Performance analysis and optimization of two-way thermal management system for power battery

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20201906

Abstract

Abstract:

Based on the phase-change thermosiphon effect of the working fluid, a bidirectional thermal management system for power battery was proposed. By changing the charging amount of the working fluid, the bidirectional thermal management performance of the system was tested at 60—220 g, and the system was optimized accordingly. The results show that there is a minimum charge amount for the normal operation of the thermal management system. Before the optimization of the system, the heating condition and the heat transfer power of the system are less affected by the charging amount. In the heat dissipation condition, the heat transfer power of the system increases with the increase of the charging amount and the initial temperature of the battery box, and the forced heat dissipation effect is better than the natural heat dissipation. With the same charging amount, the maximum temperature difference on the surface of the heat exchange plate increases with the increase of the initial temperature of the battery box. At the discharge rate of 3C, the surface temperature of the battery cannot be controlled below 45℃. After the system optimization, the heat transfer effect of the circular tube heat exchanger plate system is better than that of the rectangular tube heat exchanger plate system, and the surface temperature of the battery can be reduced to 43.4℃ at the 3C discharge rate, and the surface temperature of the heat exchanger plate is more consistent.

Key words: power battery, phase-change thermosiphon, two-way thermal management, charge volume, optimization, temperature uniformity

摘要：

基于工质相变热虹吸效应，提出了动力电池双向热管理系统，通过改变工质充注量，60~220 g时，试验测试了该系统的双向热管理性能，并据此进行系统优化。结果表明：该热管理系统的正常运行有一个最低充注量。系统优化前，加热工况，系统换热功率受充注量的影响小；散热工况，系统的换热功率随充注量的增加而增大，随电池箱初始温度升高而增大，且强制散热效果要优于自然散热；相同充注量，换热板表面的最大温差随电池箱初始温度升高而增大，在3C放电倍率，无法控制电池表面温度低于45℃。系统优化后，圆管换热板系统的换热效果要优于矩形管换热板系统，且在3C放电倍率能将电池表面温度降低至43.4℃，换热板的温度一致性更好。

关键词: 动力电池, 相变热虹吸, 双向热管理, 充注量, 优化, 温度一致性

CLC Number:

TB 61⁺1

Kunfeng LIANG, Guoqiang MI, Hongyu XU, Chunyan GAO, Bin DONG, Yachao LI, Moran WANG. Performance analysis and optimization of two-way thermal management system for power battery[J]. CIESC Journal, 2021, 72(8): 4146-4154.

梁坤峰, 米国强, 徐红玉, 高春艳, 董彬, 李亚超, 王莫然. 动力电池双向热管理系统性能分析与优化[J]. 化工学报, 2021, 72(8): 4146-4154.

Figures/Tables 15

Table 1 Battery parameters

密度/

(kg/m³)

比热容/

(J/(kg·℃))

额定

容量/

(A·h)

标称

电压/V

内阻/

尺寸/

(mm $× m m × m m$ )

2492

1183.24

3.7

≤ 0.003

115 × 70 × 27

Table 1 Battery parameters

密度/

(kg/m³)

比热容/

(J/(kg·℃))

额定

容量/

(A·h)

标称

电压/V

内阻/

尺寸/

(mm $× m m × m m$ )

2492

1183.24

3.7

≤ 0.003

115 × 70 × 27

Table 2 Thermal characteristic parameters of battery

放电倍率	放电时间/s	生热速率/W	产热量/J	温升/℃
1C	3868	1.57	6071	9.5
2C	1910	6.15	11743	18.4
3C	1260	13.26	16709	26.2

Fig.1 Schematic diagram of experimental system

Fig.2 The heat transfer power varies with the charge of working fluid

Fig.3 Change of temperature and pressure of the front heat exchange plate

Fig.4 Temperature change curves of the four vertical pipes of the front heat exchange plate at different charge volumes

Fig.5 The temperature change of the system at different battery box initial temperatures

Fig.6 The heat exchange power of the system varies with the refrigerant charge volume

Table 3 The maximum temperature difference of the four vertical pipes with forced cooling

电池箱初始温度/℃	最大温差/℃
电池箱初始温度/℃	60 g	100 g	140 g	180 g	220 g
40	1.7	1.3	1.2	1.9	2.3
50	1.8	1.9	1.9	3.3	3.7
60	2.4	2.2	2.9	4.2	5.1
70	3.3	3.5	4.9	4.6	5.6

Fig.7 Schematic diagram of battery heat exchange plate

Fig.8 System heat transfer power change after optimization

Table 4 Optimized system heat exchange power change rate

充注量/g	圆管换热板系统电池箱初温/℃				矩形管换热板系统电池箱初温/℃
充注量/g	40	50	60	70	40	50	60	70
60	45.9%	40.8%	35.3%	28.4%	-26.5%	-53.9%	-56.0%	-57.1%
100	50.9%	24.8%	24.7%	17.9%	-28.1%	-40.2%	-33.6%	-36.3%
140	32.5%	10.0%	-7.7%	-5.4%	-7.0%	-8.5%	-16.1%	-11.1%
180	12.7%	-6.9%	-18.4%	-15.6%	54.8%	8.5%	-4.9%	-5.4%
220	50.3%	9.5%	1.9%	-0.9%	66%	9.0%	1.9%	-5.7%

Table 5 The maximum temperature difference of the four vertical pipes with forced cooling after optimization

初始温度/℃	最大温差/℃
初始温度/℃	60 g	100 g	140 g	180 g	220 g
40	0.8	0.8	1.4	0.9	1.3
50	1.0	1.3	0.9	1.9	1.7
60	1.4	2.2	2.6	1.3	2.1
70	1.9	3.1	2.9	1.5	2.4

Fig.9 Temperature changes of the four vertical pipes in the front heat exchange plate of circle tube

Table 6 Battery temperature at the end of discharge

放电倍率	电池温度/℃
放电倍率	无散热	原系统	圆管换热板系统
1C	34.5	32.4	31.7
2C	43.4	39.5	37.1
3C	51.2	46.5	43.4

References 30

1	Lin J Y, Liu X H, Li S, et al. A review on recent progress, challenges and perspective of battery thermal management system[J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2021, 167: 120834.
2	Wang N, Pan H Z, Zheng W H. Assessment of the incentives on electric vehicle promotion in China[J]. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 2017, 101: 177-189.
3	Choudhari V G, Dhoble D A S, Sathe T M. A review on effect of heat generation and various thermal management systems for lithium ion battery used for electric vehicle[J]. Journal of Energy Storage, 2020, 32: 101729.
4	Ataur R, Hawlader M N A, Khalid H. Two-phase evaporative battery thermal management technology for EVs/HEVs[J]. International Journal of Automotive Technology, 2017, 18(5): 875-882.
5	Lu M Y, Zhang X L, Ji J, et al. Research progress on power battery cooling technology for electric vehicles[J]. Journal of Energy Storage, 2020, 27: 101155.
6	Shen M, Gao Q. System simulation on refrigerant-based battery thermal management technology for electric vehicles[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2020, 203: 112176.
7	Saw L H, Ye Y H, Tay A A O, et al. Computational fluid dynamic and thermal analysis of lithium-ion battery pack with air cooling[J]. Applied Energy, 2016, 177: 783-792.
8	Na X Y, Kang H F, Wang T, et al. Reverse layered air flow for Li-ion battery thermal management[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2018, 143: 257-262.
9	Akinlabi A A H, Solyali D. Configuration, design, and optimization of air-cooled battery thermal management system for electric vehicles: a review[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2020, 125: 109815.
10	Panchal S, Dincer I, Agelin-Chaab M, et al. Experimental and theoretical investigations of heat generation rates for a water cooled LiFePO₄ battery[J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2016, 101: 1093-1102.
11	冯能莲, 马瑞锦, 陈龙科, 等. 新型蜂巢式液冷动力电池模块传热特性研究[J]. 化工学报, 2019, 70(5): 1713-1722.
	Feng N L, Ma R J, Chen L K, et al. Heat transfer characteristics of honeycomb liquid-cooled power battery module[J]. CIESC Journal, 2019, 70(5): 1713-1722.
12	Deng Y W, Feng C L, E J, et al. Effects of different coolants and cooling strategies on the cooling performance of the power lithium ion battery system: a review[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2018, 142: 10-29.
13	Hong S H, Jang D S, Park S, et al. Thermal performance of direct two-phase refrigerant cooling for lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2020, 173: 115213.
14	Smith J, Singh R, Hinterberger M, et al. Battery thermal management system for electric vehicle using heat pipes[J]. International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 2018, 134: 517-529.
15	Liu F F, Lan F C, Chen J Q, et al. Experimental investigation on cooling/heating characteristics of ultra-thin micro heat pipe for electric vehicle battery thermal management[J]. Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2018, 31(1): 1-10.
16	Rao Z H, Wang Q C, Huang C L. Investigation of the thermal performance of phase change material/mini-channel coupled battery thermal management system[J]. Applied Energy, 2016, 164: 659-669.
17	Zou D Q, Liu X S, He R J, et al. Preparation of a novel composite phase change material (PCM) and its locally enhanced heat transfer for power battery module[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2019, 180: 1196-1202.
18	Qin Y D, Du J Y, Lu L G, et al. A rapid lithium-ion battery heating method based on bidirectional pulsed current: heating effect and impact on battery life[J]. Applied Energy, 2020, 280: 115957.
19	朱建功, 孙泽昌, 魏学哲, 等. 车用锂离子电池低温特性与加热方法研究进展[J]. 汽车工程, 2019, 41(5): 571-581, 589.
	Zhu J G, Sun Z C, Wei X Z, et al. Research progress on low-temperature characteristics and heating techniques of vehicle lithium-ion battery[J]. Automotive Engineering, 2019, 41(5): 571-581, 589.
20	梁坤峰, 米国强, 徐红玉, 等. 动力电池冷热双向循环热管理系统性能分析[J]. 农业工程学报, 2020, 36(14): 114-120.
	Liang K F, Mi G Q, Xu H Y, et al. Performance analysis of power battery cooling or heating two-way cycling thermal management system[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2020, 36(14): 114-120.
21	张海南, 邵双全, 田长青. 多蒸发器热虹吸回路热管启动与不稳定性研究[J]. 工程热物理学报, 2020, 41(4): 792-796.
	Zhang H N, Shao S Q, Tian C Q. Startup and instability of a loop thermosyphon with multiple evaporators[J]. Journal of Engineering Thermophysics, 2020, 41(4): 792-796.
22	Chi R G, Chung W S, Rhi S H. Thermal characteristics of an oscillating heat pipe cooling system for electric vehicle Li-ion batteries[J]. Energies, 2018, 11(3): 655.
23	Xia G D, Cao L, Bi G L. A review on battery thermal management in electric vehicle application[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2017, 367: 90-105.
24	Kim J, Oh J, Lee H. Review on battery thermal management system for electric vehicles[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2019, 149: 192-212.
25	Jilte R, Afzal A, Panchal S. A novel battery thermal management system using nano-enhanced phase change materials[J]. Energy, 2021, 219: 119564.
26	An Z, Shah K, Jia L, et al. A parametric study for optimization of minichannel based battery thermal management system[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2019, 154: 593-601.
27	Lin F L, Liu D P, Jiang D Q, et al. An experimental study on the performance of guided bubble pump with multiple tubes[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2016, 106: 1052-1061.
28	郜效保. 微型纯电动汽车电池包结构设计与碰撞安全性研究[D]. 长沙: 湖南大学, 2016.
	Gao X B. A study on structure design of battery pack and collision safety based on micro electric vehicle[D]. Changsha: Hunan University, 2016.
29	Liu H Q, Wei Z B, He W D, et al. Thermal issues about Li-ion batteries and recent progress in battery thermal management systems: a review[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2017, 150: 304-330.
30	朱发明, 刘道平, 杨亮, 等. 均流式多管导流型气泡泵提升性能实验研究[J]. 制冷学报, 2018, 39(6): 84-90.
	Zhu F M, Liu D P, Yang L, et al. Experimental research on improving performance of guided bubble pump with multiple tubes with current equalizer[J]. Journal of Refrigeration, 2018, 39(6): 84-90.

[1]	Xin YANG, Wen WANG, Kai XU, Fanhua MA. Simulation analysis of temperature characteristics of the high-pressure hydrogen refueling process [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(S1): 280-286.
[2]	Limei SHEN, Boxing HU, Yufei XIE, Weihao ZENG, Xiaoyu ZHANG. Experimental study on heat transfer performance of ultra-thin flat heat pipe [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(S1): 198-205.
[3]	Song HE, Qiaomai LIU, Guangshuo XIE, Simin WANG, Juan XIAO. Two-phase flow simulation and surrogate-assisted optimization of gas film drag reduction in high-concentration coal-water slurry pipeline [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(9): 3766-3774.
[4]	Guoze CHEN, Dong WEI, Qian GUO, Zhiping XIANG. Optimal power point optimization method for aluminum-air batteries under load tracking condition [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(8): 3533-3542.
[5]	Wenzhu LIU, Heming YUN, Baoxue WANG, Mingzhe HU, Chonglong ZHONG. Research on topology optimization of microchannel based on field synergy and entransy dissipation [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(8): 3329-3341.
[6]	Lei XING, Chunyu MIAO, Minghu JIANG, Lixin ZHAO, Xinya LI. Optimal design and performance analysis of downhole micro gas-liquid hydrocyclone [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(8): 3394-3406.
[7]	Manzheng ZHANG, Meng XIAO, Peiwei YAN, Zheng MIAO, Jinliang XU, Xianbing JI. Working fluid screening and thermodynamic optimization of hazardous waste incineration coupled organic Rankine cycle system [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(8): 3502-3512.
[8]	Chengying ZHU, Zhenlei WANG. Operation optimization of ethylene cracking furnace based on improved deep reinforcement learning algorithm [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(8): 3429-3437.
[9]	Wentao WU, Liangyong CHU, Lingjie ZHANG, Weimin TAN, Liming SHEN, Ningzhong BAO. High-efficient preparation of cardanol-based self-healing microcapsules [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(7): 3103-3115.
[10]	Xiaoling TANG, Jiarui WANG, Xuanye ZHU, Renchao ZHENG. Biosynthesis of chiral epichlorohydrin by halohydrin dehalogenase based on Pickering emulsion system [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(7): 2926-2934.
[11]	Chunlei ZHAO, Liang GUO, Cong GAO, Wei SONG, Jing WU, Jia LIU, Liming LIU, Xiulai CHEN. Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for chondroitin production [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(5): 2111-2122.
[12]	Zedong WANG, Zhiping SHI, Liyan LIU. Numerical simulation and optimization of acoustic streaming considering inhomogeneous bubble cloud dissipation in rectangular reactor [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(5): 1965-1973.
[13]	Xiaodan SU, Ganyu ZHU, Huiquan LI, Guangming ZHENG, Ziheng MENG, Fang LI, Yunrui YANG, Benjun XI, Yu CUI. Optimization of wet process phosphoric acid hemihydrate process and crystallization of gypsum [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(4): 1805-1817.
[14]	Xiaoyong GAO, Fuyu HUANG, Wanpeng ZHENG, Diao PENG, Yixu YANG, Dexian HUANG. Scheduling optimization of refinery and chemical production process considering the safety and stability of scheduling operation [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(4): 1619-1629.
[15]	Xuerong GU, Shuoshi LIU, Siyu YANG. Research on multi-parameter optimization method based on parallel EGO and surrogate-assisted model [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(3): 1205-1215.