气粉两相体系爆炸动力学特性及机理研究进展

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20240146

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

可燃性粉尘与易燃易爆气体广泛存在于工贸行业的各个环节之中，即使当粉尘和气体浓度都低于爆炸下限时，混合体系仍有发生爆炸的可能性，所以与单一粉尘或气体相比，气粉两相体系具有更高的爆炸危险性。主要从气粉两相体系的爆炸条件、爆炸效应以及爆炸机理三方面分析总结了两相体系爆炸敏感度参数、爆炸强度参数、火焰传播特性变化规律及其爆炸反应机理。研究结果表明，气粉两相体系的爆炸特性主要是受粉体粒径、粉体浓度、粉体物理化学特性、可燃气体浓度等多因素的共同影响，且不同体系之间具有较大差异性。此外，依据粉体热稳定性将两相体系分为两大类别，并分别探讨了其爆炸机理。基于此，对气粉两相体系爆炸防控亟待解决的方向和今后研究重点进行展望，为工矿气粉涉爆企业的安全生产提供理论指导。

关键词: 安全, 爆炸, 混合物, 爆炸敏感度, 爆炸特性, 爆炸机理, 两相体系

Abstract:

Combustible dust and flammable gases are widely present in all aspects of industry and trade. Even when the concentrations of dust and gas are below the lower explosion limit, the mixed system still has the possibility of explosion. Compared with a single dust or gas, the hybrid mixtures have a higher explosion risk. In this paper, the explosion sensitivity parameters, explosion intensity parameters, flame propagation characteristics and its explosion mechanism of hybrid mixtures are investigated from three aspects (explosion conditions, explosion effect and explosion mechanism). The results show that the explosion characteristics of hybrid mixtures are mainly affected by the powder particle size, powder concentration, powder physicochemical properties and combustible gas concentration, and there are great differences between different hybrid mixtures. In addition, hybrid mixtures are divided into two major categories based on the powder thermal stability, and the explosion mechanism of different hybrid mixtures is examined. Based on this, the future research work focusing on the explosion prevention and control of hybrid mixture is put forward, which provides theoretical guidance for the safe production of gas-powder related explosive enterprises in industrial and mining sectors.

Key words: safety, explosions, mixtures, explosion sensitivity, explosion characteristics, explosion mechanism, hybrid mixtures

中图分类号:

TQ 028.8

苏彬, 董浩伟, 罗振敏, 邓军, 王涛, 程方明. 气粉两相体系爆炸动力学特性及机理研究进展[J]. 化工学报, 2024, 75(6): 2109-2122.

Bin SU, Haowei DONG, Zhenmin LUO, Jun DENG, Tao WANG, Fangming CHENG. Research progress on explosion dynamic characteristics and mechanism of hybrid mixtures[J]. CIESC Journal, 2024, 75(6): 2109-2122.

图/表 10

表1 气粉两相体系爆炸事故统计

Table 1 Explosion accident statistics of hybrid mixture

年份	地点	物质种类	事故后果
1985	中国辽宁省沈阳市	煤尘、瓦斯	死亡36人，受伤13人
1989	美国德克萨斯州	聚乙烯粉尘、乙烯、异丁烷	死亡23人，受伤314人
1993	中国河北省磁县	煤尘、瓦斯	死亡25人，受伤10人
2002	中国辽宁省	聚乙烯粉尘、乙烯	死亡8人，受伤19人
2013	中国新疆昌吉回族自治州	煤尘、瓦斯	死亡22人，受伤1人
2014	中国江苏省昆山市	铝粉、氢气	死亡97人，受伤163人
2016	中国重庆市	煤尘、瓦斯	死亡33人，受伤1人
2018	中国北京市	镁粉、氢气	死亡3人，受伤0人
2019	中国陕西省神木市	煤尘、瓦斯	死亡21人，受伤10人
2019	中国江苏省昆山市	镁合金粉、氢气	死亡7人，受伤5人
2021	中国江苏省南京市	铝粉、镁粉、镁铝合金粉、氢气	死亡2人，受伤9人
2021	俄罗斯西伯利亚联邦区	煤尘、瓦斯	死亡52人，受伤63人
2023	中国广东省东莞市	铝合金粉、氢气	死亡0人，受伤3人
2023	中国上海市	铝镁合金粉、氢气	死亡2人，受伤2人
2024	中国江苏省常州市	铝合金粉、氢气	死亡8人，受伤8人

表2 气粉两相体系爆炸下限的预测模型

Table 2 Prediction model of lower explosive limit of hybrid mixture

时间	爆炸下限预测模型	特点	文献
1985年	$\frac{c}{M E C} + \frac{y}{L E L} = 1$	首次将MEC、LEL与两相体系中的气体体积分数和粉尘质量浓度联立	[25]
2012年	$\frac{c}{M E C} = {(\frac{y}{L E L} - 1)}^{2}$	随着粉体浓度增加，HMEC并非线性降低，符合二阶曲线方程的规律	[38]
2015年	$\frac{c}{M E C} = {(\frac{y}{L E L} - 1)}^{(1.12 \pm 0.03) \frac{K_{s t}}{K_{G}}}$	引入点火能量与湍流两个影响因素，并结合爆炸指数K	[36]
2018年	$\frac{c}{M E C} = {(1 - \frac{y}{L E L})}^{η}$ $η = 5.12 \times 10^{- 7} e^{\frac{{(P_{m a x}^{G} + P_{m a x}^{S t})}^{2} l g (K_{G} + K_{s t})}{0.34}} + 1.14$	引入极限因子η，关联了粉体与气体的最大爆炸压力和爆炸指数	[37]

表2 气粉两相体系爆炸下限的预测模型

Table 2 Prediction model of lower explosive limit of hybrid mixture

时间	爆炸下限预测模型	特点	文献
1985年	$\frac{c}{M E C} + \frac{y}{L E L} = 1$	首次将MEC、LEL与两相体系中的气体体积分数和粉尘质量浓度联立	[25]
2012年	$\frac{c}{M E C} = {(\frac{y}{L E L} - 1)}^{2}$	随着粉体浓度增加，HMEC并非线性降低，符合二阶曲线方程的规律	[38]
2015年	$\frac{c}{M E C} = {(\frac{y}{L E L} - 1)}^{(1.12 \pm 0.03) \frac{K_{s t}}{K_{G}}}$	引入点火能量与湍流两个影响因素，并结合爆炸指数K	[36]
2018年	$\frac{c}{M E C} = {(1 - \frac{y}{L E L})}^{η}$ $η = 5.12 \times 10^{- 7} e^{\frac{{(P_{m a x}^{G} + P_{m a x}^{S t})}^{2} l g (K_{G} + K_{s t})}{0.34}} + 1.14$	引入极限因子η，关联了粉体与气体的最大爆炸压力和爆炸指数	[37]

表3 气粉两相体系最小点火能的预测模型

Table 3 Prediction model of minimum ignition energy of hybrid mixture

时间	最小点火能预测模型	特点	文献
1998年	$H M I E = e x p [l n M I E_{d u s t} - (\frac{y}{y_{0}}) l n (\frac{M I E_{d u s t}}{M I E_{g a s}})]$	采用Bartknecht的测试结果提出半经验公式	[43]
2012年	$H M I E = M I E_{g a s} + (M I E_{d u s t} - M I E_{g a s}) (\frac{D_{c - h y b r i d} - D_{c - g a s}}{D_{c - d u s t} - D_{c - g a s}})$	低于粉体爆炸下限后对MIE预测进行了修正	[50]
2016年	$H M I E = \frac{M I E_{d u s t}}{{(M I E_{d u s t} / M I E_{g a s})}^{y / y_{0}}}$	提出直径、绝热火焰温度和临界点火内核的影响	[51]

表3 气粉两相体系最小点火能的预测模型

Table 3 Prediction model of minimum ignition energy of hybrid mixture

时间	最小点火能预测模型	特点	文献
1998年	$H M I E = e x p [l n M I E_{d u s t} - (\frac{y}{y_{0}}) l n (\frac{M I E_{d u s t}}{M I E_{g a s}})]$	采用Bartknecht的测试结果提出半经验公式	[43]
2012年	$H M I E = M I E_{g a s} + (M I E_{d u s t} - M I E_{g a s}) (\frac{D_{c - h y b r i d} - D_{c - g a s}}{D_{c - d u s t} - D_{c - g a s}})$	低于粉体爆炸下限后对MIE预测进行了修正	[50]
2016年	$H M I E = \frac{M I E_{d u s t}}{{(M I E_{d u s t} / M I E_{g a s})}^{y / y_{0}}}$	提出直径、绝热火焰温度和临界点火内核的影响	[51]

图1 单相爆炸与两相爆炸的最大爆炸压力对比

Fig.1 Comparison of maximum explosion pressure between single-phase explosion and two-phase explosion

图2 气粉两相体系爆炸火焰传播过程

Fig.2 Flame propagation process of hybrid mixtures

图3 瓦斯/煤尘两相体系燃烧分区

Fig.3 Combustion zone of gas/coal dust hybrid mixtures

图4 瓦斯/煤尘两相体系爆炸机理

Fig.4 Explosion mechanism of gas/coal dust hybrid mixtures

图5 乙烯/聚乙烯两相体系爆炸机理

Fig.5 Explosion mechanism of ethylene/polyethylene hybrid mixtures

图6 甲烷/烟酸两相体系爆炸机理

Fig.6 Explosion mechanism of methane/nicotinic acid hybrid mixtures

图7 氢气/镁粉两相体系爆炸机理

Fig.7 Explosion mechanism of hydrogen/magnesium powder hybrid mixtures

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