre-exponential factors corresponding to each stage of thermal decomposition of MgCl₂·6NH₃ were derived.The thermal decomposition of MgCl₂·6NH₃ at the first stage belonged to the phase boundary reaction (n=1/4), and the corresponding pre-exponential factor (A) was 3.281×10⁵ s^-1 .The thermal decomposition mechanism of MgCl₂·6NH₃ at the second stage belonged to the nucleation and growth mechanism (n=1.8), and A was 5.624×10⁶ s^-1.The thermal decomposition mechanism of MgCl₂·6NH₃ at the third stage belonged to the chemical reaction mechanism (n=1.5), and A was 5.862×10⁵ s^-1.

13% Acetic hydroperoxide was investigated by accelerating rate calorimeter (ARC).From ARC test, the initial exothermic temperature was 45.25℃, the maximum pressure was 1.31 MPa, and the maximum self-heating rate temperature was 113.10℃.The measured results indicated that the acetic hydroperoxide was easy to decompose and had obvious explosive hazard.In the end, the paper discusses related prevention measures, such as cooling and reasonable relief method, to avoid hazard.

The effect of changes in zeta potential on the flocculation of Klebsiella suspensions over the pH range from 4 to 9 was studied by using polyacrylamide（PAM）as flocculating agents.The results indicated that the zeta potential of Klebsiella cells depended on isoelectrical point，and was positive below pH 2.2 and negative in the pH range 4—9.In addition，the zeta potentials of non-ionic polyacrylamide（nPAM）and anionic polyacrylamide（aPAM）were negative as the pH varied in all cases，which led to electrostatic repulsion between negatively charged polymer and negatively charged Klebsiella surface.However，cationic polyacrylamide（cPAM）was strongly pH dependent，and the zeta potential of cPAM varied from positive to negative values with isoelectrical point at pH 8.From flocculation tests，it was seen that cPAM showed good flocculation separation of Klebsiella cells with flocculation ratio(FR) of 94.5% at pH 7.The superior performance of cPAM in comparison with aPAM and nPAM could be attributed to the charge-neutralization with Klebsiella cells.Through the comparison among complexation flocculation of PAM and aluminium sulphate，when aluminium sulphate was present，it was seen that the FR of nPAM was considerably greater than the case when no electrolyte was present with the maximum FR 95.1% occurring at pH 4.The results demonstrated that the flocculating role of charge neutralization gave priority over polymer bridging and this was crucial to optimizing flocculants and flocculating process of Klebsiella suspensions.

A series of Zn-Al hydrotalcite-like compounds (HTALs) were synthesized by the coprecipitation method, and the factors affecting their phosphate adsorption capacity were investigated.The results showed that the highest phosphate adsorption up to 72.46 mg P·g^-1 in sludge filtrate of a sewage work by Zn-Al HTALs was obtained when the adsorbent was prepared at 70℃ using NaOH solution as the coprecipitant, aged for 6 h and calcined at 300℃ for 4 h.The fitness of kinetic models for phosphate adsorption on Zn-Al-300 followed the order of pseudo second-order equation> Elovich equation >the pseudo first-order equation.In addition, the adsorption isotherm was shown as the Langmuir-type.

The adsorption behavior of water on ZSM-5 was simulated by using the grand canonical ensemble Monte Carlo (GCEMC) method.The geometric structure and properties of ZSM-5 were first analysed by the Connolly surface methods and Solvent surface methods.Simulation results showed that Connolly free volume and the volume of water molecular inaccessible in zeolite gradually decreased with decreasing zeolite ratio n_Si/n_Al.ZSM-5 zeolite was strongly hydrophobic under low pressure conditions, and its adsorption capacity would increase with increasing pressure.Desorption curves had a certain lag, and this proved the existence of capillary rally phenomenon.The adsorption capacity of ZSM-5 zeolite exchanged by K⁺, Na⁺, Ca²⁺ had a significant change, and increased with increasing aperture size.The adsorption capacity of zeolite increased with Si atoms replaced by Ti atoms in zeolite matrix, while it would decrease with increasing number of Al atoms replaced by Ti atoms.At the same adsorption capacity, the absorption heat reduced with increasing n_Si/n_Al ratio or aperture size.

An ultrasonic extraction technology of preparing catalpol from Radix Rehmanniae was optimized by a uniform experimental design.The optimum conditions for ultrasonic extraction were thus established: 68% (vol) ethanol aqueous solution as extraction solvent, the volume(ml) to mass(g) ratio of extraction solvent to feed of 5∶1, the ultrasonic treatment time of 36 min.The crude catalpol obtained from the optimized ultrasonic extraction technology was further purified by selective adsorption with macroporous resin.The adsorption capacities and desorption yields of ten kinds of macroporous resins for catalpol were investigated.The results showed that H103 resin possessed the best performance.The properties of dynamic adsorption and desorption of H103 resin for catalpol were subsequently investigated on adsorption column.The optimum conditions for adsorption and desorption were determined.The concentration of catalpol in the loaded sample solution was 6.15 mg·ml^-1, the flow rate was 1.0 ml·min^-1, the volumetric percentage of ethanol in the eluting solvent was 75%，the elution flow rate was 0.5 ml·min^-1 and the elution volume was 3.33 BV(bed volume).Under the above conditions, the purity of catalpol product eluted from the column packed with H103 resin reached 62.39% while that of the crude catalpol was only 10.01%.

A decision supportive tool “map of decision network for eco-industry”(MDNEI) was presented to structure and integrate the decision problem according to the needs of decision makers.The process of applying the tool was discussed.A MDNEI application based on the eco-industrial development plan of a natural gas chemical company was presented as a case study.The paper shows how the company decision-makers and the consultants brought forward the initial solutions and made choices, and corresponding MDNEI generating and shearing processes.The final solution was obtained based on three kinds of decision processes, directly qualitative judgment, synthetically quantitative judgment and structural inference.

The effect of different oxygen supply levels by controlling flask capacity on the performance of producing L-arginine using Corynebacterium crenatum SYPA5-5 was investigated in the batch fermentation process.The analysis of fermentation kinetic models and metabolic flux indicated that the hexose monophosphate (HMP) pathway was much more active to produce nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) for bacterial growth at a high oxygen supply level.L-arginine production was also enhanced at a high oxygen supply level because of high glucose consumption.On the other hand, there was more metabolic flux from α-KG to Glu, the precursor of Arg.

The resistance distribution and fouling mechanism of kaolin dynamic membrane in treating wastewater were studied.Based on flux measurement and calculation, the ratio and change of diversified resistances under different operation conditions were made clear, the resistance of dynamic membrane was controlled by in-pore blockage and fouling layer on the dynamic membrane.The total resistance and the ratio of diversified resistances changed with the increase of cross-flow velocity.The classical theory about membrane pollution was used to analyze fouling mechanism of the dynamic membrane,and the following conclusions were reached that particles clogged pores or bridged the pore entrances in the first 10 minutes of filtration, then particles were brought up to the surface, and deposited on the surface of the dynamic membrane.The filtrate flux fitted the cake filtration model when cross-flow velocity was small.Moderately high velocity was advantageous for reducing filtration resistance.

The factors influencing ammonia removal of biological activated filter (BAF) and the mechanisms were discussed on pilot-scale basis by using modified settling tank effluent.The results showed that the organic content of influent and filter media size influenced ammonia removal of BAF significantly.When using the effluent of settling tank as the influent of BAF, the ammonia removal percentage of BAF-1 (filter media size range of carbon 0.8—1.2 mm) reached 97%;as 2 mg·L^-1 of peptone, 2 mg·L^-1 of beef extract and 2 mg·L^-1 of glucose were added to the influent, only 51.0% of influent ammonia was removed due to the competition of heterotrophic bacteria for oxygen and space.On the other hand, the ammonia removal efficiency of BAF-1 was 1.5%～16.7% higher than that of BAF-2 (filter media size range of carbon 1.0—2.0 mm).Almost complete ammonia removal was achieved by BAF-1 when influent ammonia concentration was less than 1.60 mg·L^-1.As influent ammonia concentration increased gradually, the ammonia removal performance decreased because of the lack of dissolved oxygen.The ammonia removal of BAF-1 was enhanced as pre-aeration for the influent was performed.The influence of filter flow rate for ammonia removal was negligible.Backwashing was beneficial to ammonia removal of BAF-1 in this study.

Due to the complex structure of char particle, most of researchers can only describe particles qualitatively or in a specific aspect.Fractal theory is a powerful tool to describe complex phenomena comprehensively and precisely.In this paper, a new method which is based on fractal BET model with the help of non-linear least square is introduced to calculate fractal dimension.Multilayer adsorption theory was combined with the corrected Kelvin equation to analyze nitrogen adsorption/desorption data to get the fractal dimension which represented whole pore characteristics of the measurement range.Meanwhile, this method regressed the layers during the adsorption process.The analysis result showed that not only calculated fractal dimension could represent particle pore network satisfactorily but also calculated adsorption layers could be explained by the multilayer adsorption theory.This method has both satisfying mathematical result and physical significance.This method was used to calculate the fractal dimension of rice husk char particles prepared by high speed pyrolysis.

The carbonation reaction characteristics of potassium-based sorbent was investigated with thermogravimetric apparatus（TGA），X-ray diffraction（XRD），scanning electron microscopy analysis（SEM）and N₂ adsorption method.The results showed that the carbonation rate of analytical reagent（AR）K₂CO₃ was rather slow with its composition of K₂CO₃·1.5H₂O.The carbonation rate of the K₂CO₃ sample without crystal water was also slow，because K₂CO₃ could react quickly with H₂O from atmosphere to produce K₂CO₃·1.5H₂O.However，the conversion rate of the sample reached 85% within 20 minutes，when K₂CO₃ was provided by decomposition of KHCO₃.The sample still kept high activity after several cycles.The different reaction behavior of these samples were analyzed from the microscopic view.And the reaction mechanisms of these samples were discussed.Also the empirical equations of the reaction rates and the kinetic parameter were obtained by the thermal analysis method.The present work has provided the data base for the technology of dry potassium-based sorbent capturing of CO₂.

On the basis of summarizing the researches on indigenous microbial enhanced oil recovery at home and abroad, four activating nutrients were used to activate the indigenous microorganisms selectively.The total number of all bacteria, the numbers of beneficial bacteria and harmful bacteria and the surface tension of Zhan 3 injection water after activation were tested.Then, the physical simulation experiments of indigenous microbial flooding were performed.The results showed that these four activating nutrients could activate the beneficial bacteria successfully;meanwhile, the harmful bacteria SRB were restrained to some degree.Pressure and porous media could influence the growth of microorganisms, especially porous media.KNO₃ was better than NH₄NO₃ in the effect of activation and enhancement of oil recovery.With increasing content of nitrate from 0.1 % to 0.2 %, the change of activation effect was very little.Core flooding experiments indicated that the indigenous microorganisms could improve residual oil recovery by above 6 % after water flooding.

In order to overcome the difficulty in choosing the right type of resin from numerous resins available for treating wastewater containing high concentration ammonia，three cation exchange resins：001×7，D61 and D001 were studied based on ion exchange theory.The ammonia adsorption isotherms of the simulated wastewater（concentration of ammonia 915 mg·L^-1）in a fertilizer plant were investigated.Ammonium ion uptake equilibrium on three resins was reached within 30—50 minutes，and all adsorption isotherms were in line with the Freundlich adsorption model.The selectivity factor，practical exchange capacity and ion exchange rate of ammonium ion uptake on these resins were also investigated.D61 resin was the best resin for treating wastewater containing high concentration ammonia.This resin could guarantee effluent water meeting the demand of water quality in《Discharge standard of water pollutants for ammonia industry》（GB 13458—2001）with less resin quantity.

The biodegradation performance of a novel photosynthetic bacterial biofilm reactor for hydrogen production using glucose as the sole carbon source during the start-up stage and steady operation stage was investigated experimentally.The effects of operation parameters，such as light intensity，light wave length，inlet substrate concentration，temperature and pH of the substrate medium on the biodegradation efficiency of the photosynthesis hydrogen production biofilm reactor were studied respectively.The experimental results showed that the glucose elimination capacity of the bioreactor increased rapidly in the biofilm formation stage，then fluctuated in the growth stage，and finally kept almost constant in the stabilization stage.The biodegradation efficiency of the photosynthesis hydrogen production biofilm reactor increased with the increase in light intensity，inlet substrate concentration，temperature and pH till the biodegradation efficiency reached a maximum value.Then the biodegradation efficiency decreased with the increase in these parameters.In addition，light wave length had significant influence on the biodegradation efficiency.

The mass production and wide usage of surfactants and aromatic compounds disturb seriously the natural ecosystem of physical, chemical and biological processes.The study on the mechanisms of joint toxicity can indicate the characterization of real environmental behavior and assessment of joint ecological effect.The toxicity to Photobacterium phosphoreum of different mixture systems of cationic surfactant of dodecyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (DDBAC) and three substituted aromatic compounds according to equi-concentration ratio of 1∶1, as well as individual toxicity, were determined respectively.They were evaluated by toxicity unit (TU), additive index (AI), similarity parameter (λ), and mixtures toxicity index (MTI).Four evaluating methods were compared and the modes of joint action of different systems were analyzed.It was shown that coherent results were obtained by four different evaluating methods in most situations.Conclusions can be drawn that the joint effects of different mixture systems were synergistic.Mechanisms of joint toxicity action could be discussed according to luminescence principle of Photobacterium phosphoreum and molecule structures of the mixture components.

Surface modification of graphite/phenolic resin (PF) composite plates with expanded graphite (EG) was studied in this paper.Both volume resistance and contact resistance of the modified composite bipolar plates decreasd obviously after modification.The effects of expanded volume and thickness of EG on volume resistance and contact resistance were investigated.The results showed that the expanded volume of EG was an important factor that influenced the volume resistance and contact resistance of modified composite plates.Contact resistance decreased at first and then tended to become unchanged with the increase of the thickness of EG.The reduction of contact resistance and volume resistance became even more remarkable with the increase of PF content in the modified composite plates.

A new type of inorganic polymer coagulant, poly-ferric aluminum silica sulfate（PFASS）, was prepared by using fly ash, crap iron and waste sulfuric acid as raw materials under the conditions of reaction temperature 95—90℃, reaction time 3h, liquid solid ratio 3.0 in the immersing stage, and poly-silica acid pH 2, H₂SO₄/FeSO₄ molar ratio 0.37, Si/（Fe＋Al） molar ratio 0.10 in the preparing stage.The coagulation properties, morphology and species distributions of PFASS were studied with transmission electron microscope (TEM), Ferron method and coagulation experiment.The results showed that the polymerization degree, molecular chain length and best species content of PFASS were obviously higher, the coagulation properties of PFASS were much better than those of commercial polymerized ferric sulfate (PFS), polymerized aluminum chloride (PAC) and poly-ferric aluminum chloride (PFAC).

Bismuth-doped tin dioxide nanosized particles (nano-BTO)/waterborne polyurethane (PU) composite coatings were prepared by the in-situ polymerization method.The influences of nano-BTO on the reaction kinetics of synthesizing polyurethane were studied.The results showed that reaction rate between the —NCO and —OH groups increased when nano-BTO was added.nano-BTO was highly active and the Sn atom acted as the catalyst which reduced the activation energy between the —NCO group and —OH groups from 18.71 kJ·mol^-1·K^-1 to 16.29 kJ·mol^-1·K^-1.

Anodic alumina membrane（AAM）with a pore diameter of 60 nm was fabricated by the two-anode oxidation method.A mixture of Al₂O₃nanowires and nanotubes were obtained after the AAM was eroded in NaOH solution for about 4 min.The InSb/Al₂O₃ nanocables were fabricated when the AAM filled with the InSb nanowires by electrodeposition was eroded in the NaOH solution for 5 to 8 min.The formation mechanisms of the Al₂O₃nanowires，nanotubes and the InSb/Al₂O₃ nanocables were discussed.

The blends of polyoxymethylene (POM)/thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer (TPU) , POM/TPU/isocyanate oligomer (Z) and POM/TPU/Z/polyether were prepared by using twin-screw extruder.Mechanical properties, crystallization behavior and morphology were studied through mechanical properties testing, differential scanning calorimetry(DSC), polarizing microscopy (PLM), Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR)，scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and dynamic mechanic analysis (DMA).The results showed that with increasing content of TPU, elongation at break and notched impact strength of the blends increased.Z and polyether played an important role in promoting the dispersion of TPU in POM and enhancing compatibility of two phases.The crystallinity of POM in the blends decreased.Elongation at break and notched impact strength of the blends were improved.

In this paper, the grafting modification of natural rubber latex with ethyl acrylate(EA)/ allyl chloride(AC) as monomer was performed by supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO₂) swelling polymerization, and the graft copolymer NR-g-(EA/AC) was synthesized.The effects of reaction pressure and dosage of initiator on the monomer graft level and monomer conversion in the grafting copolymerization reaction were studied.The FT-IR spectra, mechanical properties, hardness, solvent resistance and fire resistance of NR-g-(EA/AC) were tested, and the graft level and conversion level of monomer were calculated, which were all compared with the values obtained from solution polymerization.It was found that the structure of grafted rubber changed significantly (the functional groups of C=O and —Cl were introduced) and the tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, hardness, solvent resistance and fire resistance of graft copolymers were improved greatly.The graft level and conversion level obtained from solution polymerization and supercritical carbon dioxide swelling polymerization were both high and the prepared products had similar mechanical properties, but the solvent resistance of the product obtained from solution polymerization was better than that obtained from supercritical carbon dioxide swelling polymerization.Due to the green solvent nature of supercritical carbon dioxide, supercritical carbon dioxide swelling polymerization would hopefully become a new green method for the grafting modification of natural rubber.

Mesoporous molecular sieves were synthesized by using natural clay, sodium silicate and aluminum chloride as raw materials and cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) as template agent at room temperature alkaline condition.The as-synthesized samples were characterized by means of XRD, TEM, FT-IR and N₂ physical adsorption.The results showed that mesoporous molecular sieve was successfully synthesized by addition of natural clay at room temperature, and had a specific surface area of 902 m²·g^-1 and an average pore size of 3.97 nm.After calcination at 750℃ for 3h, the specific surface area of the synthesized sample decreased, but the synthesized sample still had mesoporous structure.In addition, after hydrothermal treatment at 100℃ for 15 d, the synthesized sample had a specific surface area of 776.78 m²·g^-1 and an average pore size of 4.34 nm, showing that mesoporous molecular sieve with highly thermal and hydrothermal stabilities was synthesized by addition of natural clay at room temperature.

Firstly,copper was deposited on carbon fibers.Boric acid was used to protect copper from oxidation and stir casting process was adopted to prepare short carbon fibers reinforced aluminum matrix composites.The microstructure of the interface in the composites was analyzed by using SEM，XRD and EDX.The results indicated that wettability was improved and excessive chemical reaction was restrained between carbon fiber and aluminum when copper was deposited on carbon fibers.Boric acid was used as a protecting agent to resolve the copper oxidation problem while compounding C/Al composites.There were large quantities of intermetallic compounds formed at the Cu/Al interface.And the C-Cu/Al interface was a mixed interface of C/Cu and C/Al.

A novel method for the synthesis of functional material, chiral sodium zincophosphate was studied, and the target product was obtained successfully with Na₃PO₄·12H₂O and inorganic Zn salts as raw materials and PEG-400 as surfactant via a one step low heat solid state reaction.The influence of different kinds of Zn salts, P sources, and pH of the reaction mixture on the formation of the products was investigated.Experimental results indicated that the pH of the mixture was an important factor for regulation of the product structures.Different kinds of Zn salts did not affect the product structure, but different kinds of P sources affected the product structure through regulating pH.The influence of pH on the formation of the products was that when pH of the reaction mixture was about 11, 7～9, about 5, about 3, the products were correspondingly (1) mixture of chiral NaZnPO₄·H₂O (P6₁22) and achiral NaZnPO₄ (OH)［P21/c(14)］, (2) chiral NaZnPO₄·H₂O (P6₁22), (3) achiral NaH (ZnPO₄)₂, (4) achiral Zn₃ (PO₄)₂·4H₂O.The reaction conditions for the synthesis of chiral NaZnPO₄·H₂O (P6₁22) were: Na₃PO₄·12H₂O and inorganic Zn salts as raw materials, PEG-400 as surfactant, pH=7～9, P/Zn=1.18（mol） and the reaction mixture was aged at 50℃ for 6 h.

Mono-disperse spherical silicon dioxide was synthesized in 2-propanol-H₂O-NH₃ system by the ultrasonic hydrothermal method.The catalyst ammonia acted as strong nucleophilic reagent.With orthogonal experiments, the effects of ultrasonic power, reaction temperature, stirring intensity and molar ratio on the size of silicon dioxide were studied.The results indicated that the diameter of silicon dioxide increased greatly with increasing ultrasonic power and molar ratio.The size of silicon dioxide also increased with increasing temperature and stirring intensity, but with a less extent.The process of forming mono-disperse spherical silicon dioxide could be divided into two steps: hydrolysis and condensation, with hydrolysis as the key step.Mono-disperse spherical silicon dioxide was characterized with XRD, TEM, DTA and IR, and the results showed that the sample was noncrystalline with regular shape and uniform granularity and there was a large amount of hydroxyl group in the SiO₂ sample.

Industrial aluminum nitride(AlN) powder was surface modified with organic carboxylic acid and polyethylene glycol (PEG) as surface modifier and the hydrolysis resistance and modifying mechanism of AlN powder before and after modification were studied.The results showed that the hydrolysis reaction to produce NH₃ between AlN and H₂O led to the rapid increase of pH value of aqueous solution and generation of much Al(OH)₃.The surface coating organic carboxylic acid on AlN particles formed a diffusion barrier between water and AlN surface to improve the hydrolysis resistance of AlN. The pH value of AlN powder after modification slightly increased after soaking in water for 48h, but there was no obvious Al(OH)₃ generation.The AlN powder after modification kept higher stability in aqueous ball milling at a high cutting stress.

A novel synthesis process of 5H-dibenz［b,f］azepine was studied.It is an important intermediate of 5H-dibenz［b,f］azepine-5-carboxamide, used in genetic engineering, materials science and so on.With 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenz［b,f］azepine as raw material, 5-chloroformyl-5H-dibenz［b,f］azepine was prepared by reflux with triphosgene in toluene, brominated with bromine in chlorobenzene, and dehydrobrominated at 130℃, finally, the title compound was obtained by removing chloroformyl group with NaOH in isopropanol with 80.4% overall yield.The optimal reaction conditions and yields (temperature, time, molar yield) were as follows: acyl chlorination, 110℃, 10 h, 93.0%;bromination, dehydrobromination, 100℃, 2 h, 130℃, 5 h, 88.0%;removal of chloroformyl group, 40℃, 3 h, 98.2%. The melting point of the title compound was the same as literature reported, and its structure was confirmed by ¹H NMR.The optimal technology condition to remove chloroformyl group as protection group and its application of protection for some amine compounds were also studied.