基于自驱射流装置的强化池沸腾换热研究

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20251043

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

随着高功耗芯片热通量持续攀升，传统两相浸没式液冷因介电液体气膜易覆盖、补液易受阻而产生临界热通量（q_CHF）低、过冲大等问题。本文提出一种易于通过阵列排布扩展至更大面积的自驱射流装置，利用导流管-射流孔板耦合结构在40 mm×40 mm光滑表面上实现气液分离与局部射流冲击，系统研究了导流管内径、长度、射流孔宽度及射流距离对池沸腾性能的影响。实验以低GWP介电工质Noah 2100A为工质，采用可视化与多参数同步测量，结果表明：此装置使q_CHF与最大核态沸腾传热系数 h_MNB 分别最高提升77.5%与68.3%；减小导流管内径、增大射流孔宽度、适度延长管长或选择最优射流距离均可显著强化换热，但各参数均存在边际效应；强化机理归因于重力压差驱动的气液分离、补液流量增加及射流冲击抑制气膜覆盖。本研究为数据中心等大尺寸芯片的两相浸没式冷却提供了高可靠、易扩展的自驱强化方案。

关键词: 传热, 相变, 多相流, 池沸腾, 自驱射流, 电子散热

Abstract:

With the continuous increase in high-power chip heat fluxes, traditional two-phase immersion liquid cooling suffers from low critical heat flux (q_CHF) and large temperature overshoot due to vapor film formation and poor liquid replenishment. This paper presents a self-driven jet device that can be readily scaled to larger areas through array configuration. The device enables gas-liquid separation and localized jet impingement on a 40 mm × 40 mm smooth surface by employing a coupled structure consisting of a guide tube and a jet orifice plate. The effects of guide tube inner diameter and length, jet orifice width, and jet distance on pool boiling performance were systematically studied. Experiments employed the low-GWP dielectric fluid Noah 2100A, adopting visualization and multi-parameter synchronous measurement. Results show the device enhances q_CHF and maximum nucleate boiling heat transfer coefficient (h_MNB) by up to 77.5% and 68.3%, respectively. Reducing guide tube inner diameter, increasing orifice width, moderately extending tube length, or optimizing jet distance significantly improves heat transfer, though marginal effects exist. The enhancement mechanism is attributed to gravity-driven gas-liquid separation, increased replenishment flow, and jet impingement suppressing vapor film coverage. This study provides a reliable and scalable self-driven enhancement solution for two-phase immersion cooling of large chips in data centers.

Key words: heat transfer, phase change, multiphase flow, pool boiling, self- driven jet, electronic cooling

中图分类号:

TK124

苏泽世, 高明, 左启荣, 董无含. 基于自驱射流装置的强化池沸腾换热研究[J]. 化工学报, DOI: 10.11949/0438-1157.20251043.

Zeshi SU, Ming GAO, Qirong ZUO, Wuhan DONG. Study on enhanced pool boiling heat transfer based on self-driven jet device[J]. CIESC Journal, DOI: 10.11949/0438-1157.20251043.

图/表 13

图1 池沸腾实验系统

Fig. 1 Pool boiling experimental system

表1 工质Noah 2100A在常温常压下的热物理性质

Table 1 Thermophysical properties of working fluid Noah 2100A at room temperature and pressure

液体密度/kg·m^-3	热导率/W·m^-1·K^-1	动力黏度/Pa·s	饱和压力/ kPa	相变潜热/kJ·kg^-1	表面张力系数/mN·m^-1
1601	0.0609	3.562 × 10⁻⁷	35.38	93.22	11.44

图2 自驱射流装置剖面示意图

Fig. 2 Schematic diagram of the cross-section of the self-driven jet device

图3 射流板尺寸示意图

Fig. 3 Schematic diagram of the jet plate size

表2 自驱射流装置特征参数

Table 2 Characteristic parameters of self-propelled jet device

导流管内径D_tube/mm	导流管长度L_tube/mm	射流孔宽度W_jet/mm	射流距离H_jet/mm
6	40	2	2
6	60	2	2
6	80	2	2
7	60	2	2
8	60	3	2
8	60	2	2
8	60	2	4
8	60	2	6
8	60	2	8
8	60	1	2

图4 导热铜块孔位示意图：（a）二维尺寸示意图；（b）三维示意图

Fig. 4 Schematic diagram of hole positions in thermal conductive copper block: (a) Two dimensional diagram; (b) 3D schematic diagram

表3 数据处理中所涉及各参数的数值及不确定度汇总

Table 3 Summary of parameters and uncertainties

参数	数值	不确定度
T_sat	47℃	±0.05K
T_i,n	——	±0.02K
k_Cu,heating	388W/(m·K)	±3.88W/(m·K)
Δx_1.3	20mm	±0.025mm
∆x_wall	10mm	±0.025mm

图5 池沸腾数据可靠性验证

Fig. 5 Verification of reliability of pool boiling data

图6 配置Jet-2W8D2H60L不同热通量下池沸腾图片

Fig 6 Visual schematic diagram of pool boiling under different heat fluxes with Jet-2W8D2H60L configuration

图7 不同导流管内径沸腾性能对比

Fig. 7 Comparison of boiling performance in different Inner diameters of the guide tube

图8 不同射流孔宽度沸腾性能对比

Fig. 8 Comparison of boiling performance with different jet hole widths

图9 不同导流管长度沸腾性能对比

Fig. 9 Comparison of boiling performance with different lengths of guide tubes

图10 不同射流距离沸腾性能对比

Fig. 10 Comparison of boiling performance at different jet distances

参考文献 36

[1]	Desai S B, Madhvapathy S R, Sachid A B, et al. MoS₂transistors with 1-nanometer gate lengths[J]. Science, 2016, 354(6308): 99-102.
[2]	Ilager S, Ramamohanarao K, Buyya R. Thermal prediction for efficient energy management of clouds using machine learning[J]. IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems, 2021, 32(5): 1044-1056.
[3]	Itoh S, Nakano K, Ishibashi A. Current status and future prospects of ZnSe-based light-emitting devices[J]. Journal of Crystal Growth, 2000, 214/215: 1029-1034.
[4]	Wang Y B, Rao Z, Liu S C, et al. Evaluating the performance of liquid immersing preheating system for Lithium-ion battery pack[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2021, 190: 116811.
[5]	Liu J H, Fan Y N, Xie Q M. Feasibility study of a novel oil-immersed battery cooling system: Experiments and theoretical analysis[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2022, 208: 118251.
[6]	郭豪文. 纯电动汽车浸没式液体冷却电池包的模拟与实验研究[D]. 杭州:崔立祺. 浙江大学, 2022.
	Guo H. Simulation and experimental study of immersed liquid cooling battery pack for electric vehicle [D]. Hangzhou: Zhejiang University, 2022.
[7]	Wang Y F, Wu J T. Thermal performance predictions for an HFE-7000 direct flow boiling cooled battery thermal management system for electric vehicles[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2020, 207: 112569.
[8]	Anderson T M, Mudawar I. Microelectronic cooling by enhanced pool boiling of a dielectric fluorocarbon liquid[J]. Journal of Heat Transfer, 1989, 111(3): 752-759.
[9]	Mudawar I, Anderson T M. Parametric investigation into the effects of pressure, subcooling, surface augmentation and choice of coolant on pool boiling in the design of cooling systems for high-power-density electronic chips[J]. Journal of Electronic Packaging, 1990, 112(4): 375-382.
[10]	Mudawar I, Anderson T M. Optimization of enhanced surfaces for high flux chip cooling by pool boiling[J]. Journal of Electronic Packaging, 1993, 115(1): 89-100.
[11]	Liang G T, Mudawar I. Review of pool boiling enhancement by surface modification[J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2019, 128: 892-933.
[12]	Sajjad U, Sadeghianjahromi A, Ali H M, et al. Enhanced pool boiling of dielectric and highly wetting liquids - a review on enhancement mechanisms[J]. International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, 2020, 119: 104950.
[13]	Jithin K V, Rajesh P K. Numerical analysis of single-phase liquid immersion cooling for lithium-ion battery thermal management using different dielectric fluids[J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2022, 188: 122608.
[14]	Huang C, Zhu H X, Ma Y J, et al. Evaluation of lithium battery immersion thermal management using a novel pentaerythritol ester coolant[J]. Energy, 2023, 284: 129250.
[15]	吴曦蕾,杨佳亮,郭豪文,庄园,李晨阳,刘滢,韩晓红.数据中心浸没式液体冷却系统的发展历程及关键环节设计[J].制冷与空调,2022,22(11):61-74
	Wu X, Yang J, Guo H, et al. Development history and design of key links in immersion liquid cooling system for data center [J]. Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning, 2022, 22(11): 61-74.
[16]	Hayes A, Raghupathi P A, Emery T S, et al. Regulating flow of vapor to enhance pool boiling[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2019, 149: 1044-1051.
[17]	Yuan L L, Hong F J, Cheng P. Pool boiling enhancement through a guidance structure mounted above heating surface[J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2019, 139: 751-763.
[18]	Xu J Y, Hong F J, Zhang C Y. Experimental investigation on self-induced jet impingement boiling using R1336mzz(Z)[J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2024, 220: 124963.
[19]	Mody F, Chauhan A, Shukla M, et al. Evaluation of heater size and external enhancement techniques in pool boiling heat transfer with dielectric fluids[J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2022, 183: 122176.
[20]	张欢, 王雪丽, 杜研, 等. 加热面尺寸对饱和池沸腾换热性能的影响[J]. 西安科技大学学报, 2021, 41(3): 417-424.
	Zhang H, Wang X L, Du Y, et al. Influence of heater size on saturated pool boiling heat transfer performance[J]. Journal of Xi'an University of Science and Technology, 2021, 41(3): 417-424.
[21]	林祥伟, 林心怡, 黎芷均, 等. 表面材质对介电液体气泡成核及沸腾换热的微观影响机理[J]. 物理学报, 2025, 74(17): 308-317.
	Lin X W, Lin X Y, Li Z J, et al. Microscopic influence mechanism of surface material on nucleation and boiling heat transfer of dielectric liquid bubbles[J]. Acta Physica Sinica, 2025, 74(17): 308-317.
[22]	陈真真, 陈洪强, 黄磊, 等. 超声波强化换热研究进展[J]. 工程科学学报, 2022, 44(12): 2164-2176.
	Chen Z Z, Chen H Q, Huang L, et al. Research progress on the intensification of heat transfer by ultrasound[J]. Chinese Journal of Engineering, 2022, 44(12): 2164-2176.
[23]	El-Genk M S, Ali A M, Al-Hajri E. Saturated pool boiling of PF-5060 from copper surfaces with sintered copper powder layers [J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2019, 138: 1224-1235.
[24]	Gupta S K, Misra R D. An experimental investigation on pool boiling heat transfer enhancement using Cu-Al₂O₃ nano-composite coating[J]. Experimental Heat Transfer, 2019, 32(2): 133–158.
[25]	Boziuk T R, Smith M K, Glezer A. Enhanced boiling heat transfer on plain and featured surfaces using acoustic actuation[J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2017, 108: 181-190.
[26]	Deng W, Ahmad S, Liu H Q, et al. Improving boiling heat transfer with hydrophilic/hydrophobic patterned flat surface: a molecular dynamics study[J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2022, 182: 121974.
[27]	Liang G T, Chen Y, Wang J J, et al. Experiments and modeling of boiling heat transfer on hybrid-wettability surfaces[J]. International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 2021, 144: 103810.
[28]	Wang J J, Liang G T. Experimental investigation of pool boiling performance and bubble behavior on square micro-pillar structured surfaces[J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2025, 239: 126556.
[29]	何昌秋, 田加猛, 陈义齐, 等. 电场-宏观结构表面协同强化薄液膜沸腾传热特性[J]. 化工学报, 2025, 76(6): 2589-2602.
	He C Q, Tian J M, Chen Y Q, et al. Synergistic heat transfer enhancement characteristics due to electric field and macro-structured surface during thin film boiling[J]. CIESC Journal, 2025, 76(6): 2589-2602.
[30]	Može M, Zupančič M, Golobič I. Investigation of the scatter in reported pool boiling CHF measurements including analysis of heat flux and measurement uncertainty evaluation methodology[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2020, 169: 114938.
[31]	姜林林, 蒋金周, 张海滨. 水平微细圆管内R290流动沸腾流态可视化研究[J]. 制冷学报, 2023, 44(1): 129-135.
	Jiang L L, Jiang J Z, Zhang H B. Visualization research on flow pattern of R290 flow boiling in horizontal micro-tubes[J]. Journal of Refrigeration, 2023, 44(1): 129-135.
[32]	Huo X, Chen L, Tian Y S, et al. Flow boiling and flow regimes in small diameter tubes[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2004, 24(8–9): 1225–1239.
[33]	Lv X D, Zhang D L, Song G L, et al. Experimental study on flow patterns in narrow rectangular channels[J]. Progress in Nuclear Energy, 2023, 156: 104562.
[34]	Huo X, Chen L, Tian Y S, et al. Flow boiling and flow regimes in small diameter tubes[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2004, 24(8/9): 1225-1239.
[35]	Bhagwat S M, Ghajar A J. A flow pattern independent drift flux model based void fraction correlation for a wide range of gas–liquid two phase flow[J]. International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 2014, 59: 186-205.
[36]	郑晓倩, 刘道平, 陈永军, 等. 圆弧形导流式气泡泵的冷态试验研究[J]. 流体机械, 2015, 43(9): 58-62.
	Zheng X Q, Liu D P, Chen Y J, et al. Experimental study of circular arc form guided bubble pump under cold state[J]. Fluid Machinery, 2015, 43(9): 58-62.