Vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) data for the R23 (trifluoromethane) + R116 (hexafluoroethane) system were measured at temperatures of 194.33, 199.71, 214.90, 229.63, 244.94K.The measurements were performed with an apparatus based on the recirculation method.All experimental data were correlated with two theoretical models of the Peng-Robinson (PR) and the Soave-Redlich-Kwong equations of state, both using the Huron-Vidal (HV) mixing rule.The adjustable parameters of the two models were regressed and the calculated results with the two models were compared with the experimental data.The results showed that the PR-HV model was more suitable for expressing the VLE behavior of the R23 +R116 system.The average relative deviation of the calculated pressure from the experimental data was 0.29%, and the average absolute deviation of the calculated vapor mole fraction from the experimental data was 0.0006.

Formation condition data for methane hydrate in ammonia-water system is very important for the process development and determination of operation condition for recycling the vent gas of ammonia synthesis using the hydrate method.This paper focuses on the formation conditions of methane hydrate in the presence of ammonia.Equilibrium data of methane hydrate in the temperature, pressure and concentration ranges from 277—281 K, 4—8 MPa, 1.018%, 3.171% and 5.278%(mole) ammonia, were obtained.The experimental results indicated that ammonia had an inhibitive effect on hydrate formation.The higher the concentration of ammonia, the higher the formation pressure for methane hydrate.The Chen-Guo hydrate model was extended to this methane hydrate system containing ammonia in water.It was shown that the model could be used to predict the formation pressure for methane hydrate.

The solubility data of natamycin in pure water (278.2—341.2 K), methanol (278.2—313.2 K) and water-methanol mixture (278.2—308.2 K) were experimentally determined by the equilibrium method.The data in pure water and methanol were well correlated by artificial neural network.It was found that the solubilities of natamycin in the water-methanol mixture increased with the increase of temperature but decreased with the increase of water content.The solubility data were also well correlated in the form of λh equation by the nonlinear least square technique.The parameters λ and h were expressed by the function of water-methanol ratio.The results by interpolating calculation were satisfactory to some degree, which can be used in the industrial crystallization technology of natamycin.

In order to meet the requirement for basic data of coal direct liquefaction in hydrogen-rich gas, the data of the high-pressure solubility of methane in the mixture of atmospheric No.3 diesel oil and tetrahydrofuran at temperature from 273.45 K to 293.75 K and pressure from 2.09 MPa to 7.97 MPa were collected with a self-established apparatus that measured the solubility in the cyclic way.The average structural parameters and characteristic parameters of diesel oil were calculated with the n-d-M-LP method and Constantinou-Gani method.The regression analysis of binary interactive-parameters of methane-diesel-tetrahydrofuran with the Peng-Robinson cubic equation of state combined by two mixing rules was used to estimate the solubility data under the same condition which well agreed with experimental data.

Based upon the mechanism of supercritical fluid assisted atomization (SAA) technology, a promising process for producing micronic particles of controlled diameter, it was proposed that the mixing between supercritical CO2 and liquid solution in the saturator was one of the key factors likely responsible for the particle size distribution (PSD) width.The SAA introduced by hydrodynamic cavitation mixer (SAA-HCM) experimental apparatus was built to intensify mass transfer and form a homogeneous fluid mixture.Using roxithromycin as the model drug, the effects of process parameters, such as cavitation generator, mixer pressure, precipitator temperature, different solvents, mass flow ratio between CO2 and liquid solution and solute concentration in the liquid solution were investigated to evaluate their influences on the morphology and size of precipitated particles.The results indicated that hydrodynamic cavitation mixer improved effectively mass transfer, and successful micronization of the roxithromycin was achieved with a narrow PSD.Most of the particles obtained by using the SAA-HCM were well-defined spherical in morphology.By adjusting process parameters, microparticles with a diameter ranging between 1μm and 3μm suitable for inhalation delivery and ultrafine microparticles with a diameter lower than 1μm could be obtained.

Experimental and numerical methods were used to study heat transfer enhancement in a round tube with a new type of insert: cross over disk (COD).Pressure drop experiments were carried out in the round tube with maltose.The correlation of friction factor for Reynolds number was given under Re range from 2×10^-4 to 4×10⁴.The pressure drop in the round tube with COD was 7—40 times bigger than the empty tube.Heat transfer experiments were performed both in vertical and horizontal tubes with COD.The maltose was heated by steam in the tube.The heat transfer correlations were obtained.In the creeping flow, the heat transfer enhancement for the horizontal tube was about 2—3.5 times bigger than the empty tube, and about 2.5—4 times for the vertical tube.The influence for geometrical parameters, such as r/R and l/d on heat transfer and pressure drop was examined by computational fluid dynamics software Fluent and correlations to describe the effect of these parameters were obtained.These correlations could be used in optimal design of the heat transfer system using COD as insert.

A mathematical model for a micro direct methanol fuel cell (μDMFC) anode was presented.In particular, the flow channels of the anode were simplified as regular porous media.The theoretical model of anode regions including flow channels was established based on the theory of porous media.In addition to the mass transport in the catalyst layer, the model considered methanol crossover caused by diffusion and electro-osmosis.The distribution of liquid saturation and the effect of anode flow rate on current density were investigated.The methanol concentration [JP+3]distribution in the anode was also calculated.Moreover, the characteristics of mass transport in the anode were analyzed.It was found that the methanol concentration decreased along the anode flow channels, and reduced evidently along the direction perpendicular to flow channels with an increase in overpotential.Methanol concentration distribution in the anode diffusion layer and catalyst layer showed similar variations.The methanol crossover flux decreased along the direction parallel to flow channels.A higher current density led to a lower methanol crossover flux.

A mathematical model of indirectly heated biomass gasification was developed consisting of chemical reaction and heat transfer submodels was developed.The chemical reaction submodel could predict the main components of the product gas as well as the external heat required for biomass gasification.The heat transfer submodel could estimate the total thermal resistance and heat transfer rate of heat pipe.Based on the analysis of two submodels, a heat pipe biomass gasifier was designed.Experiments were carried out in the heat pipe biomass gasifier to validate the chemical reaction submodel.The results showed that the chemical reaction submodel was accurate for the prediction of the main components of the product gas.The percentage of hydrogen in the product gas was about 50%—60% and the heating value of the product gas could reach 10 MJ·m-3 in the heat pipe biomass gasifier.

The bubbly flow parameters，such as phase fraction and bubble diameter in the bubble column of a new type scrubbing-cooling chamber were measured by a double-sensor probe.A numerical model of the phase profile of gas-liquid two-phase flow in this scrubbing-cooling chamber was established by the software Fluent.The simulation results agreed with the experimental data.The research indicated that the inner component in this scrubbing-cooling chamber affected the gas-liquid two-phase distribution in the bubble column obviously.Compared with the GE-Texaco technology，the distribution of gas phase concentration in this chamber was more uniform，the liquid surface was more stable，the outlet gas entrainment was also controlled well，and the flexibility of operation was much better.

he fragmentation experiments of quartzite particles were carried out in a bench-scale hot state fluidized bed rig.The influence factors, such as initial size of particles (2.5—6 mm) and bed temperature (650—950℃) on the fragmentation were investigated.The results showed that the fragmentation index Sf increased with increasing bed temperature and particle initial size.The fragmentation was very limited when bed temperature was lower than 650℃.The particles size distribution analysis showed that it was compressive thermally-induced stresses within the outer region of particles that caused the particle to fracture with many small fragments.A gray forecasting model GM (1, 3) was developed to predict the thermal fragmentation of the quartzite particles based on the gray theory.The average prediction residual error is lower than 8.79%.The critical fragment diameter was forecasted by using the model GM (1, 3).

Bubble behavior was observed by using high-speed digital camera in a two-dimensional rectangular bubble column of 0.20 m（width）× 0.02 m（thickness）× 2.00 m（height）.Air and water were used as gas and liquid phases，respectively.Hydrodynamic simulation was conducted in the platform of commercial software package，ANSYS CFX 10.0，by combining the classical two-fluid model of turbulence and GRACE drag model.The computational distributions of bubble size from the MUSIG（multiple size group）model considering bubbles breakup and coalescence were in good agreement with experimental data，which showed that this model could be used to predict the bubble size distribution in the gas-liquid bubble column.

Polymer particles having the same chemical makeup but different sizes would have their own special contributions to the generation of static charges, owing to the differences in catalyst residue and surface properties among them.Experiments were performed in a gas-solid fluidized bed to determine the changes in the electrostatic charges with addition of various fine polyethylene particles, which were the same material as the coarse polyethylene particles, to better understand their role in influencing electrostatic charge generation/dissipation.By measuring the electrostatic potential at different bed axial heights, it was found that the electric field inside the bed was significantly influenced by the size of added fine polyethylene particles, mass fractions and catalyst residue.Consequently, an impact factor of fine particles (F_b) was proposed, which was the sum of particle diameter term and catalyst residue term.Within the experimental limits in this paper, after three kinds of fines with F_b all less than 1 were added in the fluidized bed, the electrostatic potential in the bed was just influenced slightly.However, the bed electrostatic potential changed significantly following the addition of the fines with the smallest particle diameter and highest residual catalyst content.While F_b of this kind of fines was less than 1, the static potential did not change much but even decreased slightly with the addition of fines.Once F_b of the fourth kind of fines was more than 1, the electrostatic potential in the bed increased greatly.With F_b of the fourth kind of fines increasing further, the electrostatic potential fell a little, and meanwhile it was found that a large amount of fine particles adhered to the column wall.

Iron-substituted aluminophosphate molecular sieves (FeAPO-5) were synthesized by hydrothermal crystallization and characterized with XRD, SEM, FT-IR and UV-Vis techniques.The results showed that the synthesized samples had good crystallinity and uniform grain.From the obtained characterization results, it could be concluded that both the framework and extra-framework Fe species were together present in the FeAPO-5 samples, and most iron ion was incorporated into the AlPO4-5 framework.FeAPO-5 as a heterogeneous catalyst is effective for catalytic oxidation of phenol in aqueous solutions with H2O2 as oxidant.The best results (99.0% phenol conversion, 77.8% total organic carbon) after 240 min at 80℃ were obtained with phenol initial concentration 200 mg·L^-1, H₂O₂ initial concentration 1200 mg·L^-1 and pH5.0. Meanwhile, inductively coupled plasma (ICP) spectrometry results indicated that the concentration of leaching-off Fe³⁺ in the solution was very little and the FeAPO-5 molecular sieves was stable in the process of catalytic oxidation of phenol in aqueous solutions.

A porous silicon（PS）template with porous size ofφ3μm×2μm and total volume of 0.0224 mm³ fabricated by anodizing p-Si（100）in HF bath was reported.The seed layer catalysts of Ag，Au，Pd and Pt were formed by immersing deposition on PS in the metal ion solutions.A Ni positive template with thickness of 15 μm was deposited electrolessly，and increased to 200 μm by electroplating.Then Ni positive template was peeled off from PS by ultrasonic after dipping in 10% HF solution for 10 min.Morphology study showed that the seed layers deposited preferentially on borders than in pores of PS and the PS maintained its shape，which could be used to fabricate microreactor with catalytic function.The interface between Ni template and PS presented many orbicular island grains and could be used to fabricate microheater.The results show that this process is a simple，inexpensive technology and can be used to fabricate microreactor combined with microheater.

In order to get the mechanism of hausmannite prepared by the decomposition of manganese sulfate in air, the thermal decomposition behavior of manganese sulfate was studied with TG-DSC and XRD, and the kinetics of dehydration and decomposition was studied with non-linear iso-conversional method and the universal integral method.Mampel Power principle G(α)=α^3/2 was used to describe the dehydration kinetics of manganese sulfate between 200℃ and 400℃.The average activation energy of the dehydration was calculated to be 117.11 kJ·mol^-1.MnSO4 was decomposed to form Mn3O4 while the temperature was between 750℃and 1050℃.The decomposition kinetics could be described as G(α)=1-(1-α)^1/2, and its average activation energy was 226.44 kJ·mol^-1.The result of isothermal decomposition kinetics of manganese sulfate agreed with its non-isothermal kinetics by TG-DSC analysis.

The effects of 0.5％ Pt/γ-Al₂O₃ catalysts with different K promoters for preparing o-phenylphenol (OPP) from o-cyclohexenylcyclohexanone dehydrogenation were studied.These catalysts were characterized by XRD, H2-TPD, NH₃-TPD, CO₂-TPD techniques.The results showed that the addition of K decreased the acidity, basicity and the volume of absorbed hydrogen.The 6.00%K₂SO₄ promoter weakened the acid-base strength and decreased the acid-base sites.It also adjusted the adsorption of intermediate products, OPP and volume of hydrogen, prohibited the formation of byproducts, and obviously improved the selectivity of OPP.The conversion of o-cyclohexenylcyclohexanone reached 100% and the selectivity of o-phenylphenol was more than 90% with 0.12 h^-1 of LHSV and 33 ml·g^-1·h^-1 H₂ flow rate at 380℃.

The pseudo-pinch point zone in a distillation column is the stages where the liquid or vapor composition varies very little，and it is very useful for the operation and design of the distillation column.In this paper，the evolution of the pseudo-pinch point zone and effects of reflux ratio and relative volatility to pseudo-pinch point zone in multi-component batch distillation were studied by simulation，based on a constant molar hold-up batch distillation model.The width of the pseudo-pinch point zone was affected by reflux ratio and relative volatility.The pseudo-pinch point zone in multi-component batch distillation changed continually and it always alternated between the upper pseudo-pinch point zone and the middle pseudo-pinch point zone.

Calcium sorbents of limestone and CaO derived from calcined limestone were modified by ethanol water solutions with different bulk ethanol concentrations.The carbonation reaction of the sorbents was investigated and was compared with that of hydrated CaO.The microstructure of the sorbents was examined further with SEM and N2 adsorption method, and the potential mechanism for ethanol water solutions to improve the carbonation conversion was revealed.The results showed that the carbonation conversion of CaO modified by ethanol water solution was higher than that of limestone or CaO hydrated by distilled water with an increase in cycle number.The modification by ethanol water solution had no effect on the conversion of limestone.The CO₂  sorption capacity of CaO modified by ethanol water solution at a temperature of 650—700℃ was beneficial to carbonation.The higher the ethanol concentration in solution, the higher the carbonation conversion of modified CaO, and the better the anti-sintering performance.The specific surface area and pore volume of CaO modified by ethanol water solution were higher than those of CaO hydrated by distilled water, and were much greater than those of calcined limestone.The distributions of pore volume and pore area of CaO modified by ethanol water solution were superior to those of hydrated CaO and calcined limestone.The pores in CaO were obviously expanded by an ethanol water solution.

β-Glucosidase was immobilized on chitosan beads by cross-linking with glutaraldehyde, and was characterized.The optimum pH and temperature were 5 and 40℃, respectively.Soybean isoflavone was hydrolyzed in a two-phase system containing ethyl acetate and aqueous solution (pH=5).In this system，immobilized enzyme was more stable compared to free enzyme, and faster reaction rates and higher yields were obtained compared to the corresponding aqueous solution.The yields of the two main hydrolysis products (daidzein and genistein) of soybean isoflavone were both around 70%.

Cloud point extraction (CPE) utilizing non-ionic surfactant TX114 was carried out to separate and concentrate di (2-ethyl hexyl) phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) in its dilute aqueous solution.The CPE process was facilitated at 45℃.The influence of TX114 concentration, D2EHPA concentration and solution acidity on the extraction efficiency was studied.The results showed that extraction efficiency increased with decreasing TX114 concentration and increasing D2EHPA concentration.Such unusual extraction behavior might be the result of the reverse-micelle coacervate phase, solublizing D2EHPA on the surface of micelle, and the influence of D2EHPA on the cloud point of TX114.

This article considers the design of nonlinear robust controller with high gain observer (ONRC) for single-input/ single-output system of continuous stirred-tank reactor (CSTR) based on a nonlinear robust theory.To facilitate its implementation, a simple parameter tuning method was suggested.Through comparison of simulations with NRC and sliding model controller (SMC), it was found that the proposed schemes ONRC appeared to restrain the system uncertainties and disturbances better.Monte-Carlo experiments also suggested the better robustness of ONRC.

Tikhonov regularization method is widely used in certain inverse problems.A regularization term is introduced to lessen the ill-posedness in inverse problems.In order to improve the quality of image reconstruction for electrical capacitance tomography, a second order derivative operator is introduced to sharpen the reconstructed images.Simulation results show that, in comparison with standard Tikhonov regularization method, the method with the second order derivative operator for regularization provides reconstruction results with clearer contours.In addition, the method is adaptive to all test models and not sensitive to the initial solutions.

In order to simplify the superstructures of water networks to obtain their solutions, an approach to water network design by using genetic algorithm (GA) based on the criterion of maximal water reuse was proposed.In this method, the superstructure of water network was simplified according to the monotony of outlet concentration of each process.When the inlet concentration or the outlet concentration reached its maximum constraint, the fresh water usage was determined.The minimum fresh water usage of water network was taken as the optimal objective, the internal flow rate and waste water flow rate of each process were selected as the genes.This simplified water network was optimized by using GA.The coding in GA was the floating point number coding, the arithmetic cross technique and the cross technique among different groups were used.Case studies showed that this method worked well, the water networks could be simplified by using the criterion of maximal water reuse and the solution of global optimum of water network could be obtained by applying GA.

The synthesis of a distillation system including no-sharp separations was studied with emphasis on the coding and flowsheet multiformity caused by no-sharp separation.The same streams composed of the same components appeared in the flowsheet, and had three kinds of relationships, i.e., independent, united, and thermally-coupled.In the genetic programming coding, an integer array was used to denote the relationships for these same streams so as to describe the distillation flowsheet with no-sharp separations.There was an equivalent simple column flowsheet for a complex flowsheet and the maximum number of simple columns (MNSC) in one flowsheet was used to describe the scale of problem.The relationship between MNSC and middle component number (MCN) that was between two key components was presented.As MCN was 2, MNSC was 4N-9, and it meant that the best result would be searched in the space that could include 4N-9 columns instead of N-1.The searching scope was enlarged and better results could be obtained in comparison with only considering sharp separations.

The failure process of zinc-rich epoxy/epoxy micaceous iron oxide/chlorinated rubber coatings on Q235 steels with three different surface pretreatments was investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS).The Bode plots, water uptake, coating capacitance and break point frequency were determined by EIS to evaluate the protection characteristics of three coating systems.The results showed that the coatings on manually polished steel provided superior protection as compared to others due to wider saturation range, longer protection life and greater adhesion, the coatings on rusted steel ranked secondly, and the coatings on steel without pretreatment ranked thirdly.When the break point frequency increased to 1400 Hz approximately, coating resistance decreased sharply, and water uptake increased quickly, which caused serious steel corrosion.

The fracture properties of 2(1/4)Cr-1Mo steel for hydrogenation reactor wall-material were investigated, in the environment of high temperature and pressurized hydrogen.Fracture toughness values were measured for original steel, electrochemically hydrogen charging, step cooled down and step cooled down plus thermally hydrogen charging.Stress intensity factors of crack tip were calculated for burial crack and surface crack by using fracture mechanics.The results showed that step cooled down increased fracture toughness and the presence of hydrogen reduced fracture toughness of 2(1/4)Cr-1Mo steel.Without surface crack in reactor’s inside wall the operation of reactor is safe.

A new model of enzymatic synthesis of γ-D-Glu-L-Trp（SCV-07）from D-glutamine and L-tryptophan was developed.The Km and Kcat of transpeptidation and enzymatic hydrolysis of product (presented as K′_m and K′_cat) were determined as Km=5.11 mmol·L^-1, K_cat =3.92 mmol·min^-1, K′_m=2.31 mmol·L^-1 and K′_cat=1.46 mmol·min^-1.The sequential mechanism was used to describe the rate of transpeptidation，and the model parameters were optimized.The enzymatic synthesis of γ-D-glutamyl-L-tryptophan was investigated to verify the model.Good agreement between experimental data and calculations was obtained.The total relative errors of experimental data and calculations were less than 5%.

The expression vector pYX[STBX]212[ST] harboring the flocculation gene FLO[STBX]1[ST] from S.cerevisiae W303-1A and the G418 resistance gene kanMX was transformed into S.cerevisiae ZWA46.The transformant ZWA46-F2 was obtained and showed strong and stable flocculation ability.Other properties of the recombinant strain were also studied.The results demonstrated that the onset flocculation was in the early stationary phase, not coincident with glucose depletion in the culture medium.Moreover, the flocculation ability of the transformant showed no difference at initial pH ranging from 2.5 to 6.0, and could achieve the maximum ethanol concentration of 8.6% (vol.) with an ethanol yield on glucose of 89.8% of the theoretical value.The flocculation property of the transformant ZWA46-F2 seemed to have potential application in the fuel ethanol industry due to the easiness to separate and reuse yeast cells.

The hydrophilic epoxy polymer GHM magnetic beads, copolymerizing glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) - 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) - N,N′-methylene bisacrylamide (MBAA) in the presence of magnetic Fe3O4 powder, were prepared by designing a novel inverse suspension polymerization system, and were used as the support for immobilization of penicillin G acylase (PGA).The magnetic Fe3O4 in GHM beads had inversed cubic spinel structure and paramagnetic characteristics.A number of epoxy groups, hydrophilic hydroxyl and amido groups exist on the surface of the GHM beads and provide a micro-environment suitable for the immobilization of PGA, and the enzyme molecules can be immobilized covalently on the surface of GHM beads by the reaction between the amido groups of PGA and the active epoxy groups of the support.The GHM beads possessed a large pore size (mainly ranging from 15 nm to 55 nm) and a large specific surface area so that the immobilized enzyme (PGA/GHM) had high enzyme loading.As a result, the apparent activity of PGA/GHM reached 748 IU·g^-1 for hydrolyzing penicillin G potassium into 6-aminopenicillanic acid at 37oC, and its activity had not changed obviously after 15 recycles.The PGA loaded beads can settle quickly in the magnetic field and be separated easily from the product in applications.

Catechol 2，3-dioxygenase（C23O）is the key enzyme of aromatic substance degradation by Pseudomonas sp..In order to establish a simple assay of C23O activity during the whole-cell catalysis of Pseudomonas putida mt-2，C23O was induced by utilizing sodium benzoate acid as the sole carbon source，and its activity was determined in whole cells by the amended protocol of pure enzyme assay.After suspending the cells with potassium phosphate buffer，the substrate was added and the accumulation of 2-hydroxymuconic semialdehyde was measured by a UV757CRT spectrophotometer at 375 nm.The activity of C23O was evaluated by the climbing slope of time course curve of the UV absorption.By this means，the Km for catechol and C23O in whole cells was 34.67 μmol·L^-1，while Vmax was 0.29 μmol·min ^-1·(mg dry cell) ^-1，both of which differed from those for pure enzyme by 2—3 orders of magnitude.To eliminate the cell wall barrier for substrate permeation，a cationic surfactant，n-dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide，was used to pre-treat the cells.With 0.1 g·L^-1 dodecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide(DTAB) treated for 30 min，the maximum C23O activity could be achieved，which was consistent with the result of treated cells by beads milling.In the present study，a feasible and simple method was put forward for the apparent enzyme activity assay intracells which could be conveniently applied to the whole-cell biocatalysis or to environmental bioremediation.

Combustion wave propagation experiments in porous media were carried out for premixed methane/air mixtures with an equivalence ratio ranging from 0.7 to 1.0.Wave velocity, peak combustion temperature, and flame structure were studied.The parameters that affected these characteristics included inlet velocity, equivalence ratio, and structure of porous media.Experimental results showed that combustion wave propagation of a premixed mixture of methane/air combustion was possible at a very low velocity, and the wave velocity was determined by equivalence ratio and pore size of porous media.A larger equivalence ratio resulted in a larger combustion wave velocity.Porous media consisted of 6 mm diameter spheres had a larger combustion wave velocity than those consisted of 3 mm diameter spheres at the same porosity.

An innovative semi-dry flue gas purification technology with multi-spouted bed was proposed，and experimental study on desulfurization characteristics in the secondary reaction zone was performed by an on-line SO2 spectral measuring system.Five factors，including amount of desulfurating agent，flue gas temperature，particle concentration of circulation，strength of air flow disturbance，and amount of modulator water，which influence the quantity of removed pollutant and the removal ratio，were analyzed.The experiment indicates that with optimal parameters，the removal ratio of studied zone can reach more than 40%.It is found the particle concentration of circulation affects the desulfurization characteristics significantly，which can increase the removal ratio by 18%.The effect of amount of absorbent，strength of air flow disturbance and amount of modulator water on the removal ratio is increasing the removal ratio by 6%～8%.

SbSn intermetallic compound with Al addition was prepared via ball milling ,when Sb and Sn powders were mixed with a small amount of Al powder.By removing Al by alkali dissolution, the specific surface area of SbSn alloy was expected to enlarge.The bulk phase structure, specific surface area and melting point were determined by XRD, BET and DSC.Its specific surface area was enlarged more than 7 times when Al addition was 5%.The results showed that expansion of specific surface area was favorable for increasing desulfurization efficiency.When surfactant addition was 0.19%, reaction time was over 18 h, voltage was assigned at 12.54 V, desulfurization efficiency reached 37.9% for emulsion of W(20)/O(80) using specific surface area of SbSn 6.43 m2·g^-1 supported on wire mesh as medium.The desulfurization mechanism was explained that there was electrochemical reaction between sulfide and SbSn surface under electric current induction, in combination with physical adsorption on active sitelike vacancy caused by removing Al on alloy surface.

A thermodynamic analysis of the homogeneous and heterogeneous equilibrium system of hydrocarbons indicated that，the maximum acetylene yield was 98.6% in homogeneous system and 53.1% in heterogeneous system while H/C was 4.Some factors which affected methane conversion efficiency，acetylene selectivity，acetylene yield and specific energy of requirement（SER）were investigated，and the relationship among the concentration of acetylene，yield and SER was analyzed.The methane conversion efficiency，acetylene selectivity and yield decreased and the concentration of acetylene etc.product gas increased with the increase of methane feeding rate，SER did reach a minimum point and then increased.With 4.0 m ³·h^-1 methane feeding rate，minimum SER，concentration of acetylene and yield did reach 9.68 kW·h·kg^-1，11.4% and 86.2% respectively.The increased maximum extent of acetylene yield approached 18% and 55% respectively by quenching and change of residence time.

A novel, economical and applicable equipment, high speed rotary disk (HSRD) was brought forward by the authors based on experimental research.As a physical pretreatment process of excess sludge reduction and resource recovery technology, the solubilization effects of HSRD upon excess sludge were investigated.According to the experimental results, besides grinding and hydrolytic enzyme effects, the fluid shearing force generated by the rotary disk contributed to the solubilization of the sludge.And the shearing force can only be generated by high rotating speed of the rotary disk with high MLSS concentration of the sludge.Moreover, the high solubilization rate (DOC/TOC>50%) could be achieved under the optimum condition: rotating speed 5000 r·min^-1， MLSS of the sludge higher than 18000 mg·L^-1， and treatment time 45 min.

For the purpose of investigating desulfuration characteristics and mechanism of black liquor coal slurry, three combustion experiments were performed in thermobalance, test furnace and industrial boiler, respectively, and sulfur dioxide emission in the combustion fume was compared between black liquor coal slurry and the raw coal, qualitatively and quantitatively.The desulfuration mechanism of black liquor coal slurry was investigated by means of energy spectroscopy, electron probe microanalyzer and X-ray diffraction analysis of typical combustion ash samples from test furnace and industrial boiler.The result indicated that most of sulfur dioxide was absorbed by sodium hydroxide and fixed in fly ash and slag during the combustion of black liquor coal slurry, and the sulpharization process of sodium carbonate in the high temperature environment could also absorb part of sulfur dioxide.Sodium hydroxide and sodium carbonate are two principal desulfuration agents with the mechanism different from coal’s calcium-base desulfuration.The occurrence form of the desulfuration phase in fly ash and slag of black liquor coal slurry was mainly thenardite, sodium sulfate and aphthitalite.

Mesoporous TiO₂ whisker prepared by sintering has high crystallinity, its pore size is controllable, and the cost is low, so it can be mass-produced.If the material is used in electrochemical capacitorelectrode, the cost of the capacitor will be cut down.In this paper, mesoporous TiO2 whisker with pore size around 10 nm and TiO2/RuO2 composite material were prepared to make electrodes.The results of cyclic voltammograms showed that the material had typical electrochemical capacitor property even in the neutral solution of 0.1 mol·L^-1 Na2SO4.The capacitor property was within a wide scan range.When the mesoporous TiO ₂ whisker was loaded with RuO ₂, the performance was excellent, and its capacitance was up to 940.4 F·g^-1 (divided by the mass of RuO ₂), so it is feasible to use this material as mass-produced electrode material.

Room temperature ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylpyridinium hexafluorophosphate as solvent for palladium-catalyzed copolymerization of carbon monoxide and styrene was prepared by the reaction of 4-methyl pyridine, bromobutane and potassium hexafluorophosphate under microwave irradiation.Ionic liquid and copolymer were characterized by elemental analysis, thermogravimetry (TG) ,GPC,¹H NMR spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (IR).The different palladium catalysts, amount of ionic liquid, reaction time and the reusability of the catalyst-ionic liquid system were discussed.It was found that the yield of polyketone and the catalytic activity of catalyst-ionic liquid system were enhanced over conventional solvent under similar conditions and it was also found that the composite catalyst-ionic liquid system still kept 51% of the initial catalytic activity after 4 successive cycles.

Compared with the traditional injection molding, gas-assisted injection molding is more complicated and involves more process parameters.Process optimization becomes more difficult.Artificial neural network（ANN） and genetic algorithm（GA) were integrated to optimize the process for maximizing the gas penetration length.The simulation and experiment results were in good agreement.

A novel water soluble fluorescent monomer, 4-(N′-methyl-1-piperazinylallyl)-N-butyl-naphthalimide allyl chloride quaternary ammonium salt (FC) was synthesized from 4-bromo-1,8-maphthalic anhydride and N-methylpiperazidine.Its structure was characterized by IR, 1H NMR and elemental analysis.The 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-propanesulfonic acid /acrylic acid copolymer containing fluorescent group (FC-POCA) was prepared by copolymerization of FC, acrylic acid (AA), 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-propanesulfonic acid(AMPS) and NaPO3.The fluorescence and scale inhibition performance of FC-POCA was investigated.The relationship of fluorescence intensity and concentration of FC-POCA was linear, and the correlation coefficient (R) was 0.9578，and the limit of detection was 0.65 mg·L^-1.By the static method, the scale inhibition ratio of CaCO₃ was 77.2% when the copolymer concentration was 20 mg·L^-1，scale inhibition ratio of CaSO₄ was 100% when the copolymer concentration was 25 mg·L^-1.The results by SEM showed that the copolymer had high performance of scale inhibition on both dispersion and lattice distortion of CaCO_3.

Humic acid sodium was used as an inhibitor to the secondary reaction in the process of clinker extraction.When the addition of humic acid sodium to clinker was up to about 0.43%, the extraction efficiency of alumina and caustic from clinker will be increased by 3.87% and 4.51%, respectively.Its inhibition mechanism was studied by the determination of infrared（NIR）spectra and the concentrations of SiO2 and Ca²⁺ in the extracted solution.The results showed that the big molecules of humic acid sodium enwrapped dicalcium silicate surface ,which prevented dicalcium silicate from contacting with the solution.At the same time，the anions dissociating from humic acid sodium could combine with Ca²⁺，which resulted in the concentration reduction of Ca²⁺ in the solution.Therefore, it was inhibited to form hydrated aluminosilicate silicate which caused the loss of sodium aluminate.