气粉两相体系爆炸动力学特性及机理研究进展

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20240146

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

可燃性粉尘与易燃易爆气体广泛存在于工贸行业的各个环节之中，即使当粉尘和气体浓度都低于爆炸下限时，混合体系仍有发生爆炸的可能性，所以与单一粉尘或气体相比，气粉两相体系具有更高的爆炸危险性。本文主要从气粉两相体系的爆炸条件、爆炸效应以及爆炸机理三方面分析总结了两相体系爆炸敏感度参数、爆炸强度参数、火焰传播特性变化规律及其爆炸反应机理。研究结果表明，气粉两相体系的爆炸特性主要是受粉体粒径、粉体浓度、粉体物理化学特性、可燃气体浓度等多因素的共同影响，且不同体系之间具有较大差异性；此外，依据粉体热稳定性将两相体系分为两大类别，并分别探讨了其爆炸机理。基于此，对气粉两相体系爆炸防控亟待解决的方向和今后研究重点进行展望，为工矿气粉涉爆企业的安全生产提供理论指导。

关键词: 安全, 爆炸, 混合物, 爆炸敏感度, 爆炸特性, 爆炸机理, 两相体系

Abstract:

Combustible dust and flammable gases are widely present in all aspects of industry and trade, even when concentrations of the dust and gas are lower than the lower explosion limit, the hybrid mixtures still has the potential to explode. Compared with a single dust or gas, the hybrid mixtures has a higher explosion risk. In this paper, the explosion sensitivity parameters, explosion intensity parameters, flame propagation characteristics and its explosion mechanism of hybrid mixtures are investigated from three aspects (explosion conditions, explosion effect and explosion mechanism). The results show that the explosion characteristics of hybrid mixtures are mainly affected by the powder particle size, powder concentration, powder physicochemical properties and combustible gas concentration, and there are great differences between different hybrid mixtures. In addition, hybrid mixtures are divided into two major categories based on the powder thermal stability, and the explosion mechanism of different hybrid mixtures is examined. Based on this, the future research work focusing on the explosion prevention and control of hybrid mixture is put forward, which provides theoretical guidance for the safe production of gas-powder related explosive enterprises in industrial and mining sectors.

Key words: safety, explosions, mixtures, explosion sensitivity, explosion characteristics, explosion mechanism, hybrid mixtures

中图分类号:

TQ 028.8

苏彬, 董浩伟, 罗振敏, 邓军, 王涛, 程方明. 气粉两相体系爆炸动力学特性及机理研究进展[J]. 化工学报, DOI: 10.11949/0438-1157.20240146.

Bin SU, Haowei DONG, Zhenmin LUO, Jun DENG, Tao WANG, Fangming CHENG. Research progress on explosion dynamic characteristics and mechanism of hybrid mixtures[J]. CIESC Journal, DOI: 10.11949/0438-1157.20240146.

图/表 10

表1 气粉两相体系爆炸事故统计

Table 1 Explosion accident statistics of hybrid mixture

时间	地点	物质种类	事故后果
1985.05.13	中国辽宁省沈阳市	煤尘、瓦斯	死亡36人，受伤 13 人
1989.10.23	美国德克萨斯州	聚乙烯粉尘、乙烯、异丁烷	死亡23人，受伤314人
1993.11.11	中国河北省磁县黄沙乡	煤尘、瓦斯	死亡25人，受伤 10 人
2002.02.23	中国辽宁省	聚乙烯粉尘、乙烯	死亡 8 人，受伤 19 人
2013.12.13	中国新疆昌吉回族自治州	煤尘、瓦斯	死亡22人，受伤 1 人
2014.08.02	中国江苏省昆山市	铝粉、氢气	死亡97人，受伤163人
2016.10.31	中国重庆市永川区	煤尘、瓦斯	死亡33人，受伤 1 人
2018.12.26	中国北京市某高校	镁粉、氢气	死亡 3 人，受伤 0 人
2019.01.12	中国陕西省神木市	煤尘、瓦斯	死亡21人，受伤 10 人
2019.03.31	中国江苏省昆山市	镁合金粉、氢气	死亡 7 人，受伤 5 人
2021.10.24	中国江苏省南京市某高校	铝粉、镁粉、镁铝合金粉、氢气	死亡 2 人，受伤 9 人
2021.11.25	俄罗斯西伯利亚联邦区	煤尘、瓦斯	死亡52人，受伤 63 人
2023.07.04	中国广东省东莞市	铝合金粉、氢气	死亡 0 人，受伤 3 人
2023.09.14	中国上海市	铝镁合金粉、氢气	死亡 2 人，受伤 2 人
2024.01.20	中国江苏省常州市	铝合金粉、氢气	死亡 8 人，受伤 8 人

表2 气粉两相体系爆炸下限的预测模型

Table 2 Prediction model of lower explosive limit of hybrid mixture

时间	作者	爆炸下限预测模型	特点
1985年	Cashdollar等^[25]	$c M E C + y L E L = 1$	首次将MEC、LEL与两相体系中的气体体积浓度和粉尘质量浓度联立
2012年	Bartknecht^[38]	$c M E C = y L E L - 1 2$	随着粉体浓度，增加HMEC并非线性降低，符合二阶曲线方程的规律
2015年	Jiang等^[36]	$c M E C = y L E L - 1 (1.12 ± 0.03) K s t K G$	引入点火能量与湍流两个影响因素，并结合爆炸指数K
2018年	纪文涛等^[37]	$c M E C = 1 - y L E L η$ $η = 5.12 × 10 - 7 × e P m a x G + P m a x S t 2 l g K G + K S t 0.34 + 1.14$	引入极限因子η，关联了粉体与气体的最大爆炸压力和爆炸指数

表2 气粉两相体系爆炸下限的预测模型

Table 2 Prediction model of lower explosive limit of hybrid mixture

时间	作者	爆炸下限预测模型	特点
1985年	Cashdollar等^[25]	$c M E C + y L E L = 1$	首次将MEC、LEL与两相体系中的气体体积浓度和粉尘质量浓度联立
2012年	Bartknecht^[38]	$c M E C = y L E L - 1 2$	随着粉体浓度，增加HMEC并非线性降低，符合二阶曲线方程的规律
2015年	Jiang等^[36]	$c M E C = y L E L - 1 (1.12 ± 0.03) K s t K G$	引入点火能量与湍流两个影响因素，并结合爆炸指数K
2018年	纪文涛等^[37]	$c M E C = 1 - y L E L η$ $η = 5.12 × 10 - 7 × e P m a x G + P m a x S t 2 l g K G + K S t 0.34 + 1.14$	引入极限因子η，关联了粉体与气体的最大爆炸压力和爆炸指数

表3 气粉两相体系最小点火能的预测模型

Table 3 Prediction model of minimum ignition energy of hybrid mixture

时间	作者	最小点火能预测模型	特点
1998年	Britton^[43]	$H M I E = e x p l n M I E d u s t - y y 0 l n M I E d u s t M I E g a s$	采用Bartknecht的测试结果提出半经验公式
2012年	Khalii等^[50]	$H M I E = M I E g a s + M I E d u s t - M I E g a s · D c - h y b r i d - D c - g a s D c - d u s t - D c - g a s$	低于粉体爆炸下限后对MIE预测进行了修正^[50]
2016年	Addai等^[51]	$H M I E = M I E d u s t M I E d u s t / M I E g a s y / y 0$	提出直径、绝热火焰温度和临界点火内核的影响

表3 气粉两相体系最小点火能的预测模型

Table 3 Prediction model of minimum ignition energy of hybrid mixture

时间	作者	最小点火能预测模型	特点
1998年	Britton^[43]	$H M I E = e x p l n M I E d u s t - y y 0 l n M I E d u s t M I E g a s$	采用Bartknecht的测试结果提出半经验公式
2012年	Khalii等^[50]	$H M I E = M I E g a s + M I E d u s t - M I E g a s · D c - h y b r i d - D c - g a s D c - d u s t - D c - g a s$	低于粉体爆炸下限后对MIE预测进行了修正^[50]
2016年	Addai等^[51]	$H M I E = M I E d u s t M I E d u s t / M I E g a s y / y 0$	提出直径、绝热火焰温度和临界点火内核的影响

图1 单相爆炸与两相爆炸的最大爆炸压力对比

Fig.1 Comparison of maximum explosion pressure between single-phase explosion and two-phase explosion

图2 气粉两相体系爆炸火焰传播过程注:(a)瓦斯/煤尘[84] (b)乙烯/聚乙烯粉[9] (c)氢气/镁粉[85]

Fig.2 Flame propagation process of hybrid mixtures

图3 瓦斯/煤尘两相体系燃烧分区

Fig.3 Combustion zone of gas/coal dust hybrid mixtures

图4 瓦斯/煤尘两相体系爆炸机理

Fig.4 Explosion mechanism of gas/coal dust hybrid mixtures

图5 乙烯/聚乙烯两相体系爆炸机理

Fig.5 Explosion mechanism of ethylene/polyethylene hybrid mixtures

图6 甲烷/烟酸两相体系爆炸机理

Fig.6 Explosion mechanism of methane/nicotinic acid hybrid mixtures

图7 氢气/镁粉两相体系爆炸机理

Fig.7 Explosion mechanism of hydrogen/magnesium powder hybrid mixtures

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