含余热回收的超临界压缩二氧化碳储能系统热力学特性研究

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20241029

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

压缩二氧化碳储能系统因其往返效率高、储能密度大的优点受到广泛关注，被认为是一种极具发展前景的储能技术。提出了透平余热回收的超临界压缩二氧化碳储能系统并建立了系统热力学模型，基于热力学定律对系统进行关键参数分析及热力性分析；以系统的往返效率和储能密度为优化目标，采用遗传算法对系统4个关键参数分别进行单目标优化及多目标优化，获取了最优系统性能。结果显示，在给定参数下系统的往返效率为37.21%，㶲效率为33.44%，储能密度为8.31 kW∙h∙m^-3；4个关键参数中，低压储罐压力和透平进口温度对系统性能影响更加明显；单目标优化获得最优系统的往返效率为52.69%，最优储能密度为17.16 kW∙h∙m^-3；多目标优化获得一个综合性能良好的优化解，此时系统的往返效率为46.88%，储能密度为13.97 kW∙h∙m^-3。

关键词: 超临界, 二氧化碳, 余热回收, 储能, 热力学, 优化

Abstract:

Compressed carbon dioxide energy storage system has attracted wide attention due to its advantages of high round-trip efficiency and high energy storage density, and is considered to be a promising energy storage technology. In this paper, we propose a supercritical compressed carbon dioxide energy storage system with turbine waste heat recovery and establish a thermodynamic model of the system. In accordance with the principles of thermodynamics, a critical parameter analysis and a thermodynamic analysis of the system are conducted. In order to achieve the optimal round-trip efficiency and energy storage density of the system, genetic algorithms are employed to conduct both single-objective and multi-objective optimization of the four key system parameters. This approach enables the identification of the optimal system performance. The results demonstrate that, under the specified parameters, the system exhibits a round-trip efficiency of 37.21%, a power efficiency of 33.44%, and an energy storage density of 8.31 kW·h·m^-3. Among the four key parameters, the low-pressure tank pressure and the turbine inlet temperature have a more obvious impact on the system performance. Single-objective optimization yielded an optimal round-trip efficiency of 52.69% and an optimal energy storage density of 17.16 kW·h·m^-3. Multi-objective optimization yielded an optimal solution with favorable overall performance, with a round-trip efficiency of 46.88% and an energy storage density of 13.97 kW·h·m^-3.

Key words: supercritical, carbon dioxide, waste heat recovery, energy storage, thermodynamics, optimization

中图分类号:

TK 02

董泽明, 娄聚伟, 王楠, 陈良奇, 王江峰, 赵攀. 含余热回收的超临界压缩二氧化碳储能系统热力学特性研究[J]. 化工学报, 2025, 76(7): 3477-3486.

Zeming DONG, Juwei LOU, Nan WANG, Liangqi CHEN, Jiangfeng WANG, Pan ZHAO. Research on thermodynamic properties of supercritical compressed carbon dioxide energy storage system with waste heat recovery[J]. CIESC Journal, 2025, 76(7): 3477-3486.

图/表 15

图1 压缩二氧化碳储能系统原理图

Fig.1 Schematic diagram of compressed carbon dioxide energy storage system

图2 超临界压缩二氧化碳储能系统示意图

Fig.2 Schematic diagram of supercritical compressed carbon dioxide energy storage system

图3 超临界压缩二氧化碳储能系统温熵图（虚线为二氧化碳的饱和曲线）

Fig.3 Temperature entropy diagram of supercritical compressed carbon dioxide energy storage system (dashed line represents saturation curve of carbon dioxide)

表1 超临界压缩二氧化碳储能系统初始参数

Table 1 Initial parameters of supercritical compressed carbon dioxide energy storage system

参数	数值
环境温度/℃	32
环境压力/MPa	0.1
高压储罐压力/MPa	25.0
低压储罐压力/MPa	7.5
透平进口温度/℃	450
压缩机进口温度/℃	33
透平等熵效率/%	85
压缩机等熵效率/%	80
水泵等熵效率/%	75
燃烧室内温度/℃	727
回热器端差/℃	20
燃烧室加热功率/kW	5000

表2 超临界压缩二氧化碳储能系统能量参数计算结果

Table 2 Calculation results of energy parameters of supercritical compressed carbon dioxide energy storage system

参数	数值
压缩机耗功/kW	525.91
膨胀透平输出功/kW	1349.34
往返效率/%	37.21
㶲效率/%	33.44
储能密度/(kW∙h∙m^-3)	8.13

图4 超临界压缩二氧化碳储能系统㶲损失分布

Fig.4 Exergic loss distribution of supercritical compressed carbon dioxide energy storage system

图5 超临界压缩二氧化碳储能系统工作桑基图

Fig.5 Sankey diagram of supercritical compressed carbon dioxide energy storage system

图6 高压储罐压力对系统性能参数的影响

Fig.6 Influence of high-pressure tank pressure on system performance parameters

图7 低压储罐压力对系统性能参数的影响

Fig.7 Influence of low-pressure tank pressure on system performance parameters

图8 压缩机进口温度对系统性能参数的影响

Fig.8 Influence of compressor inlet temperature on system performance parameters

图9 透平进口温度对系统性能参数的影响

Fig.9 Influence of turbine inlet temperature on system performance parameters

表3 超临界压缩二氧化碳储能系统参数变化范围

Table 3 Parameter range of supercritical compressed carbon dioxide energy storage system

参数	下限	上限
压缩机进口温度/℃	32	45
透平进口温度/℃	350	550
低压储罐压力/MPa	7.4	15.0
高压储罐压力/MPa	15.0	30.0

表4 优化后的往返效率及关键参数

Table 4 Optimized round-trip efficiency and key parameters

参数	数值
压缩机进口温度/℃	32.00
透平进口温度/℃	550.00
低压储罐压力/MPa	13.42
高压储罐压力/MPa	24.77
系统的往返效率/%	52.69

表5 优化后的储能密度及设计参数

Table 5 Optimized energy storage density and design parameters

参数	数值
压缩机进口温度/℃	32.00
透平进口温度/℃	550.00
低压储罐压力/MPa	8.05
高压储罐压力/MPa	29.94
储能密度/(kW∙h∙m^-3)	17.16

图10 多目标优化Pareto前沿解集

Fig.10 Pareto frontier solution set for multi-objective optimization

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