A model in fuzzy mathematics was proposed to describe the structure ofan amorphous polymer. On the basis of the structural model, the authors believed that there are more microcavities in a rubbery polymer than in a glassy polymer and hole filling is an important sorption mechanism both above and below the glass-transition temperature. Furthermore, the authors assumed that in an amorphous polymer there are two types of voids with different interactions on penetrants. A generalized sorption model based on the above assumption and molecular thermodynamics was developed which incorporated both the successful daul-mode model below the glass-transition temperature and Henrys law above it. The model parameters can be interpreted on the molecular level.

This paper describes an apparatus for measuring both pure and mixed gas sorption in amorphous polymers. Sorption data were reported for pure gases (CO2, CH4, C2H4 and C2H6) in three amorphous polymers[poly(methal methacry-lateXPMMA), pplyimde(PI) and poly(vinyl acetate) (PVA)]. These results and some data reported in literature show that the sorption model developed in Part I of this series can be applied to amorphous polymers both above and below the glass-transition temperature and that the model parameters can be correlated with the molecular properties and characteristics of the polymers and penetrant.

The PT equation of state was extended to high pressure electrolyte solutions by using the method of evaluating ionic parameters proposed by the authors. The model parameters were determined from the literature data. The solubilities of gas and gas mixtures in pure water and brines under high pressures could be predicted with the model developed.

A comparative study was carried out on the diffusion behavior of different diffusing species, including gases, non-electrolytes and electrolytes, in porous particles prepared in the laboratory and believed to have the same pore structure. The effective diffusivities of different gas pairs, hydrogen in nitrogen or in argon, and nitrogen or argon in hydrogen, were measured by the dynamic pulse response method. From the values of effective diffusivities, tortuosity factors were calculated and compared for different diffusion species in the pellets (with porosities from 0.234 to 0.632). The tortuosity factors for gas diffusion are only slightly dependent on the properties of diffusion species, while strongly dependent on the porosities of the pellets. The effective diffusivities of potassium chloride or lithium chloride in water and benzene in ethanol were also measured in a well-stirred reactor. The results clearly demonstrate that the tortuosity factors of the diffusion of a binary electrolyte are not so markedly influenced by the pellet porosity as compared with gas diffusion. The tortuosity factors for the diffusion of a non-electrolyte differ from those for diffusion of a binary electrolyte in water in the range of 20% to 60%.

An integral type constitutive equation for elastico-viscoplastic liquids has been proposed to describe the rheological properties of sesbania gel as a fracturing fluid in oil recovery. The rheological parameters determined by steady shear flow were used to analyse the oscillatory shear flow and die-swell flow. The theoretical analysis agreed with the experimental data. The equation can also be used to predict the rheological properties of xantham gum and HPG gel.

The hydrodynamic behavior of a cocurent gas-liquid-solid fluidized bed was studied by the bed collapse technique, and the key parameters, k and x, of the generalized wake model were estimated. Compared with other existing methods for evaluating the parameters, k and x, the bed collapse technique shows some distinct advantages. The parameters are derived directly from experiments in a three-dimensional three-phase fluidized bed. There is no need to assume a complete sphere for a bubble and its wake. The holdup results of the three-phase fluidized bed predicted by the generalized wake model with the estimated k and x are in good agreement with those obtained with the traditional pressure-drop method.

Puttng some suitable internal devices in the risercomer of a large-scale airlift loop reactor for promoting bubbles dispersion and gas-liquid mixing could enhance the oxygen transfer. The perforated plate and corrugated screen package were mainly investigated. The influence of the hole diameter and void-age of the perforated plate on KLa was studied. The results showed that smaller hole diameter and larger voidage had higher KLa values with lower hydraulic resistance. In order to measure the KLa with the dynamic method, a plug flow model for describing the transient response of dissolved oxygen concentration in the loop system with large height and diameter ratio was proposed to yield an analytic solution. The calculated results based on the model were well in accordance with the experimental data.

A concept of limiting yield is proposed in light of the dependence ofbatch distillation yield on the number of theoretical plates. The number of theoretical plates corresponding to the limiting yield may be used as the criterion in designing a batch distillation column and evaluating an existing column. On the basis of limiting yield, the authors develope a new operation mode by controlling the column holdup in such a way that in a predetermined moment, some of the holdup is withdrawn from the column as an intermediate fraction in order to reduce the tailing effect and to increase the separating efficiency. Experimental work was carried out with success in confirming the proposed controlled holdup operation. Method of simulation is also reported and the theoretical computation agrees satisfactorily with the experimental result.

This paper describes the necessity of simultaneously considering flow exer-gy dissipation of heat exchanger, optimization of match unit and heat transfer enhancement while searching optimal minimum temperature approach ΔTmin,opt. It is proposed through analysis to take the ΔT°min,oPt obtained with Linnhoff et al. s "supertargeting" as the initial value and search the ΔTmin, opt towards a value larger than the ΔT°min,opt in order to save computation time. In this paper, economic margin and composite curves structure characteristics of heat exchanger system influencing the ΔTmin,opt and its difference with the initial value are discussed, 4 typical types of composite curves structure are distinguished. A new strategy for heat exchanger network synthesis is advanced. Three practical cases show the advantage of the new strategy over others.

Experiments were made on fluid flow resistance and heat transfer in theshell side of tubular heat exchangers with longitudinal flow, and the performance of heat transfer enhancement of transversally fluted tube bundle supported with the ROD tube supports was compared with that of the same tube bundle but supported with the RING tube supports. The results showed that roughness tube bundle supported with RING tube supports had better performance of heat transfer. In this paper the measurements of fluid velocity distribution made with LDV within roughness tube bundles and in the downstream direction of tube supports are given, and the influence of the forms of tube supports on heat transfer performance of tube bundles is analysed.

In this paper, the kinetic model of butynediol hydro-genation to 1, 4-buta-nediol by using Pd/γ-Al2O3 catalyst was studied. The kinetic experiments were performed, and the evaluation of various rate equations based on different mechanism were made. The multiple series-parallel reactions thus chosen were solved by Runge-Kutta method. Finally, the activation energies of various reactions were calculated.

By using DB-18-C-6 as a carrier, K+ and Na+ were separated by emulsion liquid membrane. Such a liquid membrane system has evolved to a practical stage in a new area of the application of macrocyclic ether. Experimental results showed that the extractibility of emulsion liquid membrane depended on the reagent in the inner aqueous phase, the anion in the outer aqueous phase, membrane solvent, and the crown ethers pairing with the metal cation. A mass transfer model of diffusion was proposed and agreed with the experimental results well.

The effect of intraparticle diffusion on the deactivation rates of isothermal, spherical catalyst pellets for uniform independent deactivation was studied by means of the method of orthogonal collocation. A quantitative relationship between the deactivation effectiveness factor and Thiele modulus was developed for the second order reaction and the mth order deactivation. The extension to the nth order reaction and the mth order deactivation was also discussed. A combined unit of micro-reactor and gas chromatography was used to study the deactivation of catalyst for the disproportionation of toluene over mordenite catalyst. Various diffusion-deactivation kinetic equations were tested and their goodness of fit was discussed. In particular, it was found that the second order reaction and the mth order deactivation rate form agreed with the data.

The Interface-Reaction model proposed by the authors earlier for solid-liquid reactions was success fully applied to a typical moderate rate reaction, the hydrolysis of phthalic anhydride in aqueous solution of NaOH. This success in simulating non-instantaneous reaction strongly manifests the capability of the model in describing the behavior of some solid-liquid reactions. The jD factor for mass transfer in the reaction system equipped with flat-blade turbine agitator was found to increase with increasing Re for the first time, and the necessity of inclusion of Scm on the right hand side of jD-Re equations was also found in this work.

Liquid-liquid equilibrium data were measured for the binary systems of water-octylenic aldehyde and water-n-butanol under atmospheric pressure. Also the vapor-liquid equilibrium data under 26.66kPa pressure for n-butanol-octylenic aldehyde binary system and water-n-butanol-octylenic aldehyde ternary system were determined. From the equilibrium data determined for the above three binary systems, the NRTL constants and regular parameters are obtained and the VLE for the ternary system are predicted with the constants and parameters. A comparison of the predicted values with those measured shows satisfactory results. The liquid-liquid equilibrium and vapor-liquid equilibrium are unified in the correlation in this work.

An apparatus for measuring critical constants of organic compounds with the meniscus-disappearing method in an open tube was designed and set up. The critical temperatures and critical pressures of five organic compounds were measured. The critical densities of those compounds were determined by "the law of rectilinear diameter".

A study of the effects of particle content and surface treatment on the rheological properties for calcium carbonate suspensions in a mineral oil was carried out. The result shows that the addition of uncoated particles only increases the viscosity whereas the increase in elasticity, viscoelasticity and non-Newtonian properties is mainly due to the surface modification.

From the mid-1970s onwards the emphasis of cement industry has been on the development of various precalcining processes. The key of precalcining process is precalciner. E. Kolyfetis developed a mathematical model which treats the spouting precalciner as a typical entrained flow reactor to describe the steady -state behaviour of SLC precalciners. In the present work, the decomposition of CaCO3 particles in the spouting precalciner was investigated by numerical modelling. The k-ε gas turbulence model as well as the no-"slip" model of particle motion was applied to the decomposition of CaCO3 in isothermal two-phase flow. The numerical results were found to be in qualitative agreement with E. Kolyfetiss results. This method was also used to study the effect of various physico-chemical and operating parameters on precalciner performance.

An increase of dye uptake and improvement of dyeing properties of acid dye have been achieved on rare earth metal modified nylon 66 fabrics. The interaction between fiber, dye and rare earth ions and the type of how the interaction takes place were studied by examining the IR and visible spectra and the change of the dye solubilities. A dyeing mechanism of acid dyes in water on such fabrics was then proposed.