回眸与展望流态化科学与技术

doi:10.3969/j.issn.0438-1157.2013.01.008

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 流态化作为一门具有科学内涵的学科始于20世纪40年代,但对于尚没有流态化命题下应用流态化技术的生活和生产活动,如淘米和扬谷,早已存在。此类活动的文字记载出现于16世纪。近代流态化理论以郭慕孙提出的广义流态化理论和无气泡气固接触理论以及Davidson提出的气泡理论为代表,而近代流态化技术的工业应用则以煤的气化和石油的催化裂化为代表。当前流态化的理论研究主要集中于流化床内由不同尺度的颗粒、液滴、气泡、聚团的时空不均匀分布所形成的不均匀结构的预测与优化调控理论与方法的研究,不均匀结构与传递和反应的关系理论的研究以及流态化床的计算机模拟与放大研究。当前流态化技术的工业应用范围已涵盖化工、冶金、能源、材料、环境等领域。在我国,由于经济快速发展,流态化技术应用尤为活跃。采用由流化床局部构效关系模型与两流体模型相结合的计算机模拟方法是解决流态化反应器过程优化调控和设备放大问题的有效途径。该方法面临许多挑战,需要付出艰苦的努力。目前中国工业正处于调整产业结构,淘汰落后产能,实现节能减排、清洁生产的转型期。在许多工业流程中,用高效节能的流态化床反应器替代低效高能耗的回转窑、固定床、移动床反应器正逢其时。

关键词: 流态化, 回眸, 展望

Abstract: Fluidization has its beginning in the forties of the 20th century.However production activities using fluidization technology, such as washing of rice and winnowing of grain, have existed for a long time even before the word "fluidization" appeared.That is, human activities involving fluidization began well before the 16th century.Coal gasification and catalytic cracking of petroleum are representatives of recent industrial applications of fluidization.Theories were proposed by J.F.Davidson on bubbling fluidization and by Mooson Kwauk on generalized fluidization and on bubbleless gas-solids contact.Current theoretical studies of fluidization are focused on quantitative prediction and optimum control, involving multi-scale heterogeneous structures consisting of gas bubbles, particle agglomerates, and liquid drops distributed in size and in concentration; modeling for predicting relationships between heterogeneous structure and transport of momentum, heat, mass, as well as chemical reactions; and computer simulation for the prediction and optimization of process operation and scale-up for fluidization technologies in the process industries, such as chemicals, metallurgy, energy, new materials and environment, particularly in China due to its fast development of economy.Computer simulation involving the two-fluid model combined with the structure-effect model of fluidization is currently a highly efficient method for solving problems of optimization and scale-up of fluidized bed reactors.However this method still faces many challenges and hard work needs yet to be done.Chinese industries are undergoing a period of transformation in adjusting current structure, and eliminating backward technologies, to realize lower energy consumption, lower pollution, and cleaner production.Backward equipment, such as rotary kilns, moving beds, and fixed beds are being replaced by fluidized beds, offering good opportunities for developing fluidization science and technology.

Key words: fluidization, review, prospect

中图分类号:

TQ028

李洪钟, 郭慕孙. 回眸与展望流态化科学与技术[J]. 化工学报, 2013, 64(1): 52-62.

LI Hongzhong, KWAUK Mooson. Review and prospect of fluidization science and technology[J]. CIESC Journal, 2013, 64(1): 52-62.

参考文献 96

[1]	Wilhelm R H, Kwauk M.Fluidization of solid particles[J].Chem.Eng.Prog., 1948,44(3):201-218
[2]	Brown G.Unit Operations, Chapter 20, Fluidization of Solids[M].Hoboken:Wiley, 1950:269-274
[3]	Agricola Georgius. De Re Metallica[M].Hoover H C,Hoover L H,trans. New York:Dover Publications, Inc.,1950
[4]	Song Yingxing(宋应星).Tian Gong Kai Wu(天工开物).//Xia Y Q, Guo C.100 Famous Books from Ancient Times(传世名著百部)[M].Vol.6. Blue Sky Press, 1998
[5]	Richardson J F, Zaki W N.Sedimentation and fluidization[J].Trans.Instn.Chem.Engrs., 1954,32:35
[6]	Kwauk M.Generalized fluidization(Ⅰ):Steady-state motion[J].Scientia Sinica, 1963,12(4):587-612
[7]	Davidson J F, Harrison D.Fluidization[M].Waltham:Academic, 1971
[8]	Kunii D, Levenspiel O.Fluidization Engineering[M].1st Ed.John Wiley & Sons, Inc., and Toppan Co., 1969; 2nd Ed.Butterworth-Heinemann, 1991
[9]	Geldart D.Types of gas fluidization[J].Powder Technology, 1973,7:285-292
[10]	Kwauk M.Fluidization—Idealized and Bubbleless[M].Beijing:Science Press;New York:Ellis Horwood, 1992
[11]	Li Y, Kwauk M.The dynamics of fast fluidization//Grace J R, Matsen J M.Fluidization[M]. Plenum, 1980:537-544
[12]	Li H, Xia Y, Tung Y, Kwauk M.Micro-visualization of clusters in a fast fluidized bed[J].Powder Technology, 1991,66(3):231-235
[13]	Li Hongzhong,Zhu Qingshan, Liu Hua,Zhou Yufeng. The cluster size distribution and motion behaviors in a fast fluidized bed[J].Powder Technology, 1995,84(3):241-246
[14]	Jin Y, Wei F.Multi-Phase Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology(Part 1)[M].Beijing:Tsinghua University Press, 2006:394-426
[15]	Fan L S.Gas-Liquid-Solid Fluidization Engineering[M].Boston:Butterworth-Heinemann, 1989
[16]	Wang Z, Kwauk M, Li H.Fluidization of fine particles[J].Chem.Eng.Sci., 1998,53(3):377-395
[17]	Jin Y, Zhu J X, Wang Z W, Yu Z Q.Fluidization Engineering Principles[M].Beijing:Tsinghua University Press, 2001
[18]	Kwauk Mooson(郭慕孙).History//Kwauk Mooson(郭慕孙), Li Hongzhong(李洪钟).Handbook of Fluidization(流态化手册)[M].Beijing:Chemical Industry Press, 2008:1-3
[19]	Norwacki P.Coal gasification processes//Energy Technology Review No.70.Winkler Process[M].Noyes Data Corp.,1981:200-209
[20]	Chen Junwu(陈俊武), Cao Hanchang(曹汉昌).Catalytic Cracking Technology and Engineering(催化裂化工艺与工程)[M].Beijing:China Petrochemical Press, 1995:1-29
[21]	Jahnig C E, Campbell D L, Martin H Z.History of fluidized solids development at EXXON//Grace J R, Matsen J M. Fluidization[M]. Plenum Press, 1980:3-24
[22]	Squires A M.Contribution toward a history of fluidization//Joint Meeting of Chemical Engineering, Chem.Ind.& Eng.Soc.China, and AIChE[C]. Beijing,1982:Vol.I. 322-353
[23]	Squires A M, Kwauk M, Avidan A A.Fluid beds:at last challenging two entrenched practices[J].Science, 1985,230:1329-1337
[24]	Squires A M.The story of fluid catalytic cracking:the first circulating fluid bed//Basu P. Circulating Fluidized Bed Technology[M]. Pergamon, 1986:1-19
[25]	Squires A M.Origin of the fast fluid bed//Mooson Kwauk. Fast Fluidization[M]. Academic Press, 1994:1-37
[26]	Chen J, Cao H,Liu T.Catalyst regeneration in fluid catalytic cracking//Mooson Kwauk.Fast Fluidization[M]. Academic Press, 1994:389-420
[27]	Reh L.The circulating fluid bed reactor — a key to efficient gas/solid processing//Basu P. Circulating Fluidized Bed Technology[M].Pergamon, 1986:105-118
[28]	Kwauk M.Fluidized roasting of oxidic Chinese iron ores[J].Scientia Sinica, 1979,22(11):1265
[29]	Wang Zunxiao(王尊孝).Fluidization(流态化)//Handbook of Chemical Engineering(化学工程手册)[M].Beijing:Chemical Industry Press, 1987:160-167
[30]	Rickles R N.Liquid-solid extraction[J].Chem.Eng., 1965,72(6):157-172
[31]	Yakubovich I A, et al.Separation and washing of sediments in a column containing a fluidized bed[J].Khim. Neft. Mashinstr., 1970(9):14-15
[32]	Korsunski V I, et al.Calculation of the fluidized-bed leaching of zinc sinters with consideration of mixing of the solid phase[J].Tsvet.Metal., 1970,43(5):21-26
[33]	Burovoi I A, et al.Semi-industrial testing of the fluidized-bed acid leaching of zinc calcine[J].Tsvet.Metal., 1971,44(10):16-19
[34]	Kwauk Mooson.Particulate fluidization in chemical metallurgy[J].Scientia Sinica, 1973,16(3):407
[35]	Kwauk Mooson(郭慕孙).Fluidization Leaching and Washing(流态化浸取和洗涤)[M].Beijing:Science Press, 1979
[36]	Li H, Lu X, Kwauk M.Particulatization of gas-solids fluidization[J].Powder Technology, 2003,137:54-62
[37]	Li Hongzhong(李洪钟), Kwauk Mooson(郭慕孙).Paticulatization of Gas Solids Fluidization(气固流态化的散式化)[M].Beijing:Chemical Industry Press, 2002
[38]	Zhou Tao(周涛),Li Hongzhong(李洪钟).Fluidization behavior of agglomerates of SiC cohesive particles[J].Journal of Chemical Industry and Engineering(China)(化工学报),1998,49(5):528-533
[39]	Zhou Tao, Li Hongzhong.Effects of adding different size particles on fluidization of cohesive particles[J].Powder Technology, 1999,102:215-220
[40]	Wang Zhaolin, Li Hongzhong.A new criterion for prejudging the fluidization behavior of powders[J].Powder Technology, 1995,84(2):191-195
[41]	Liu Dejin, Kwauk Mooson,Li Hongzhong.Aggregative and particulate fluidization—the two extremes of a continuous spectrum[J].Chem.Eng.Sci., 1996,51(17):4045-4063
[42]	Qiu Ou, Li Hongzhong, Tong Hua.Effect of fluid viscosity on liquid-solid fluidization[J].Ind.Eng.Chem.Res., 2004,43(15):4434-4437
[43]	Zheng Chuangen, Li Hongzhong, Kwauk Mooson. Characteristics of fast fluidization with internals//Potter O E, Nicklin D J.Fluidization Ⅶ[M].New York:Engineering Foundation, 1992:275-283
[44]	Liu Qin, Lu Xuesong, Li Hongzhong.Comparative studies on three different type internals for fluidizing cohesive particles//Kwauk M, Li J,Yang W C.Fluidization Ⅹ[M]. New York:United Engineering Foundation, 2001:739-746
[45]	Tong Hua, Li Hongzhong.Floating internals in fast bed of cohesive particles[J].Powder Technology, 2009,190(3):401-409
[46]	Li Hongzhong, Hong Ruoyu, Wang Zhaolin.Fluidizing ultrafine powder with circulating fluidized bed[J].Chem. Eng.Sci., 1999,54(22):5609-5615
[47]	Li Hongzhong, Tong Hua.Multi-scale fluidization of ultrafine powders in a fast-bed-riser/conical-dipleg CFB loop[J].Chem.Eng.Sci., 2004,59(8/9):1897-1904
[48]	Tong Hua, Qiu Ou, Li Hongzhong.Fluidization characteristics of ultrafine particles in conical bed//Arena U,Chirone R, Miccio M,Salatino P.Fluidization Ⅺ[M].ECI, Brooklyn, NY11201, USA, 2004:715-721
[49]	Chen Hengzhi(陈恒志),Li Hongzhong(李洪钟).Hydrodynamic feature of high-density downer reactor[J].Journal of Chemical Industry and Engineering(China)(化工学报), 2005,56(3):455-461
[50]	Chen Hengzhi(陈恒志), Li Hongzhong(李洪钟).Analysis for phase structure in a high-density downer[J].Journal of Chemical Industry and Engineering(China)(化工学报), 2005,56(8):1456-1461
[51]	Zhu Qingshan(朱庆山),Li Hongzhong(李洪钟).Magnetic fluidization of group C powder(Ⅰ):Mechanism[J].Journal of Chemical Industry and Engineering(China)(化工学报),1996,47(1):53-58
[52]	Zhu Qingshan(朱庆山),Li Hongzhong(李洪钟).Magnetic fluidization of group C powder(Ⅱ):Experimental study[J].Journal of Chemical Industry and Engineering(China)(化工学报),1996,47(1):59-64
[53]	Lü Xuesong(吕雪松),Zhao Yu(赵昱),Li Hongzhong(李洪钟).Iron-particle chain formation and rotation in fluidized bed under transverse rotating magnetic field[J].Journal of Chemical Industry and Engineering(China)(化工学报),1999,50(5):692-699
[54]	Lü Xuesong(吕雪松), Li Hongzhong(李洪钟).Improvement of fluidization quality of cohesive particles using transverse rotating magnetic field[J].Journal of Chemical Industry and Engineering(China)(化工学报), 2000,51(Suppl.):223-226
[55]	Zhu Qingshan, Li Hongzhong.Study on magnetic fluidization of group C powders[J].Powder Technology, 1996,86(2):179-185
[56]	Lu Xuesong, Li Hongzhong.Fluidization of CaCO3 and Fe2O3 particles mixtures in transverse rotating magnetic field[J].Powder Technology, 2000,107:66-78
[57]	Li J,Kwauk M.Particle-Fluid Two-Phase Flow — The Energy-minimization Multi-scale Method[M].Beijing:Metallurgical Industry Press, 1994
[58]	Yang N, Wang W, Ge W, Li J.CFD simulation of concurrent-up gas-solid flow in circulating fluidized beds with structure-dependent drag coefficient[J].Chem. Eng. J., 2003,96:71-80
[59]	Yang N, Wang W, Ge W, Li J.Computer simulation of heterogeneous structure in circulating fluidized beds by combining the two-fluid modle with the EMMS approach[J].Ind.Eng.Chem.Res., 2004,43(18):5548-5561
[60]	Li Jie, Zhang Xiaoping, Zhu Jia, Li Jinghai.Effects of cluster behavior on gas-solid mass transfer in circulating fluidized bed//Fan L S,Knowlton T M.Fluidization Ⅺ[M].New York:Engineering Foundation, 1998:405- 412
[61]	Wang Linna, Li Jinghai.Multi-scale mass transfer model and experiments for circulating fluidized beds//Kwauk M, Li J,Yang W C. Fluidization Ⅹ[M]. New York:United Engineering Foundation, 2001:533-540
[62]	Dong W, Wang W, Li J.A multiscale mass transfer model for gas-solid riser flows(Ⅱ):Sub-grid simulation of ozone decomposition[J].Chemical Engineering Science, 2008,63:2811-2823
[63]	Dong W, Wang W, Li J.A multiscale mass transfer model for gas-solid riser flows:(Ⅰ):Sub-grid model and simple tests[J].Chemical Engineering Science, 2008,63:2798-27810
[64]	Hou Baolin, Li Hongzhong.Relationship between flow structure and transfer coefficients in fast fluidized beds[J].Chemical Engineering Journal, 2010,157:509-519
[65]	Hou Baolin, Li Hongzhong, Zhu Qingshan.Relationship between flow structure and mass transfer in fast fluidized bed[J].Chemical Engineering Journal, 2010,163:108-118
[66]	Gidaspow D.Multiphase Flow and Fluidization:Continuum and Kinetic Theory Descriptions[M].London:Academic Press, 1994
[67]	Kuipers J A M, van Swaaij W P M.Application of computational fluid dynamics to chemical reaction engineering[J].Rev.Chem.Eng., 1997,13(3):1-118
[68]	Ouyang J, Li J.Particle-motion-resolved discrete model for simulating gas-solid fluidization[J].Chem.Eng.Sci., 1999,54:2077-2083
[69]	Ouyang J, Li J.Discrete simulations of heterogeneous structure and dynamic behavior in gas-solid fluidization[J].Chem.Eng.Sci., 1999,54:5427-5440
[70]	U.S.Department of Energy.Vision 2020:Technology Roadmap for Computational Fluid Dynamics[R].Office of Industrial Technology, 1999
[71]	Chinese Society of Particuology(中国颗粒学会).2009-2010 Report on Advances in Particuology(2009－2010 颗粒学进展报告)[R].Beijing:China Science and Technology Press, 2010:99-114
[72]	Yang Chaohe(杨朝合), Shan Honghong(山红红), Zhang Jianfang(张建芳).Two-stage riser FCC technologies[J].Petroleum Refinery Engineering(炼油技术与工程),2005,35(3):28-33
[73]	Xu Youhao(许友好), Zhang Jiushun(张久顺), Long Jun(龙军).A modified FCC process MIP for maximizing iso-paraffins in cracked naphtha[J].Petroleum Processing and Petrochemicals(石油炼制与化工), 2001,32(8):1-5
[74]	Gao Jinsen(高金森),Xu Chunming(徐春明), Ma An(马安),et al.A lower alkene gasoline FCC technology with auxiliary reactor and it’s application.//Proceedings of the Chinese Sociaty of Petroleum 5th Annual Meeting on Petroleum Refinery[C].Beijing:China Petrochemical Press, 2005:454-461
[75]	Xu Youhao(许友好), Zhang Jiushun(张久顺).Development and commercial application of FCC process for maximizing iso-paraffins(MIP)in cracked naphtha[J].Engineering Science(中国工程科学), 2003,5(5):55-58
[76]	Wang L Y, Wang G L, Wei J L.New FCC process minimizes gasoline olefin, increases propylene[J].Oil & Gas Journal, 2003,101(6):52-58
[77]	Liu Fei, Wei Fei, Li Guoliang, Cheng Yi, Wang Lei, Luo Guohua, Li Qiang, Qian Zhen, Zhang Qiang, Jin Yong. Study on the FCC process of a novel riser-downer coupling reactor(Ⅲ):Industrial trial and CFD modeling[J].Ind.Eng.Chem.Res., 2008,129(7):617-623
[78]	Cheng Yi, Wu Changning, Zhu Jingxu, Wei Fei, Jin Yong. Downer reactor:from fundamental study to industrial application[J].Powder Technology,2008,183(3):364-384
[79]	Diao S G, Qian W Z, Luo G H, Wei F, Wang Y.Gaseous catalytic hydrogenation of nitrobenzene to aniline in a two-stage fluidized bed reactor[J].Applied Catalysis A—General, 2005,286(1):30-35
[80]	Wei Xiaobo, Shi Haibo, Qian Weizhong, Luo Guohua, Jin Yong, Wei Fei.Gas-phase catalytic hydrochlorination of acetylene in a two-stage fluidized-bed reactor[J].Ind.Eng.Chem.Res., 2009,48(1):128-133
[81]	Hu Yongqi, Zhao Fengyun, Wei Fei, Jin Yong. Ammoxidation of propylene to acrylonitrile in a bench-scale circulating fluidized bed reactor[J].Chemical Engineering and Processing, 2007,46(10):918-923
[82]	Zhou Huaqun, Wang Yao, Wei Fei, Wang Dezheng, Wang Zhanwen.Kinetics of the reactions of the light alkenes over SAPO-34[J].Applied Catalysis A—General, 2008,348:135-141
[83]	Wei Fei, Zhang Qiang, Qian Weizhong, Yu Hao, Wang Yao, Luo Guohua, Xu Guanghui, Wang Dezheng.The mass production of carbon nanotubes using a nano-agglomerate fluidized bed reactor:a multiscale space-time analysis[J].Powder Technology, 2008,183(1):10-20
[84]	Wang Yao, Wei Fei, Luo Guohua, Yu Hao, Gu Guangshen. The large scale production of carbon nanotubes in a nano-agglomerate fluidized bed reactor[J].Chemical Physics Letter, 2002,364(5/6):568-572
[85]	Luo Zhongyang(骆仲泱),He Hongzhou(何宏舟),Wang Qinhui(王勤辉),Cen Kefa(岑可法).Status quo-technology of circulating fluidized bed boiler and its prospects of development[J].Power Engineering(动力工程), 2004,24(6):761- 767
[86]	Yue G X, Yang H R, Lu J F, Zhang H.Latest development of CFB boilers in China//Yue Guangxi,et al.Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion[C].Xi’an, China,2009:3-12
[87]	Sun Xianbin, Jiang Minhua.Research and development of large capacity CFB boilers in TPRI//Yue Guangxi,et al. Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion[C].Xi’an, China,2009:107-112
[88]	Liu Jing(刘静),Wang Qinhui(王勤辉),Luo Zhongyang(骆仲泱),Cen Kafa(岑可法).Design and research on a 600 MWe supercritical circulating fluidized bed boiler[J].Power Engineering(动力工程),2003,23(1):2179-2184
[89]	Yang Hairui(杨海瑞),Lü Junfu(吕俊复),Zhang Hai(张海),Yue Guangxi(岳光溪),Xing Xing(邢兴),Zhang Shouyu(张守玉),Yang Hui(杨辉).Update progress of supercritical circulating fluidized bed boiler[J].Boiler Technology(锅炉技术),2005,36(5):1-6
[90]	Sun Xianbin(孙献斌).Analysis on the development of supercritical CFB boiler technology[J].Journal of Electric Power(电力学报),2008,24(4):303-305
[91]	Hotta Arto.Foster Wheeler’s solutions for large scale CFB boiler technology:features and operational performance of Lagisza 460 MWe CFB boiler//Yue Guangxi, et al. Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion[C]. Xi’an, China,2009:59-70
[92]	Luo Zhongyang(骆仲泱),Wang Qinhui(王勤辉),Fang Menxiang(方梦祥),Cen Kefa(岑可法).Heat-electricity-gas Polygeneration Technology with Coal and It’s Engineering Practice(煤的热电气多联产技术及工程实例)[M].Beijing:Chemical Industry Press, 2004
[93]	Wang Yang(王洋),Wu Jinhu(吴晋沪).Ash agglomerating fluidized bed gasification on Chinese coal with high ash, high sulfur and high ash fusion temperature[J].Coal Chemical Industry(煤化工),2005(4):3-5
[94]	Fang Qitian(房倚天),Wang Yang(王洋),Ma Xiaoyun(马小云),Huang Jiejie(黄戒介),Wu Jinhu(吴晋沪),Cheng Zhonghu(程中虎),Chen Hanshi(陈寒石).New progress in development of pressurized ash agglomerating fluidized bed coal gasification technology[J].Coal Chemical Industry(煤化工),2007(1):11-17
[95]	Wu Chuangzhi(吴创之),Ma Longlong(马隆龙),Chen Yong(陈勇).Present development status of biomass gasification-electricity generation technologies//China Energy Science & Technology(中国科技产业-中国能源科技专辑).2006:76-79
[96]	Chen Guanyi(陈冠益),Gao Xuewen(高文学),Yan Beibei(颜蓓蓓),Jia Jiani(贾佳妮).Present research status and development of biomass gasification technologies[J].Gas & Heat(煤气与热力),2006,26(7):20-26