Test and numerical simulation of freezing and rewarming performance of vacuum probe

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20190781

Abstract

Abstract:

A 3-mm-diameter vacuum cryoprobe was designed. Low temperature problem in non-working section of probe was solved by resistance heating and vacuum layer. The freezing and rewarming process of the vacuum cryoprobe was realized through liquid nitrogen and resistance heating, and the freezing and rewarming properties of the vacuum cryoprobe were studied in air, distilled water and isolated porcine liver. According to the temperature variation data of the vacuum probe s working section in the isolated pig liver, set the corresponding boundary conditions in the numerical simulation, and use the classical bio-heat transfer equation to calculate the temperature distribution of the vacuum probe during freezing and rewarming process in human tissues, which can better understand the performance of the designed vacuum probe. In air, firstly, the vacuum probe has same temperature that working section is -190℃ and non-working section is -100℃ at 0.2 MPa,0.25 MPa,0.3 MPa, but the cooling rate will increase with increasing pressure. Secondly, the vacuum layer outside the probe s non- working section can prevent heat transfer. Thirdly, the resistance heating method can increase the temperature of the vacuum cryoprobe. Resistance heating can make the temperature of the probe s non-working section within the acceptable range of the human body, and without damaging the human normal tissues. In distilled water, the probe s working section can form ice hockey with an axial length of 3.6 cm and a radial length of 1.8 cm at 600 s, and volume of ice hockey is 6.11 cm³. In vitro porcine liver, the freezing phenomenon can be clearly seen. The freezing temperature reaches -192.9℃ and rewarming temperature reaches -55℃ in working section, and average cooling rate is 128℃/min. At the end of the experiment, the axial frozen diameter and axial thawed diameter are 3.6 cm and 1.2 cm, respectively. In simulation, the influence heat sources on the temperature field of human tissues was analyzed. From the nephogram, the tissues form ice hockey and melt gradually. Without heat source, freezing effective area is ellipse which long axis is 12.4 mm at 600 s, while rewarming effective area is ellipse which long axis is 10.4 mm at 1400 s. If heat source is considered, whole tissue s temperature will increase during the freezing and rewarming process, and it has a great influence on rewarming process. From the overall effect, the probe has good freezing and rewarming properties, which promotes the further development of cold-heat compound therapy.

Key words: thermodynamic properties, biomedical engineering, vacuum cryoprobe, tumor therapy, numerical simulation

摘要：

针对现有的冷热复合治疗探针中存在的问题，设计了直径3 mm的真空探针，用电阻加热和真空层相结合的方法解决探针非工作段的低温问题，以液氮冷冻和电阻加热的方式实现探针的冷热交替过程。分别在空气、蒸馏水和离体猪肝中进行探针的性能测试实验。发现电加热与真空层结合可以提高探针非工作段的温度；在蒸馏水中探针形成轴向长度为3.6 cm，径向长度为1.8 cm的冰球；在离体猪肝中形成轴向冻结直径约为3.6 cm，化冻直径为1.2 cm的区域。使用数值计算的方法计算探针的有效治疗范围，形象直观地展示组织在冷冻和复温过程中的温度场分布，为临床手术提供数据支持。从整体效果看，探针有良好的冷冻和复温性能，促进冷热复合治疗的进一步发展。

关键词: 热力学性质, 生物医学工程, 真空探针, 肿瘤治疗, 数值模拟

CLC Number:

TH 775

Junkun TAN, Yudong LIU, Shichao GENG, Bing CHEN, Mingwei TONG. Test and numerical simulation of freezing and rewarming performance of vacuum probe[J]. CIESC Journal, 2020, 71(4): 1440-1449.

谭畯坤, 刘玉东, 耿世超, 陈兵, 童明伟. 真空探针冷冻和复温性能实验测试及数值模拟[J]. 化工学报, 2020, 71(4): 1440-1449.

Figures/Tables 22

Fig.1 Structure of experimental system

Fig.2 Internal structure of vacuum probe

Fig.3 Resistance heating link mode of probe non-working section

Table 1 Experimental conditions in air

实验条件	第一组	第二组	第三组	第四组
空气温度/℃	18.5	18.5	18.5	18.5
探针真空层真空度/kPa	90	90	90	70、80、90
液氮罐压力/MPa	0.20、0.25、0.30	0.30	0.30	0.30
工作段加热功率/W		0.30、0.68、1.20	—	—
非工作段加热功率/W	—	—	0.22、0.50、0.69	—
实验持续时间/s	600	600	600	600

Fig.4 Position of thermocouples in isolated tissues

Fig.5 Model of biological tissue freezing

Fig.6 Probe surface temperature

Fig.7 Temperature response curve of working section for different pressures

Fig.8 Temperature response curve of non-working section for different pressures

Fig.9 Optical image of ice hockey formation in distilled water experiment

Fig.10 Shape of ice hockey in air at end of freezing experiment

Fig.11 Temperature changes in isolated tissues

Fig.12 Profile of porcine liver after freezing and rewarming

Fig.13 Tissue temperature nephogram at freezing stage

Fig.14 Tissue temperature nephogram at thawing stage

Fig.15 Temperature response curves at three monitoring points: M, N, and L

Table 2 Influence zone in freezing process

时间/s	有效区/mm	冻结线/mm
100	3.6	5
200	7.2	9
300	8.9	11
400	10.5	12.9
500	11.5	13
600	12.4	15.8

Table 3 Influence zone in rewarming process

时间/s	有效区下限(42℃) /mm	有效区上限(45℃) /mm	正常组织无损伤区 /mm
700	0	0	0
800	2.5	2.3	0.2
1000	4.4	3.8	0.6
1200	7.2	5.7	1.5
1400	10.4	8	2.4

Fig.16 Temperature response curve of point M with or without heat source

Fig.17 Temperature variation of probe non-working section under different vacuum conditions

Fig.18 Temperature response curve of working section under three working heating powers

Fig.19 Temperature response curve of non-working section under three non-working heating powers

References 48

1	Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I. et al. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries[J]. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 2018, 68(6): 394-424.
2	Trusheim J, Dunbar E, Battiste J, et al. A state-of-the-art review and guidelines for tumor treating fields treatment planning and patient follow-up in glioblastoma[J]. CNS Oncology, 2017, 6(1): 29-43.
3	Green D M, Jaffe N, Paed D. et al. The role of chemotherapy in the treatment of Wilms tumor[J]. Cancer, 1979, 44(1): 52-57.
4	Hellevik T, Martinez-Zubiaurre I. Radiotherapy and the tumor stroma: the importance of dose and fractionation[J]. Frontiers in Oncology, 2014, 4(1): 1-12.
5	Lara-Velazquez M, Al-Kharboosh R, Jeanneret S, et al. Advances in brain tumor surgery for glioblastoma in adults[J]. Brain Sciences, 2017, 7(12): 166.
6	Pu Y, Zhou K, Jin C. et al. Effectiveness and safety of high-intensity focused ultrasound in treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma adjacent to large vessels[J]. Tumor, 2017, 37(5): 497-503.
7	Calin M A, Diaconeasa A, Savastru D. et al. Photosensitizers and light sources for photodynamic therapy of the Bowen s disease[J]. Archives of Dermatological Research, 2011, 303(3): 145-151.
8	Gage A A, Baust J. Mechanisms of tissue injury in cryosurgery[J]. Cryobiology, 1998, 37(3): 171-186.
9	Wessalowski R, Schneider D T, Mils O, et al. Regional deep hyperthermia for salvage treatment of children and adolescents with refractory or recurrent non-testicular malignant germ-cell tumours: an open-label, non-randomised, single-institution, phase 2 study[J]. The Lancet Oncology, 2013, 14(9): 843-852.
10	Bai J F, Liu P, Xu L X. et al. Recent advances in thermal treatment techniques and thermally induced immune responses against cancer[J]. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 2014, 61(5): 1497-1505.
11	Hajri A. Gene therapy for cancer treatment-state of the art[M]//Genetically Modified Organisms and Genetic Engineering in Research and Therapy. Karger Publishers, 2012: 86-102.
12	Pasquali P. A Short History of Cryosurgery[M]// Cryosurgery. Heidelberg, Berlin: Springer, 2015.
13	Clarke D M, Baust J M, van Buskirk R G, et al. Addition of anticancer agents enhances freezing-induced prostate cancer cell death: implications of mitochondrial involvement[J]. Cryobiology, 2004, 49(1): 45-61.
14	Gowardhan B, Thomas B, Asterling S, et al. Cryosurgery for prostate cancer—experience with third-generation cryosurgery and novel developments in the field[J]. European Urology Supplements, 2007, 6(8): 516-520.
15	Tarkowski R, Rzaca M. Cryosurgery in the treatment of women with breast cancer—a review[J]. Gland Surgery, 2014, 3(2): 88-93.
16	Atanackovic D, Pollok K, Faltz C. et al. Patients with solid tumors treated with high-temperature whole body hyperthermia show a redistribution of naive/memory T-cell subtypes[J]. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 2006, 290(3): R585-R594.
17	Sindram D, Lau K N, Martinie J B, et al. Hepatic tumor ablation[J]. Surg. Clin. North Am., 2010, 90(4): 863-876.
18	Kuzmenko A P, Todor I N, Mosienko V S. The influence of combined application of cryosurgery and hyperthermia on the tumor process in experiment[J]. Eksperimentalnaya Onkologiya, 1990, 12(2): 60-61.
19	Sun J, Zhang A, Xu L X. Evaluation of alternate cooling and heating for tumor treatment[J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2008, 51(23/24): 5478-5485.
20	Zhang J R. Endocare targeted cryoablation therapy[J]. Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research, 2005, 24(2): 128-132.
21	Hewitt P M, Zhao J, Akhter J, et al. A comparative laboratory study of liquid nitrogen and argon gas cryosurgery systems[J]. Cryobiology, 1997, 35(4): 303-308.
22	闫井夫, 周一欣, 邓中山, 等. 自制冷热刀医疗设备靶向治疗肿瘤的性能实验[J]. 中国组织工程研究与临床康复, 2007, 11(22): 4325-4328.
	Yan J F, Zhou Y X, Deng Z S, et al. Performance of self-made cryosurgical and hyperthermia equipment for targeted tumor treatment[J]. Journal of Clinical Rehabilitative Tissue Engineering Research, 2007, 11(22): 4325-4328.
23	苏颖颖, 常兆华, 王成焘. 新型多刀肿瘤超低温冷冻治疗设备的研制及性能实验[J]. 上海交通大学学报, 2009, 43(4): 648-652
	Su Y Y, Chang Z H, Wang C T. Development and experiments of an innovative multiprobe cryosurgical device[J]. Journal of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 2009, 43(4): 648-652.
24	Yan J, Tong M W, Xu G C, et al. Basal experiment on vacuum liquid CO₂ cryoprobe[J]. Journal of Central South University of Technology, 2006, 13: 102-104.
25	Zhao X, Chua K J. Regulating the cryo-freezing region of biological tissue with a controlled thermal device[J]. Medical Engineering & Physics, 2014, 36(3): 325-334.
26	Cohen J K, Miller R J. Thermal protection of urethra during cryosurgery of prostate[J]. Cryobiology, 1994, 31(3): 313-316.
27	Bischof J C, Merry N, Hulbert J. Rectal protection during prostate cryosurgery: design and characterization of an insulating probe[J]. Cryobiology, 1997, 34(1): 80-92.
28	Rabin Y, Lung D C, Stahovich T F. Computerized planning of cryosurgery using cryoprobes and cryoheaters[J]. Technology in Cancer Research & Treatment, 2004, 3(3): 229-243.
29	Rabin Y, Stahovich T F. Cryoheater as a means of cryosurgery control[J]. Physics in Medicine & Biology, 2003, 48(5): 619.
30	Rabin Y, Stahovich T F. The thermal effect of urethral warming during cryosurgery[J]. CryoLetters, 2002, 23(6): 361-374.
31	Rabin Y. Key issues in bioheat transfer simulations for the application of cryosurgery planning[J]. Cryobiology, 2008, 56(3): 248-250.
32	Zhao G, Luo D W, Liu Z F, et al. Comparative study of the cryosurgical processes with two different cryosurgical systems: the endocare cryoprobe system versus the novel combined cryosurgery and hyperthermia system[J]. Latin American Applied Research, 2007, 37(3): 215-222.
33	Zhao G, Zhang H F, Guo X J, et al. Effect of blood flow and metabolism on multidimensional heat transfer during cryosurgery[J]. Medical Engineering & Physics, 2007, 29(2): 205-215.
34	Pennes H H. Analysis of tissue and arterial blood temperatures in the resting human forearm[J]. Journal of Applied Physiology, 1998, 85(1): 5-34.
35	Kengne E, Lakhssassi A. Bioheat transfer problem for one-dimensional spherical biological tissues[J]. Mathematical Biosciences, 2015, 269: 1-9.
36	Mochnacki B, Majchrzak E. Numerical model of thermal interactions between cylindrical cryoprobe and biological tissue using the dual-phase lag equation[J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2017, 108: 1-10.
37	Chua K J. Fundamental experiments and numerical investigation of cryo-freezing incorporating vascular network with enhanced nano-freezing[J]. International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 2013, 70: 17-31.
38	Nicolajsen H, Hvidt A. Phase behavior of the system trehalose-NaCl-water[J]. Cryobiology, 1994, 31(2): 199-205.
39	Davies C R, Saidel G M, Harasaki H. Sensitivity analysis of one-dimensional heat transfer in tissue with temperature-dependent perfusion[J]. Journal of Biomechanical Engineering, 1997, 119(1): 77-80.
40	Rai K N, Rai S K. Heat transfer inside the tissues with a supplying vessel for the case when metabolic heat generation and blood perfusion are temperature dependent[J]. Heat and Mass Transfer, 1999, 35(4): 345-350.
41	Chua K J. Fundamental experiments and numerical investigation of cryo-freezing incorporating vascular network with enhanced nano-freezing[J]. International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 2013, 70: 17-31.
42	Toner M, Cravalho E G, Stachecki J, et al. Nonequilibrium freezing of one-cell mouse embryos. Membrane integrity and developmental potential[J]. Biophysical Journal, 1993, 64(6): 1908-1921.
43	Wang H, Zhang S Z, Chen G M, et al. Experimental study on a cryoprobe utilizing throttling of high pressure argon[J]. Cryogenics, 2014, (1): 22-26.
44	Tian H Y, Wang H, Zhou Y, et al. Measurement and analysis of operation performance of the“endocare”cryoprobe system[J]. Space Medicine and Medical Engineering, 2003, 16(1): 60-63.
45	Seifert J K, Gerharz C D, Mattes F, et al. A pig model of hepatic cryotherapy. In vivo temperature distribution during freezing and histopathological changes[J]. Cryobiology, 2003, 47(3): 214-226.
46	Hanai A, Yang W L, Ravikumar T S. Induction of apoptosis in human colon carcinoma cells HT29 by sublethal cryo-injury: mediation by cytochrome C release[J]. International Journal of Cancer, 2001, 93(4): 526-533.
47	Tschoep-Lechner K E, Milani V, Berger F, et al. Gemcitabine and cisplatin combined with regional hyperthermia as second-line treatment in patients with gemcitabine-refractory advanced pancreatic cancer[J]. International Journal of Hyperthermia, 2013, 29(1): 8-16.
48	Bhayani K R, Rajwade J M, Paknikar K M. Radio frequency induced hyperthermia mediated by dextran stabilized LSMO nanoparticles: in vitro evaluation of heat shock protein response[J]. Nanotechnology, 2012, 24(1): 015102.

[1]	Jiahao SONG, Wen WANG. Study on coupling operation characteristics of Stirling engine and high temperature heat pipe [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(S1): 287-294.
[2]	Siyu ZHANG, Yonggao YIN, Pengqi JIA, Wei YE. Study on seasonal thermal energy storage characteristics of double U-shaped buried pipe group [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(S1): 295-301.
[3]	Zhanyu YE, He SHAN, Zhenyuan XU. Performance simulation of paper folding-like evaporator for solar evaporation systems [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(S1): 132-140.
[4]	Yifei ZHANG, Fangchen LIU, Shuangxing ZHANG, Wenjing DU. Performance analysis of printed circuit heat exchanger for supercritical carbon dioxide [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(S1): 183-190.
[5]	Zhiguo WANG, Meng XUE, Yushuang DONG, Tianzhen ZHANG, Xiaokai QIN, Qiang HAN. Numerical simulation and analysis of geothermal rock mass heat flow coupling based on fracture roughness characterization method [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(S1): 223-234.
[6]	Song HE, Qiaomai LIU, Guangshuo XIE, Simin WANG, Juan XIAO. Two-phase flow simulation and surrogate-assisted optimization of gas film drag reduction in high-concentration coal-water slurry pipeline [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(9): 3766-3774.
[7]	Lei XING, Chunyu MIAO, Minghu JIANG, Lixin ZHAO, Xinya LI. Optimal design and performance analysis of downhole micro gas-liquid hydrocyclone [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(8): 3394-3406.
[8]	Xiaosong CHENG, Yonggao YIN, Chunwen CHE. Performance comparison of different working pairs on a liquid desiccant dehumidification system with vacuum regeneration [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(8): 3494-3501.
[9]	Wenzhu LIU, Heming YUN, Baoxue WANG, Mingzhe HU, Chonglong ZHONG. Research on topology optimization of microchannel based on field synergy and entransy dissipation [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(8): 3329-3341.
[10]	Rui HONG, Baoqiang YUAN, Wenjing DU. Analysis on mechanism of heat transfer deterioration of supercritical carbon dioxide in vertical upward tube [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(8): 3309-3319.
[11]	Chen HAN, Youmin SITU, Bin ZHU, Jianliang XU, Xiaolei GUO, Haifeng LIU. Study of reaction and flow characteristics in multi-nozzle pulverized coal gasifier with co-processing of wastewater [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(8): 3266-3278.
[12]	Kexin HUANG, Tong LI, Anqi LI, Mei LIN. Mode decomposition of flow field in T-junction with rotating impeller [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(7): 2848-2857.
[13]	Fangzhe SHI, Yunhua GAN. Numerical simulation of start-up characteristics and heat transfer performance of ultra-thin heat pipe [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(7): 2814-2823.
[14]	Xingchi ZHU, Zhiyuan GUO, Zhiyong JI, Jing WANG, Panpan ZHANG, Jie LIU, Yingying ZHAO, Junsheng YUAN. Simulation and optimization of selective electrodialysis magnesium and lithium separation process [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(6): 2477-2485.
[15]	Juhui CHEN, Qian ZHANG, Lingfeng SHU, Dan LI, Xin XU, Xiaogang LIU, Chenxi ZHAO, Xifeng CAO. Study on flow characteristics of nanoparticles in a rotating fluidized bed based on DEM method [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(6): 2374-2381.