数据中心液体冷却技术研究综述

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20250995

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

随着数据中心算力的不断提升，对服务器冷却能力的要求也日渐提高。与传统的风冷空调系统相比，液体比热容和密度均远大于空气，因此液冷系统成为数据中心改善冷却效果、降低能耗的必然选择。梳理了冷板式液冷、浸没式液冷和喷淋式液冷三种数据中心液冷技术领域的研究进展，系统分析了冷板式液冷及微通道设计、浸没式液冷及射流冲击冷却效果、喷淋式液冷表面改性和喷嘴结构优化等方面的研究工作及存在的问题，展望了液冷系统未来的研究方向。

关键词: 数据中心, 液体冷却, 传热, 冷板式液冷, 浸没式液冷, 喷淋式液冷, 微通道, 两相流

Abstract:

As the computing power of data centers continues to increase, the demand for server cooling capacity becomes increasingly high. Compared with traditional air-cooled air conditioning systems, liquid have much higher specific heat capacity and density than air, making liquid cooling systems an inevitable choice for data centers to improve cooling efficiency and reduce energy consumption. Progress in three liquid cooling technologies in data centers—cold plate liquid cooling, immersion cooling, and spray cooling—was reviewed. Systematic analysis was conducted on the research work and existing issues in aspects including cold plate liquid cooling and microchannel design, immersion cooling and jet impingement cooling performance, as well as surface modification and nozzle structure optimization for spray cooling, and future research directions of liquid cooling systems are prospected.

Key words: data center, liquid cooling, heat transfer, cold plate liquid cooling, immersion cooling, spray cooling, microchannels, two-phase flow

中图分类号:

TB 657.5

杨磊, 杨晖, 徐婧芳, 祝秀娟. 数据中心液体冷却技术研究综述[J]. 化工学报, DOI: 10.11949/0438-1157.20250995.

Lei YANG, Hui YANG, Jingfang XU, Xiujuan ZHU. Review of research on liquid cooling technology for data centers[J]. CIESC Journal, DOI: 10.11949/0438-1157.20250995.

图/表 11

图1 数据中心PUE统计图

Fig.1 Data center PUE statistics chart

表1 数据中心PUE指导意见汇总

Table 1 Summary of data center PUE guidelines

时间	文件名	内容
2013	《关于数据中心建设布局的指导意见》	新建数据中心PUE ≤ 1.5，整合、改造和升级数据中心暂定PUE降低到2.0以下^[7]
2019	《关于加强绿色数据中心建设的指导意见》	新建大型、超大型数据中心的PUE ≤ 1.4，高能耗老旧设备基本淘汰^[8]
2021	《新型数据中心发展三年行动计划》	新建大型及以上数据中心PUE ≤ 1.3，严寒和寒冷地区力争降低到1.25以下^[9]
2021	《贯彻落实碳达峰碳中和目标要求推动数据中心和5G等新型基础设施绿色高质量发展实施方案》	全国新建大型、超大型数据中心平均PUE ≤ 1.3，国家枢纽节点降到1.25以下^[10]
2024	《数据中心绿色低碳发展专项行动计划》	新建及改扩建大型和超大型数据中心PUE ≤ 1.25，国家枢纽节点数据中心PUE ≤ 1.2^[11]

图2 数据中心液冷文献统计（2015-2024）

Fig.2 Statistics of liquid cooling literature in data centers (2015-2024)

图3 冷板式液冷示意图[14]

Fig.3 Schematic diagram of cold plate liquid cooling

图4 微通道冷板结构图

Fig.4 Schematic diagram of microchannel cold plate structure

图5 自然对流单相浸没式液冷系统示意图

Fig.5 Schematic diagram of natural convection single-phase immersion cooling system

图6 强制对流单相浸没式液冷示意图[14]

Fig.6 Schematic diagram of forced convection single-phase immersion cooling

图7 射流冲击浸没式液冷示意图

Fig.7 Schematic diagram of jet impingement immersion cooling

图8 两相浸没式液冷示意图

Fig.8 Schematic diagram of two-phase immersion cooling

图9 喷淋式液冷示意图[14]

Fig.9 Schematic diagram of spray cooling

图10 喷雾冷却传热机制示意图[82-83]

Fig.10 Schematic diagram of heat transfer mechanism for spray cooling

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