液体自冲击密封泄漏特性、密封机理与优化设计

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20250141

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

液体自冲击密封是一种新型非接触式密封技术，具有零磨损、低能耗、长寿命及高稳定性等优势，可满足高压、高速工况下的严苛密封需求。通过数值模拟与多工况分析，系统研究了翼形、矩形及键形悬柱结构的泄漏特性与封严机理，并提出了基于欧姆定律类比的并联流道优化设计方法。研究发现，翼形悬柱结构在低黏液体（如超临界CO₂）、高压（≥4 MPa）、高速（≥11000 r/min）及大间隙（≥0.18 mm）工况下抑漏能力最优，其性能源于支流道回流与多涡旋协同的“冲击阻塞”效应；键形与矩形结构在高黏液体、低压（≤4 MPa）及小间隙（≤0.18 mm）场景中表现相近，而键形封严效果更好；密封级数超过20级后抑漏增益显著减弱，且间隙缩小需权衡加工成本与可靠性；通过类比电路并联原理，提出支流道宽度为主流道0.5倍的优化方案，验证了该方法对高黏层流介质的适用性（误差<5%）。本研究揭示了液体自冲击密封的流动机理，为高压装备的低泄漏、高稳定性密封设计提供了理论依据，同时拓展了“冲击阻塞”理念的工程应用场景。

关键词: 密封, 泄漏特性, 计算流体力学, 湍流, 微尺度

Abstract:

Liquid self-impact sealing is a novel non-contact sealing technology that offers advantages such as zero wear, low energy consumption, long lifespan, and high stability, meeting the stringent sealing requirements under high-pressure and high-speed conditions. Through numerical simulations and multi-condition analyses, this paper systematically investigates the leakage characteristics and sealing mechanisms of wing-shaped, rectangular, and key-shaped suspension column structures, and proposes an optimized design method for parallel flow channels based on an analogy to Ohm's law. The study reveals that: (1) The wing-shaped suspension column structure exhibits the best leakage suppression capability under conditions of low-viscosity gas, high pressure (≥4 MPa), high speed (≥11000 r/min), and large clearance (≥0.18 mm). Its performance is attributed to the “impact blocking” effect resulting from the synergistic effect of branch channel reflow and multiple vortices; (2) The key-shaped and rectangular structures perform similarly in scenarios involving high-viscosity liquids, low pressure (≤4 MPa), and small clearance (≤0.18 mm), with the key-shaped structure exhibiting better sealing effectiveness; (3) The leakage suppression gain is significantly weakened after the sealing level exceeds 20, and the gap reduction needs to balance the processing cost and reliability; (4) By analogizing the principle of parallel circuits, an optimization scheme is proposed where the width of the branch channels is 0.5 times that of the main channel, and the applicability of this method to high-viscosity laminar flow media is verified (error <5%). This study elucidates the flow mechanism of liquid self-impact sealing, providing a theoretical basis for low-leakage and high-stability sealing designs in high-pressure equipment, and simultaneously expanding the engineering application scenarios of the “impact blocking” concept.

Key words: seal, leakage characteristics, computational fluid dynamics (CFD), turbulence, microscale

中图分类号:

TH 117

王泽, 胡琼, 陈雅静, 王衍, 耿佳旭, 沈斐然. 液体自冲击密封泄漏特性、密封机理与优化设计[J]. 化工学报, 2025, 76(8): 4194-4204.

Ze WANG, Qiong HU, Yajing CHEN, Yan WANG, Jiaxu GENG, Feiran SHEN. Leakage characteristics, sealing mechanism, and optimization design of self-impacting liquid seals[J]. CIESC Journal, 2025, 76(8): 4194-4204.

图/表 14

图1 液体自冲击密封结构及流场流动示意图

Fig.1 Liquid self-impact seal structure and flow field flow diagram

图2 特斯拉阀单元[12]

Fig.2 Tesla valve unit[12]

图3 不同悬柱形状的液体自冲击密封结构及参数

Fig.3 Structure and parameters of liquid self-impact seal with different suspension column shapes

表1 三种自冲击密封的结构与工况参数

Table 1 Structural and operational parameters of three self-impact seals

参数	范围	相对不变量
流道宽度h/mm	0.01～0.3	0.1
悬柱半径R/mm	2.5	—
流距l/mm	6	—
交错比k/mm	2	—
分流角α/(°)	48	—
入口压力P_in/MPa	0.2～50.1	0.2
出口压力P_out/MPa	0.1	—
转速N/(r/min)	0～20000	0
介质黏度μ/(Pa·s)	0.00000929～1	0.001
矩形宽度w/mm	2.5	—
密封级数Z	8～40	8

图4 网格无关性验证

Fig.4 Grid independence verification

图5 黏度对泄漏率的影响

Fig.5 Influence of viscosity on leakage rate

图6 转速对泄漏率的影响

Fig.6 Influence of rotational speed on leakage rate

图7 5000 r/min微流场压力分布（水）

Fig.7 Pressure distribution of micro-flow field at 5000 r/min (water)

图8 不同转速下微流场径向速度分布（水）

Fig.8 Radial velocity distribution of micro-flow field at different rotational speeds (water)

图9 介质压差对泄漏率的影响

Fig.9 Influence of medium pressure difference on leakage rate

图10 密封间隙对泄漏率的影响

Fig.10 Influence of sealing gap on leakage rate

图11 密封级数对泄漏率的影响

Fig.11 Effect of sealing stages on leakage rate

图12 不同悬柱形状液体自冲击密封微流场的速度分布（水，100 MPa压差、0.1 mm间隙、停机状态）

Fig.12 Velocity distribution of micro-flow field in self-impact seals with different suspension pillar shapes (water, 100 MPa pressure differential, 0.1 mm clearance and shutdown state condition)

图13 主、支流道宽度之比为2时的降漏率（矩形和键形密封）

Fig.13 Leakage reduction rate for a main-to-branch channel width ratio of 2 (rectangle and key-shaped seals)

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