Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDEs) are listed as the socalled persistent pollutantsAtomic characteristic values of all 209 possible molecular structure patterns of PCDEs were calculated，then a new connectivity index, orientating corresponding index was calculated with the technique of molecule graphicsThe orientating corresponding index was combined with five observed thermodynamic properties of PCDEs，ie molecular mean polarizability，standard enthalpy，free energy，heat capacity at constant volume and standard entropy，and fifteen quantitative structureproperty relationship (QSPR) models（r>0.99）were obtained with the unitary linear regression method，and the relative mean deviations were 1.02%, 0.48%, 0.48%, 0.22% and 0.90%，respectivelyIn order to test the stability and prediction ability of each model, the jackknifed cross validation was performed and good results（r>0.99）were obtainedThese models can better elucidate the change of the thermodynamic properties for the PCDEs，and the QSPR models have satisfactory stability and good predictability.

Experiments were conducted to study the heat transfer characteristics of water flowing through triangular silicon microchannels with a hydraulic diameter of 155.3 μm.The ratio of axial heat conduction to the whole heating and the axial heat conduction number were used to evaluate the effect of axial heat conduction on heat transfer in microchannelsThe thermal entry lengths for all cases were calculated based on experimental resultsThe measurements by IR camera showed that the local wall temperature did not change linearly along the channel, which was mainly caused by the axial heat conduction in the wallAnd the local Nusselt number distributions along the flow direction were calculated based on experimental resultsThe ratio of the axial heat conduction to the whole heating varied from 0.106 to 0.275, indicating that the axial heat conduction might play an important role in heat transfer in microchannels, especially when Reynolds number was lowThe axial heat conduction number was modified in the present studyThe experimental study revealed that the axial heat conduction number decreased with increasing Reynolds number when keeping heat input and inlet water temperature nearly constant.

The air-conditioning systems utilizing liquiddehumidification are playing a positive role in energysavingHowever，the expectation of wider application is frustrated due to the poor dehumidification effect compared to the soliddehumidification systemTo enhance the liquid dehumidification ability，this presents paper the research from two sides：improvement of the dehumidifier by introducing solid adsorbent on its surface; and the use of mixed solution as liquid desiccantThe electrolyte theory was used to investigate the thermal properties of the liquid desiccant in order to select an ideal liquid desiccant and its mixing ratioThe related experiments were carried out，and the results showed that the improved dehumidifier contributed to the capability enhancement not only thanks to the area enlargement but also the possible superposition of adsorption potentialsOn the other hand，the mixed solution greatly improved the dehumidification effect compared to the case of using a single liquid desiccant.

The experiments on the fouling characteristics of sintered porous surface tubing（SPST）in pool boiling were carried out，with CaSO₄ solution as a working fluidThe experimental results showed that SPST possessed better antifouling ability compared with smooth surface tube（SST）.The asymptotic fouling thermal resistance increased with increasing concentration of solutionHowever，transition of fouling curve from asymptotic line to straight line was observed when concentration reached a specific levelAn analysis of tubing surface and fouling surface of SPST and SST was made by scanning electronic microscopy（SEM）to interpret the antifouling mechanism of SPSTIt was observed that the crystal grain of CaSO₄on SPST surface was hexaprismshaped and 1/2.5 size of that from SST surface with a thinner fouling layer.

A porous medium involving endothermic chemical reaction was studied by using the irreversible flow processes thermodynamics methodA mathematical model describing the coupled irreversible processes of heat transfer, mass transfer and chemical reaction in porous medium was established, and the model was solved numerically by applying the finite volume implicit methodBy taking the decomposition of limestone as a case, the effects of the Soret and the Dufour phenomena were analyzedThe results showed that when the Peclet module was lower, the effects of the Soret and the Dufour phenomena could not be ignoredAs a result, the product gas and the quantity of heat of gas in the porous medium would come through the reactor much quicker, and the concentration of the product gas, the temperature of gas flow and the solid conversion degree would be lower.

The uniformity principle of temperature difference field is a phenomenological principle，which has not been theoretically provedFor onedimensional two-and three-stream heat exchangers，the extremum principle of entransy dissipation was used to optimize the heat transfer process by variational calculusIt was indicated that the temperature difference field between the hot and cold fluids should be completely uniform if the entransy dissipation reached a minimum for a given heat duty，or if the heat duty reached a maximum for a given entransy dissipationSo，the uniformity principle of temperature difference field of heat exchangers was primarily proved.

Liquid convective heat transfer in microchannels exhibits high efficiencyHowever, the large pressure drop causes much concern for practical applicationWater flowing in hydrophobic tubes shows low pressure drop owing to the slippage on the tube wallsSuper-hydrophobic/hydrophilic micro aluminum tubes of 0.68mm inner diameter were fabricated with a two step procedure of chemical etching and then surface chemical modificationA kind of micro-nanometric hierarchical structure was formed on the surface, which could trap air serving as the slip agentHeat transfer and fluid flow of deioned water flowing laminary in the super-hydrophobic/hydrophilic microchannels were studied experimentallyThe results showed that the air-layer existing in the micro-nano hierarchical structures of the superhydrophobic surface decreased flow resistance evidently but decreased heat transfer coefficient only a little, which was still higher than the superficial heat transfer coefficient while considering the heat conduction of stationary nanolayer of airIt was supposed that eddy flow was generated in the micronano bubbles by the slip flow of water on the tube wall, which enhanced the heat transfer.

Temperature oscillation signal of pulsating heat pipes was studied quantitatively and qualitatively by means of analyses of power spectrum, auto-correlation function, correlation dimension, Kolmogorov entropy and rescaled range statistical analysisThe results showed that the system had deterministic chaotic characteristics which featured non-integer value of correlation dimension about 2.5—11 and positive Kolmogorov entropyMost Hurst exponents were between 0.8 and 1, indicating long range correlationThermal performance was tied with correlation dimension.Higher correlation dimension indicated lower thermal resistance.

The separation performance of the newly developed disengager arms（models A，B）in vortex quick separator（VQS）for FCC disengager was tested experimentallyThe results indicated that the performance of model B was better than that of model AAffected by the structure of model B，the dusty airflow can rotate at a higher speed and gain stronger tangential velocity after ejecting from the outlet of disengager armsConsequently，the dusty airflow in model B can get stronger centrifugal force，which led to the improvement of separation efficiency in VQSThe gassolids flow in VQS was numerically simulated on the platform of commercial computational fluid dynamics（CFD）software，Fluent 6.1Numerical calculation showed that in model B，not only the tangential velocity in the outer vortex area was higher，but also the axial velocity in the downwardflow zone was also higher，which also implied that model B had stronger centrifugal force and higher separation efficiencyFurthermore，the grade efficiency of coarse particles can be improved greatly in model BHence，model B was recommended as the optimal disengager arms in industrial application.

A two-fluid large-eddy simulation（LES），based on the Smagorinsky SGS stress model and particle kinetic theory，and unified second-order-moment two-phase turbulence Reynolds averaged Navier Stokes modeling（USM-RANS）were used to study backward-facing step gas-particle flowsThe instantaneous results gave the evolution of anisotropic two-phase turbulence structures and particle dispersion processesThe LES statistical results and USM-RANS modeling results of particle averaged velocity and RMS particle fluctuation velocity were in good quantitative agreement with the experimental resultsHence，the USMRANS modeling was basically validated by LESHowever，in the shear flow region，the peak values of the twophase velocity correlation predicted by LES were larger than those predicted by USM-RANS modelingIt implied that the LES and USM-RANS modeling remained to be further validated and improved.

Circulating fluidization of slender particles is used widely in industrial production, for example, combustion of biomass stalks and drying or wetting of cuttobaccoThe movement attitude of slender particles is more complicated than that of the spherical particle owing to the slender particles〖DK〗’six degrees of freedom, and thus there are some differences in fluidizing behavior between slender particle and spherical particleNumber concentration is one of the most important features of fluidizing behavior of slender particlesBased on the direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method, rigid body dynamics and momentum conservation law, a three-dimensional motion model of slender particles, including the inter-particle collision mathematical model, was establishedThe gas-solids flow in an actual circulating fluidized bed was simulated by using the current model, and some number concentration features of slender particles were capturedIn the experimental riser, among all the slender particles, the slender particles with less slenderness firstly arrived at the exit from the near wall regions of the riserThere existed such evident phenomena as floc, migration and so on in the process of fluidizationIn the fluidization state, the number concentration of slender particles did not change evidently with entrance air speed.

An integrated process for air separation and liquefaction of natural gas was presented，and based on such an original idea a novel combinedcycle using nitrogen expansion refrigeration unit and producing LNG in addition to nitrogen and oxygen was proposedProcess simulation and second law analysis were performed to reveal the influence of flow rate ratio through expandersβon heat transfer temperature difference and consequent exergy loss，and thus the optimalβunder different operation conditions was obtainedHence，the change of temperature difference distribution and exergy loss in the heat exchanger could be investigated conveniently and effectively through the principle of exergy analysis in combination with energy composite curvesSuch information is valuable for optimal design of practical cryogenic systems.

With 35^# lubricating oil, air and water as the test media, a pilot study was performed on the flow velocity and the flow field of the oil-air-water three-phase in a vertical rise pipeWhen water flow rate was 3.18 m³·h^-1, air flow rate was 0.25 m³·h^-1, oil flow rate was 0.4 m³·h^-1, highspeed camera was used to get the photography of oilinwater flow pattern, track bubble and drip, and measure the flow velocity and flow fieldAt the same time the velocity was compared with the one obtained by using the crosscorrelation method in digital particle image velocimetry technique (DPIV)The test results showed relatively small errors in the flow velocity and flow field determined by the tracking bubble and drip method and the crosscorrelation methodIt can be used in the measurement of flow velocity and flow field of oil-air-water three-phase flow.

In order to design the inner and outer ring capacitance sensor used in measuring the correlation velocity of two phase flow and optimize its structure, the sensitivity characteristics of inner and outer ring capacitance sensor were analyzed by using finite element simulationThe simulation experiment was planned by using orthogonal experimental designFrom the simulation result, the major factors influencing the sensitivity characteristics (relative sensitivity and uniformity error) were obtainedThe degree and tendency of influence of each factor on the sensitivity characteristics were givenThe structural parameters of the sensor were determinedThe analysis provided the theoretical basis for the inner and outer ring capacitance sensor.

The performance of an ANAMMOX(anaerobic ammonium oxidation) fixed-bed reactor was tested and the process kinetics characteristics of the reactor was analyzedThe ANAMMOX reactor was successfully operated within 86 days with denitrifying activated sludge as inoculumWhen operated at a hydraulic retention time of 2 h and influent total nitrogen of 608 mg·L^-1, corresponding to a nitrogen loading rate of 7.34 kg·m^-3·d^-1,the maximum total substrate removal rate of 6.11 kg·m^-3·d^-1 was observedSecondorder and a modified StoverKincannon models well fitted the ANAMMOX fixed reactor under the substrate noninhibition conditionsThe maximum total substrate removal rate achieved in this study was still far lower than the theoretical value 12.4 kg·m^-3·d^-1 deduced from the Stover Kincannon model, which indicated great potential in improving reactor performance.

The thermal decomposition kinetics of dehydroabietic acid in static state air was investigated by TG/DTA/DSC techniques with various heating rates of 5, 10, 15 and 20 K·min^-1TG/ DTA curves showed that decomposition proceeded through a welldefined step in airThe melting point, molar enthalpy and entropy of fusion of dehydroabietic acid were determined as 445.05 K, 19.74 kJ·mol^-1 and 44.35 J·mol^-1·K^-1, by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)The nonisothermal kinetics parameters were analyzed by means of the Kissinger and FlynnWallOzawa methods, and the thermal decomposition mechanism of dehydroabietic acid was also studied with the SatavaSestak methodThe results showed that the thermal decomposition mechanism of dehydroabietic acid in air was controlled by interface reaction R₃ , and the apparent activation energy and preexponential factor were 107.89 kJ·mol^-1 and 9.33×10⁸ s^-1, respectively.

Adenine is an important chemical material widely used in the fields of medicine, organic synthesis and so onPresently, adenine is produced from the condensation of diethyl malonate with formamide, which has serious pollution problemsTo achieve the green production of adenine, noncatalyzed hydrolysis of adenosine in high temperature liquid water was carried outThe effects of initial concentration, agitating speed and temperature on adenosine hydrolysis were studied and the kinetics of adenosine hydrolysis was investigated at temperatures from 150℃ to 190℃Rate constants were evaluated with the zeroth-order reaction assumption and the activation energy was 134.1 kJ·mol^-1The experimental results demonstrated that high selective preparation of adenine by non-catalyzed hydrolysis of adenosine in high temperature liquid water was possible.

The static adsorption performance of honeycomb monolithic silica gel/molecular sieve composites（HMSMC）was tested，and their dynamic adsorption performance was also measured by using adsorbent bed to simulate the dehumidifying process of rotary-type dehumidifierThe distribution of temperature and humidity inside HMSMC during adsorption and the influences of processing air parameters，such as temperature，humidity and speed on adsorption performance were discussedThe results of experiments showed that the dehumidifying performance of HMSMC excelled honeycomb monolithic silica gel（HMSG），especially under high temperature and low humidity conditionsHMSMC had excellent dehumidifying ability under the low processing air temperature，low air speed，or high relative humidity condition.

A novel control framework based on sparse kernel learning one-step-ahead predictive control (SKL-OPC) was presented for the general unknown nonlinear processesThe polynomial kernel function was adopted to derive a simple control strategy as a natural extension of SKLOPCThe manipulated input can be separated from the control performance index due to the special structure of polynomial kernelConsequently, the control problem was resolved by solving the roots of an odddegree polynomial equationThe proposed control strategy did not require the nonlinear optimization technique, which resulted in a small computation scale and made it very suitable for realtime controlApplication of the proposed approach to a highly nonlinear continuous stirred tank reactor indicated its validity and showed superior performance, compared to other methods.

Multi-mode model predictive control (MMPC) is an important method for the control problem of a nonlinear systemIn this paper, aiming at the selection problem of model matching criterion in multimode controller design, a weighted averaging method for multi-model manipulated variables was presented based on the ‘distance match’ criterion, in which the distance difference between current sampling state and each clustering center was used to obtain weighted averaging coefficientTo improve the precision of model, based on ‘model fusion’ technique, the predictive model was reconstructed online by modal weighted averagingThe simulation results in the pH neutralization process showed that both algorithms proposed in this paper could improve the transient response of a nonlinear system and perform good output tracking in a wide range.

Combined with the practical situation of Nosiheptide fermentation process, a weighted radial basis function neural network (WRBFNN) based biomass soft sensor modeling method is presentedBased on the unstructured model of Nosiheptide fermentation process, the secondary variables were selected according to the implicit function existence theorem, which made the selection theoretically strictAccording to the characteristics that biomass could vary in a wide range, the error function of the traditional RBFNN was improvedEach batch sample was selfadaptively weighted according to their predicting ability to the predicted object, and then WRBFNN was used to develop the biomass soft sensor modelThe testing results showed the effectiveness of the presented approach.

Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) behavior of 35CrMo low alloy steel and 00Cr13Ni5Mo stainless steel in hydrogen sulfide environment was investigated by using slowstrainrate test (SSRT), U-bent-specimen immersion test and electrochemincal polarization techniqueBoth 35CrMo steel and 00Cr13Ni5Mo steel were susceptible to SCC in various H₂ s solutions, and their SCC susceptibilities reduced with the increase of pH value within 3.0 and 4.5 or the decrease of H₂ s concentration from saturation to 1000 μg·g^-100Cr13Ni5Mo steel was less susceptible to SCC than 35CrMo steel in each tested H₂ S condition, but its SCC susceptibility was affected more evidently by the change of pH value than that of 35CrMo steelThe SCC susceptibility factor of 00Cr13Ni5Mo steel was close to that of 35CrMo steel in solutions with lower pH values, while in solution with a pH value of 4.5, the resistance of 00Cr13Ni5Mo stainless steel to hydrogen sulfide stress corrosion cracking was much higher than that of 35CrMoIt was due to the higher concentration of some anticorrosive elements, such as Cr, in 00Cr13Ni5Mo, that promoted the formation of a more stable passive film, leading to a higher hydrogen induced cracking (HIC) resistance of 00Cr13Ni5Mo than 35CrMo in higherpH conditions.

The effect of pigment volume concentration (PVC) on the antistatic and anticorrosive properties of waterborne antistaticanticorrosive epoxy coatings was studiedThe element components of conductive pigments were analyzed by X-ray energy dispersive spectrometer (EDX), and the protective properties and morphology of coatings with different PVCs were characterized by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) respectivelyThe optimal PVC of this waterborne antistatic anticorrosive epoxy coating was determined as 35% based on the results of the tests of mechanical, physical and corrosionresisting performance, and the analysis of EISThe results showed that the corrosionresisting performance of coatings improved at first with increasing PVC and then decreased after PVC exceeded 35% in the range of PVC from 25% to 45%.

The scale formation and inhibition on the autoclave inner surface during high pressure acid leaching of laterite ore were investigatedThe composition and morphology of scale were analyzed by using XRD and SEMThe effect of surfactant sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate on the slurry properties was also studiedIt was found that the addition of surfactant could decrease the surface tension and viscosity of the slurryThe optimized content of surfactant was 70 mg·L^-1 to inhibit scale formationThe addition of surfactant had little influence on nickel extraction.

Electroosmotic flow (EOF) is widely used to transport and mix fluids in microfluidic chipsAiming at the parallelplate microchannel with surface roughness, governing equations describing the EOF were established and the influence of surface roughness and electrical double layer (EDL) on EOF was investigated by using finite element method (FEM)The simulation results indicated that, when the EDL thickness was comparable to 0.3 times of the height of surface roughness, the presence of surface roughness could alter EDL near the surface, and reduce the EOF significantlyWhen the EDL thickness was much smaller or much greater than the height of surface roughness, EOF was less affected by surface roughnessThe relationship between the EOF speed in bulk flow region and the relative EDL thickness was “V-shaped”.

The effects of metal ions on ethanol tolerance of selfflocculating yeast was studied by using a defined medium in shake flask cultureThe observed improvement of zinc ion supplementation on ethanol tolerance promoted the further examination of zinc ion effect on continuous ethanol fermentationZinc sulfate was supplemented into the fermentation medium at the concentrations of 0.01, 0.05 and 0.1 g·L^-1, respectivelyThe average floc size of the selfflocculating yeast decreased in zincaddition cultures, but both its ethanol tolerance and thermal tolerance were significantly improved, which correlated well with the increased ergosterol and trehalose contents in the yeast flocsIntracellular zinc content was found to be about six folds higher than that of control, and no significant difference was observed in the three addition levelsCorrelation analysis indicated close correlation between zinc addition and ethanol/thermal toleranceEthanol production increased in all the zincsupplemented cultures, with the most significant effect observed when 0.05 g·L^-1 zinc sulfate was suppliedThus, zinc ion supplementation was proved to be an efficient strategy for enhanced ethanol tolerance, thermal tolerance and ethanol production in continuous ethanol fermentation of the selfflocculating yeast.

Quaternary ammonium surfactants (QAS) are one of the most important surfactants in industry, pharmaceuticals and cosmeticsTheir rapid detection and accurate quantification plays a key role in controlling their application or existence in the environmentIn the present study, a novel method was established to detect the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of QAS in water and to quantify the surfactant concentration below its CMC, based on the fluorospectrum and fluorescence intensity change of fluorescein isothiocycanate (FITC)This approach was simple and sensitive, achieving the limit of detection (LOD) of dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB) and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) at 0.11 mmol·L^-1 and 1.7 μmol·L^-1, respectivelyAnd the quantification range of DTAB and CTAB was 0.11—9.73 mmol·L^-1(0.034—3.0 g·L^-1) and 1.7 μmol·L^-1—0.27 mmol·L^-1(6.2×10^-4—0.1 g·L^-1), respectivelyThe CMCs were detected as 12—13 mmol·L^-1(DTAB) and 0.70—0.96 mmol·L^-1(CTAB), which were consistent with the results measured by the conductance, surface tension of the solution or by the pyrene probeConcentration characterization of the QASwater solution by FITC has provided a new, safe, simple and accurate approach to analyzing and monitoring the surfactants in the environment or in their wide application.

There is a need for efficient control of membrane fouling in dynamic membrane bioreactors (DMBRs), but little is known about the phenomenon of membrane fouling and the influence of polymeric membrane materials on membrane fouling in DMBRsIn this study, the influence of several polymeric membrane materials on membrane fouling in DMBRs was investigated on the basis of results of a series of experiments using artificial domestic sewageFour different polymers, polyethylene (PE) non-woven, polypropylene (PP) non-woven, PE mesh and polyamide(PA) mesh were examined and the degree of fouling in each filter was monitoredAlso, the analysis of the foulants in each membrane material was performedThe results demonstrated that nonwoven material was superior to mesh in terms of prevention of irreversible fouling in DMBRs used for treatment of domestic sewageThe four membrane materialsdegrees of fouling are in descending order:PA mesh, PE mesh, PP non-woven, PE non-wovenThe compositions of foulants causing irreversible fouling differed considerably, depending on the membrane polymeric materialsThe results suggested that extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in organic matter on the surface of the materials had higher affinities with membrane resistance than other fractions and consequently caused greater irreversible foulingThe EPS contents in the irreversible layer had significant correlation with membrane resistanceWhile both protein and polysaccharide contents in the irreversible layer had correlation with membrane resistanceThe influence of proteins was more obvious than polysaccharides.

A new frictionalkinetic model for dense phase pneumatic conveying of pulverized coal in a horizontal pipe at a high pressure was establishedThis model treated the kinetic and frictional stresses of particles additivelyThe kinetic stress was modeled by using the kinetic theory of granular flowThe friction stress proposed by Srivastava et al. was modified to account for dense phase pneumatic conveyingThe simulation results included profiles of gas and particle phase axial velocity, profiles of solids concentration, profiles of the turbulence intensity of gas and particle phase, as well as the value of pressure gradientThe formation and motion process of the settled layer were verifiedAn experiment was also carried out to validate the accuracy of the simulation results, which showed that the predictions of pressure gradient were in good agreement with the experimental data.

n the step-feed anoxic/oxic (A/O) process, influent flow distribution ratio is a crucial control parameter, which promises steady operation of the system and dominates this processThree different influent flow distribution methods proposed in this paper include: (i) same F/M ratio to nitrifiers; (ii) optimal coefficient and (iii) voluminous influent at the end of systemBased on the distribution methods presented above, a technically feasible and economically favorable expert control system of flow distribution was established on the basis of the data obtained from a pilot-scale domestic wastewater treatment systemThe related information from literature and the knowledge of human experts acquired through years of experience were also incorporatedThe suggested influent flow distribution method defined by expert system is directly decided by influent loading and raw wastewater characteristics, as well as effluent qualityFinally, the application of this expert system was illustrated by using one day’s data from a real plant, which represents the typical changes of influent flows and wastewater characteristics.

The interaction of fine particles from oil combustion with water droplets was studied in a flow chamber experimentallyA novel fine particle capture technique with wetting agents was developed to investigate particle number concentration and size distribution before and after the interactionThe characteristics of particle capture with different wetting agents were also evaluatedThe particle size distribution and concentration were measured by electrical low pressure impactor（ELPI）.The dependence of fine particles capture mechanism on microstructure and elemental compositions was analyzed with SEM and EDSThe results showed that the capture efficiency appeared to be closely related to the physicochemical properties of fine particlesThe SEM and EDS analysis showed that particles from oil combustion were basically spherical，carboncontaining hydrophobic particlesAnd the capture efficiency of fine particles with plain water droplets was low，but could be enhanced with wetting agents added to the atomized dropletsThe capture efficiency could increase by 15% with adding Silanol w22 against plain water dropletsThe investigation could be used to test and choose different wetting agents for fine particles capture.

Based on the membrane separation technology, biopolymeric ferric sulfate (BPFS) was prepared with the optimized sequential batch processThe effect on separation of microorganisms, biocatalytical oxidation rate of Fe²⁺, preparation periods and membrane pollution were investigated by using polyvinylidene fluoride hollow fiber membrane (PVDF) to separate microorganismsThe results showed that the biomass in BPFS obviously increased through the membrane separation processBy using the optimized process, the BPFS with total iron contents of 60kg·m^-3, 80kg·m^-3, 100kg·m^-3 were preparedThe biocatalytical oxidation rate of Fe²⁺ reached 1.75 g·L^-1·h^-1, 1.85 g·L^-1·h^-1, 1.43 g·L^-1·h^-1 , preparation periods were 155h, 21h, 40h, a decrease by 38%, 42%, 18% respectively as against the process before optimizationThe biomass in BPFS reached the order of magnitude of 108 num·ml^-1With the increase of separation time and the content of total iron of BPFS,membrane pollution was intensified seriously, and membrane flux decreased obviouslyPVDF was cleaned by a mixture of 0.2 mol·L^-1sodium oxalate and 0.2 mol·L^-1sulfuric acid, and the scavenger can clean out the fouls from the membrane surface and satisfy the separation requirement.

The test of cocombustion of petrochemical sludge and coal was conducted in a circulating fluidized bed (CFB) test facility, focusing on the influences of mass mixing ratio, secondary air fraction, excess air coefficient and bed temperature on SO₂, NO_x and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) emissions characteristicsThe experimental results showed that when mass mixing ratio increased, SO₂ and NO_x concentrations decreased but PAHs emissions increased markedlySO_2 concentration in the flue gas increased but NO_x concentration decreased with increasing secondary air fractionAs excess air coefficient increased, SO₂ concentration decreased but NO_x concentration tended to increasePAHs concentration in the flue gas decreased at first and then increased with the increase in bed temperature or excess air coefficientAfter taking those factors, such as stable combustion and reducing pollutant emissions into account, the following operation parameters are recommended : combustion temperature between 850℃ and 860℃, excess air coefficient of 1.35, secondary air fraction 40% and mass mixing ratio 30%During the test runs, SO₂, NO_x and PAHs concentrations all met the national standard for pollutant emissions.

Initiating temperature (T_o) and activation energy (E_a) for thermal oxidation of dimethyl ether (DME) was measured with accelerating rate calorimeter (ARC)The effect of additives on DME thermal stability was studiedThe product of DME thermal decomposition was analyzed with GCMSThe results indicated that the initiating temperature of DME oxidation was 120℃, activation energy was 167.3 kJ·mol^-1 in vacuumDME stability was dramatically reduced in the presence of oxygenThe addition of Fe, Fe₂ O₃ and Al also decreased T_o and E_a of DME oxidation reaction, especially in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) or other organic peroxides which can easy initiate the formation of free radicalsIn contrast, the presence of antioxidant can enhance DME thermal stability.

Based on the methyl cellulose’s (MC) function of forming liquid crystal in aqueous solution, the micrometersized mesoporous silica spheres with good dispersivity were synthesized in one step by adding MC into the aqueous solution containing F127 and TEOS (tetraethyl orthosilicate) with the appropriate pHThe effects of temperature and pH were investigatedIt was found that in suitable synthesis condition (pH=1 and 80℃ of hydrothermal temperature) mesoporous silica spheres possessing 4.2 nm of pores diameter, 450 m²·g^-1 of specific area and 4—6 μm of particle diameter were synthesized.

ε-caprolactone〖DK〗）〖DK〗（PCL）/polylactide（PLA）blend was prepared by melt mixing and its morphology and structural rheology were studied by using scanning electron microscope（SEM）and coneplate rheometerThe results showed that the PCL/PLA blend presented a typical immiscible phase structure，which was dependent on the mass ratio between two components stronglyWith increasing PCL component loading level，the morphology of dispersed spherical droplets in the continuous phase changed into fibrous and finally to the cocontinuous structureThe presence of the phase interface led to remarkable increase of the dynamic elastic response of the blend，and also to the appearance of dynamic shape relaxationHowever，the dependence of modulus on the frequency can only be used to estimate the presence of the immiscible interface，and the detailed differences among those immiscible phase structures should be characterized by relaxation curves.

Polyamide 12 (PA12) and its composite with nanometersized silica (PA12/n-SiO₂) coatings were prepared by the flame spraying processThe thermal behavior, mechanical and tribological properties of the coatings were investigated with differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), electronic tensile testing machine and wear-test machine of MRH-3Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to characterize polymer degradationThe FTIR analysis did not reveal the presence of any oxidation or degradation during the processingThe results showed that the addition of nano-SiO₂ could increase the crystallinity, improve the mechanical properties of the coatings and reduce friction and wear of pure polyamide 12 effectivelyIn addition, the nanocomposite coating containing 1.5%(mass) nanometersized silica displayed better properties

The surface organic modification of rutile nano-TiO₂ with n-ctyltriethoxysilane（LM-N308）by the phase transfer method was studiedThe asprepared samples were characterized with Fourier transform infrared spectra（FTIR），thermogravimetry（TG），differential thermal analysis（DTA），X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy（XPS），high resolution transmission electron microscopy（HRTEM）and the degree of oilaffinity experiment，respectivelyAccording to the spectra of FTIR and XPS，it was inferred that the LM-N308 was bound on the surface of nano-TiO₂ particlesHRTEM results showed that an even coating layer of LM-N308 on nano-TiO₂ surface was formed，and the thickness of the coating layer was about 2 nmData from TG and oilaffinity experiment indicated that the saturated mass fraction of chemisorptive LM-N308 on nano-TiO₂ surface was 7.0%—9.7%The dispersivity experiment revealed that the surface property of nanoTiO₂ modified with LM-N308 was changed from hydrophilicity to hydrophobicity.

Associated polymers were synthesized in supercritical carbon dioxide by precipitation copolymerization of acrylic acid with different amounts of octadecyl acrylate or vinyltrimethoxysilane. The morphology, composition and solution properties of the copolymer were studied with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), FT-IR, titration, rotational viscometerSEM measurement indicated that the diameter of the primary particle was less than 1 μmThe viscosity of poly (AA-co-VTEOS) was higher than that of poly (AA-co-ODA) when the ratio of VTEOS in copolymer was less than 1%(mol).It indicated that chemical reaction with VTEOS can increase solution viscosity at a low VTEOS content in copolymerThe viscosity of poly(AA-co-VTEOS) was 2400 mPa·s when VTEOS content in copolymer was 0.2%(mol).

A series of hydrothermally stable composites with graded pores were synthesized via insitu assembly of zeolite Y precursors by carbon black/P123 templatesThe graded composites were characterized by means of XRD, FT-IR, TEM, BET and NH_3-TPDThe results of FT-IR showed that the primary and secondary structural building units of zeolite Y were introduced into the wall of zeolitesThe results of BET and TEM suggested that the composites had interconnected hierarchical pore structure (0.39 nm-3.8 nm-6.5 nm-19.9 nm).The surface area and pore volume were 693 m²·g^-1 and 1.89 ml·g^-1 respectivelyAfter hydrothermal treatment at 100% steam, 800℃ for 2 h and 4 h, the remaining fractions of surface area were 80.1% and 35.1% respectively, while the remaining fractions of pore volume were 45.0% and 25.4% respectivelyThe present paper provides a novel route for fabricating materials with graded pores and high hydrothermal stability which are candidates for heavy oil cracking catalysts.

In this paper, an innovative method to study the structure of the porous superabsorbent polymers was studiedBy using the Image J image processing software, the SEM pictures of the polymers were transformed into a binary sketch imageThe structure parameters of the pores could also be calculated with the aid of the softwareAccording to the principle of differential box counting, combined with the MATLAB programming, the fractal dimension of the porous superabsorbent polymers could be obtained through the binary sketch imageThe calculated fractal dimension could be used to express the regularity of the complicated structure of the porous superabsorbent polymersVia the above process, the influence of the preswelling time for the porous superabsorbent polymers, prepared through the cryogenic induced phase separation method, on the structure of the modified polymer was discussed.

Novel synthesis, characteristics and application of new AB-PBO monomer 4-(5-amino-6-hydroxybenzoxazole-2-yl) benzoic acid salt（ABAS）were studied The results showed that ABAS was onepot synthesized from methyl 4-(5-nitro-6-hydroxybenzoxazole-2-yl)benzoate (MNB) with a yield of 84% and purity of 99% via alkali hydrolysis and reduction, which had the advantages of simple procedure, low pollution and cost savingThe mechanisms of alkali hydrogenation and acidification with 4-(5-nitro-6-ydroxy benzoxazole-2-yl)benzoic acid dipotassium salt as intermediate were proposedWith MNB below 95% purity, the ABAS approaching 99% purity could also be prepared by the twostep method of hydrolysis and reductionThe ABAS was identified with ¹ H NMR, ^13C NMR, FT-IRIts initial decomposition temperature was measured to be 290℃, and it had excellent thermostability, oxidation resistance and outstanding storage stabilityUsing ABAS of 99% purity, PBO resin was easily prepared by self-polycondensation for 13 h at 230℃ as endpolymerization temperature in glassware and its intrinsic viscosity was more than 15 dl·g^-1. The procedure had the characteristics of equimolar polycondensing group, safe operation , easy industrialization and etc.

Silica white was prepared with the method of molten NaOHcarbonation decomposition from the laterite nickel ore, and the content of NiO in the residue reached 2.71%The results showed that the extraction ratio of SiO₂ increased with increasing reaction time and mass ratio of alkali to ore, and with decreasing particle size of the laterite nickel oreFurthermore, the extraction ratio of SiO₂ increased firstly and then decreased with increasing reaction temperatureXRD analysis indicated that the product was amorphousFT-IR analysis indicated that the product was hydrated silicon dioxideSEM morphology showed that the product was of uniform particle size with average particle size about 100 nmThe physical and chemical properties of the product conformed with the national standards of chemical industry.