Research and progress on safety issues related to high-pressure hydrogen leakage

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20200874

Abstract

Abstract:

As a“star of tomorrow”in the field of new energy, hydrogen energy has been gradually developed and promoted globally. However, safety is still a key bottleneck problem in the entire life cycle of hydrogen energy, and high pressure is the most prominent risk factor among them, which is likely to cause major safety accidents such as hydrogen leakage, diffusion, and even combustion and explosion. Based on this, the research status of the evolution process and internal mechanism of typical accidents such as high-pressure hydrogen leakage and diffusion, leakage spontaneous combustion, jet fire and gas cloud explosion are summarized and the current shortcomings are summarized, and the future development direction is proposed, which may have guiding significance on the research of hydrogen safety, and prevention and control of accidents.

Key words: hydrogen, safety, high-pressure hydrogen storage, leakage, explosion, status and shortcomings

摘要：

氢能作为新能源领域的“明日之星”，已经逐步在全球范围内发展与推广。然而，安全性依然是氢能全生命周期的关键瓶颈问题，高压又是其中最为突出的风险要素，容易引发氢气泄漏、扩散，甚至燃烧、爆炸等重大安全事故。基于此，重点总结了高压氢气泄漏扩散、泄漏自燃、喷射火和气云爆炸等典型事故演化过程及内在机理的研究现状并归纳了当前的不足之处，提出了未来发展方向，对氢能安全科学研究及事故防控具有指导意义。

关键词: 氢, 安全, 高压储氢, 泄漏, 爆炸, 现状与不足

CLC Number:

SHEN Xiaobo, ZHANG Xuening, LIU Haifeng. Research and progress on safety issues related to high-pressure hydrogen leakage[J]. CIESC Journal, 2021, 72(3): 1217-1229.

沈晓波, 章雪凝, 刘海峰. 高压氢气泄漏相关安全问题研究与进展[J]. 化工学报, 2021, 72(3): 1217-1229.

Figures/Tables 11

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物质	相对泄漏率			流动参数（0℃，101.3 kPa（标况））
物质	扩散	层流	湍流	空气中的扩散系数/(cm²·s^-1)	密度/(kg·m^-3)	动力黏度/(Pa·s)
甲烷	1.0	1.0	1.0	0.223	0.717	10.3
氢气	3.8	1.26	2.83	0.611	0.08985	8.42
丙烷	0.63	1.38	0.6	0.121（丙烷为主的液化石油气）	2.02	7.95（18℃）

物质	相对泄漏率			流动参数（0℃，101.3 kPa（标况））
物质	扩散	层流	湍流	空气中的扩散系数/(cm²·s^-1)	密度/(kg·m^-3)	动力黏度/(Pa·s)
甲烷	1.0	1.0	1.0	0.223	0.717	10.3
氢气	3.8	1.26	2.83	0.611	0.08985	8.42
丙烷	0.63	1.38	0.6	0.121（丙烷为主的液化石油气）	2.02	7.95（18℃）

组织	标准号	标准名称
中国国家标准化管理委员（SAC）	GB/T 23751.1—2009	微型燃料电池发电系统第1部分：安全
	GB/T 24549—2009	燃料电池电动汽车安全要求
	GB/T 27748.1—2017	固定式燃料电池发电系统第1部分：安全
	GB/T 29729—2013	氢系统安全的基本要求
	GB/T 30084—2013	便携式燃料电池发电系统安全
	GB/T 31036—2014	质子交换膜燃料电池备用电源系统安全
	GB/T 31037.1—2014	工业起升车辆用燃料电池发电系统第1部分：安全
	GB/T 31139—2014	移动式加氢设施安全技术规范
	GB/T 34539—2017	氢氧发生器安全技术要求
	GB/T 34544—2017	小型燃料电池车用低压储氢装置安全试验方法
	GB/T 34583—2017	加氢站用储氢装置安全技术要求
	GB/T 34584—2017	加氢站安全技术规范
	GB/T 36288—2018	燃料电池电动汽车燃料电池堆安全要求
国际标准化组织（ISO）	ISO/TR 15916:2015	Basic considerations for the safety of hydrogen systems
	ISO 16110—1:2007	Hydrogen generators using fuel processing technologies - Part 1: Safety
	ISO/TS 19883:2017	Safety of pressure swing adsorption systems for hydrogen separation and purification
	ISO 21266—1:2018	Road vehicles - Compressed gaseous hydrogen (CGH2) and hydrogen/natural gas blends fuel systems - Part 1: Safety requirements
	ISO 23273:2013	Fuel cell road vehicles - Safety specifications - Protection against hydrogen hazards for vehicles fuelled with compressed hydrogen
美国国家标准协会（ANSI）	ANSI/AIAA G—095A—2017	Guide to safety of hydrogen and hydrogen systems

组织	标准号	标准名称
中国国家标准化管理委员（SAC）	GB/T 23751.1—2009	微型燃料电池发电系统第1部分：安全
	GB/T 24549—2009	燃料电池电动汽车安全要求
	GB/T 27748.1—2017	固定式燃料电池发电系统第1部分：安全
	GB/T 29729—2013	氢系统安全的基本要求
	GB/T 30084—2013	便携式燃料电池发电系统安全
	GB/T 31036—2014	质子交换膜燃料电池备用电源系统安全
	GB/T 31037.1—2014	工业起升车辆用燃料电池发电系统第1部分：安全
	GB/T 31139—2014	移动式加氢设施安全技术规范
	GB/T 34539—2017	氢氧发生器安全技术要求
	GB/T 34544—2017	小型燃料电池车用低压储氢装置安全试验方法
	GB/T 34583—2017	加氢站用储氢装置安全技术要求
	GB/T 34584—2017	加氢站安全技术规范
	GB/T 36288—2018	燃料电池电动汽车燃料电池堆安全要求
国际标准化组织（ISO）	ISO/TR 15916:2015	Basic considerations for the safety of hydrogen systems
	ISO 16110—1:2007	Hydrogen generators using fuel processing technologies - Part 1: Safety
	ISO/TS 19883:2017	Safety of pressure swing adsorption systems for hydrogen separation and purification
	ISO 21266—1:2018	Road vehicles - Compressed gaseous hydrogen (CGH2) and hydrogen/natural gas blends fuel systems - Part 1: Safety requirements
	ISO 23273:2013	Fuel cell road vehicles - Safety specifications - Protection against hydrogen hazards for vehicles fuelled with compressed hydrogen
美国国家标准协会（ANSI）	ANSI/AIAA G—095A—2017	Guide to safety of hydrogen and hydrogen systems

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