CIESC Journal ›› 2022, Vol. 73 ›› Issue (9): 3787-3801.DOI: 10.11949/0438-1157.20220472
• Reviews and monographs • Previous Articles Next Articles
Jian SHAO(), Junzong FENG(), Fengqi LIU, Yonggang JIANG, Liangjun LI, Jian FENG
Received:
2022-03-21
Revised:
2022-06-29
Online:
2022-10-09
Published:
2022-09-05
Contact:
Junzong FENG
邵健(), 冯军宗(), 柳凤琦, 姜勇刚, 李良军, 冯坚
通讯作者:
冯军宗
作者简介:
邵健(1998—),男,硕士研究生,15951721090@163.com
基金资助:
CLC Number:
Jian SHAO, Junzong FENG, Fengqi LIU, Yonggang JIANG, Liangjun LI, Jian FENG. Research progress on structural modulation and functionalized preparation of phenolic resin-based carbon microspheres[J]. CIESC Journal, 2022, 73(9): 3787-3801.
邵健, 冯军宗, 柳凤琦, 姜勇刚, 李良军, 冯坚. 酚醛树脂基炭微球结构调控与功能化制备研究进展[J]. 化工学报, 2022, 73(9): 3787-3801.
炭前体 | 溶剂 | 催化剂 | 添加剂 | 炭球粒径/nm | 比表面积/(m2/g) | 文献 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
间苯三酚、对苯二甲醛、间苯二酚、甲醛 | 水 | 氨水 | — | 30~90 | — | [ |
苯酚、甲醛 | 水 | — | F127 | 约110 | 219 | [ |
间苯三酚、对苯二胺、甲醛 | 水、乙醇 | 对苯二胺 | — | 79.2~137.0 | — | [ |
间苯三酚、甲醛 | 水 | 盐酸 | F108,F127,F86,P123② | 80~90 | — | [ |
间苯二酚 、甲醛 | 水、乙醇 | 乙二胺 | PVP③ | 60~875 | 516~1083 | [ |
间苯二酚、甲醛 | 水 | 乙二胺、氨水 | F127 | 约180 | 711 | [ |
苯酚、甲醛 | 水 | Bis-tris① | CTAB ④ | 86~205 | 441~1462 | [ |
苯酚、甲醛 | 水 | 氢氧化钠 | F127 | 约100 | 1602 | [ |
间苯二酚、甲醛 | 水、甲醇 | 氨水 | — | 160~1800 | — | [ |
间苯二酚、甲醛 | 水、乙醇 | 氨水 | F127 | 52 | 304~3259 | [ |
二羟基沙林、甲醛 | 水、甲醇 | 氨水 | F127 | 106~188 | 499~528 | [ |
三聚氰胺、甲醛 | 水 | 氢氧化钠 | F127 | 40~160 | 795~883 | [ |
Table 1 Parameters related to the preparation of small particle size carbon microspheres
炭前体 | 溶剂 | 催化剂 | 添加剂 | 炭球粒径/nm | 比表面积/(m2/g) | 文献 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
间苯三酚、对苯二甲醛、间苯二酚、甲醛 | 水 | 氨水 | — | 30~90 | — | [ |
苯酚、甲醛 | 水 | — | F127 | 约110 | 219 | [ |
间苯三酚、对苯二胺、甲醛 | 水、乙醇 | 对苯二胺 | — | 79.2~137.0 | — | [ |
间苯三酚、甲醛 | 水 | 盐酸 | F108,F127,F86,P123② | 80~90 | — | [ |
间苯二酚 、甲醛 | 水、乙醇 | 乙二胺 | PVP③ | 60~875 | 516~1083 | [ |
间苯二酚、甲醛 | 水 | 乙二胺、氨水 | F127 | 约180 | 711 | [ |
苯酚、甲醛 | 水 | Bis-tris① | CTAB ④ | 86~205 | 441~1462 | [ |
苯酚、甲醛 | 水 | 氢氧化钠 | F127 | 约100 | 1602 | [ |
间苯二酚、甲醛 | 水、甲醇 | 氨水 | — | 160~1800 | — | [ |
间苯二酚、甲醛 | 水、乙醇 | 氨水 | F127 | 52 | 304~3259 | [ |
二羟基沙林、甲醛 | 水、甲醇 | 氨水 | F127 | 106~188 | 499~528 | [ |
三聚氰胺、甲醛 | 水 | 氢氧化钠 | F127 | 40~160 | 795~883 | [ |
Fig.2 Schematic diagram of the “seed” synthesis strategy for the preparation of polymer nanospheres (a); TEM images of colloidal seeds (b) and polymer microspheres (c) [19]
添加剂 | 粒径/nm | 孔型 | 比表面积/(m2/g) | 孔体积/(cm3/g) | 文献 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
正硅酸乙酯、硅溶胶 | 300~500 | 微孔、介孔 | 430~560 | 0.23~0.60 | [ |
F127、CTAB | 40~750 | 大孔 | 67~1295 | 0.05~0.84 | [ |
F127 | 约110 | 介孔 | 219 | 0.27 | [ |
聚乙二醇 | — | 微孔 | 556~625 | 0.25~0.26 | [ |
— | 约850 | 超微孔 | 1113~1235 | 0.60~0.88 | [ |
F127 | 约300 | 微孔 | 409 | 0.25 | [ |
正硅酸乙酯 | 100~500 | 大孔 | — | — | [ |
PVP | 约260 | 大孔 | — | — | [ |
F108、F127、F86、P123 | 80~90 | 介孔 | — | — | [ |
PVP | 60~875 | 微孔 | 516~1083 | 0.28~0.82 | [ |
F127 | 约180 | 介孔 | 711 | — | [ |
CTAB | 86~205 | 微孔、介孔 | 441~1462 | 0.56~1.00 | [ |
F127 | 约100 | 介孔 | 1602 | 2.09 | [ |
— | 约600 | 微孔 | 836 | 0.40 | [ |
F127 | 50~700 | 微孔 | 304~3259 | 0.34~2.44 | [ |
F127 | 40~160 | 介孔 | 795~883 | — | [ |
CTAB、正硅酸乙酯 | 320~400 | 微孔、介孔 | 550~1261 | 0.53~1.05 | [ |
聚乙二醇 | 300~1000 | 微孔、介孔 | 1101~1835 | 0.28~0.48 | [ |
Table 2 Parameters related to the preparation of porous carbon microspheres
添加剂 | 粒径/nm | 孔型 | 比表面积/(m2/g) | 孔体积/(cm3/g) | 文献 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
正硅酸乙酯、硅溶胶 | 300~500 | 微孔、介孔 | 430~560 | 0.23~0.60 | [ |
F127、CTAB | 40~750 | 大孔 | 67~1295 | 0.05~0.84 | [ |
F127 | 约110 | 介孔 | 219 | 0.27 | [ |
聚乙二醇 | — | 微孔 | 556~625 | 0.25~0.26 | [ |
— | 约850 | 超微孔 | 1113~1235 | 0.60~0.88 | [ |
F127 | 约300 | 微孔 | 409 | 0.25 | [ |
正硅酸乙酯 | 100~500 | 大孔 | — | — | [ |
PVP | 约260 | 大孔 | — | — | [ |
F108、F127、F86、P123 | 80~90 | 介孔 | — | — | [ |
PVP | 60~875 | 微孔 | 516~1083 | 0.28~0.82 | [ |
F127 | 约180 | 介孔 | 711 | — | [ |
CTAB | 86~205 | 微孔、介孔 | 441~1462 | 0.56~1.00 | [ |
F127 | 约100 | 介孔 | 1602 | 2.09 | [ |
— | 约600 | 微孔 | 836 | 0.40 | [ |
F127 | 50~700 | 微孔 | 304~3259 | 0.34~2.44 | [ |
F127 | 40~160 | 介孔 | 795~883 | — | [ |
CTAB、正硅酸乙酯 | 320~400 | 微孔、介孔 | 550~1261 | 0.53~1.05 | [ |
聚乙二醇 | 300~1000 | 微孔、介孔 | 1101~1835 | 0.28~0.48 | [ |
Fig.6 Schematic diagram of mesoporous carbon spheres prepared by restricted pyrolysis(a); TEM images of MPS@SiO2[(b), (c)]; TEM images of mesoporous carbon spheres[(d), (e)]; Nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms and pore size distribution curves of carbon spheres obtained by restricted pyrolysis and direct pyrolysis[(f), (g)][24]
炭前体 | 添加剂 | 催化剂 | 粒径/nm | 功能化措施 | 氮掺杂量 | 文献 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
间苯二酚、甲醛 | F127 | 氨水 | — | 负载Ag | — | [ |
间苯二酚、甲醛 | F127 | 氨水 | 150~900 | 负载Pt | — | [ |
氨基苯酚、甲醛 | — | 氨水 | 80~2500 | 负载Pt | — | [ |
苯酚、甲醛 | F127 | 氢氧化钠 | 约110 | 负载Fe | — | [ |
单宁酸、甲醛 | — | 氨水 | 60~2100 | 负载Fe | — | [ |
间苯三酚、对苯二胺、甲醛 | — | 对苯二胺 | 79.2~137 | 掺N | 9.77%(质量分数) | [ |
氨基苯酚、六氯甲烷 | F127 | 氨水 | 约300 | 掺N | 5.31%(质量分数) | [ |
间苯二酚、甲醛 | PVP | 氨水 | 约260 | 掺N | 1.5%(原子分数) | [ |
单宁酸、甲醛 | F127 | 氨水 | 约300 | 负载Co、Fe、Ni 等 | — | [ |
间苯二酚 、甲醛 | PVP | 乙二胺 | 60~875 | 掺N | 5%(质量分数) | [ |
苯酚、甲醛 | CTAB | Bis-tris | 86~205 | 掺N | 2.32%(原子分数) | [ |
苯酚、甲醛 | F127 | 氢氧化钠 | 约100 | 掺N | — | [ |
间苯二酚、HMTA | — | HMTA | 约800 | 掺N | 2.05%(原子分数) | [ |
二羟基沙林、甲醛 | F127 | 氨水 | 106~188 | 掺N | 35%(质量分数) | [ |
三聚氰胺、甲醛 | F127 | 氢氧化钠 | 40~160 | 掺N | 15.6%(质量分数) | [ |
间苯二酚、甲醛 | PEG | 氨水、乙二胺或己二胺 | 300~1000 | 掺N | — | [ |
Table 3 Relevant parameters for the preparation of functionalized carbon microspheres
炭前体 | 添加剂 | 催化剂 | 粒径/nm | 功能化措施 | 氮掺杂量 | 文献 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
间苯二酚、甲醛 | F127 | 氨水 | — | 负载Ag | — | [ |
间苯二酚、甲醛 | F127 | 氨水 | 150~900 | 负载Pt | — | [ |
氨基苯酚、甲醛 | — | 氨水 | 80~2500 | 负载Pt | — | [ |
苯酚、甲醛 | F127 | 氢氧化钠 | 约110 | 负载Fe | — | [ |
单宁酸、甲醛 | — | 氨水 | 60~2100 | 负载Fe | — | [ |
间苯三酚、对苯二胺、甲醛 | — | 对苯二胺 | 79.2~137 | 掺N | 9.77%(质量分数) | [ |
氨基苯酚、六氯甲烷 | F127 | 氨水 | 约300 | 掺N | 5.31%(质量分数) | [ |
间苯二酚、甲醛 | PVP | 氨水 | 约260 | 掺N | 1.5%(原子分数) | [ |
单宁酸、甲醛 | F127 | 氨水 | 约300 | 负载Co、Fe、Ni 等 | — | [ |
间苯二酚 、甲醛 | PVP | 乙二胺 | 60~875 | 掺N | 5%(质量分数) | [ |
苯酚、甲醛 | CTAB | Bis-tris | 86~205 | 掺N | 2.32%(原子分数) | [ |
苯酚、甲醛 | F127 | 氢氧化钠 | 约100 | 掺N | — | [ |
间苯二酚、HMTA | — | HMTA | 约800 | 掺N | 2.05%(原子分数) | [ |
二羟基沙林、甲醛 | F127 | 氨水 | 106~188 | 掺N | 35%(质量分数) | [ |
三聚氰胺、甲醛 | F127 | 氢氧化钠 | 40~160 | 掺N | 15.6%(质量分数) | [ |
间苯二酚、甲醛 | PEG | 氨水、乙二胺或己二胺 | 300~1000 | 掺N | — | [ |
电极材料 | 比表面积/(m2/g) | 比电容/(F/g) | 电解液 | 文献 |
---|---|---|---|---|
酚醛基炭微球 | 409 | 288 (0.1 A/g) | 6 mol/L KOH | [ |
173 (0.5 A/g) | 6 mol/L KOH | [ | ||
1602 | 326 (1.0 A/g) | 6 mol/L KOH | [ | |
201 (0.5 A/g) | 6 mol/L KOH | [ | ||
836 | 282 (0.5 A/g) | 6 mol/L KOH | [ | |
3259 | 225 (0.5 A/g) | 6 mol/L KOH | [ | |
1835 | 234 (1.0 A/g) | 6 mol/L KOH | [ | |
泡沫炭 | 1286 | 227 (1.0 A/g) | 6 mol/L KOH | [ |
石墨烯 | 2582 | 186 (1.0 A/g) | 6 mol/L KOH | [ |
Table 4 Comparison of electrochemical performance of various carbon materials
电极材料 | 比表面积/(m2/g) | 比电容/(F/g) | 电解液 | 文献 |
---|---|---|---|---|
酚醛基炭微球 | 409 | 288 (0.1 A/g) | 6 mol/L KOH | [ |
173 (0.5 A/g) | 6 mol/L KOH | [ | ||
1602 | 326 (1.0 A/g) | 6 mol/L KOH | [ | |
201 (0.5 A/g) | 6 mol/L KOH | [ | ||
836 | 282 (0.5 A/g) | 6 mol/L KOH | [ | |
3259 | 225 (0.5 A/g) | 6 mol/L KOH | [ | |
1835 | 234 (1.0 A/g) | 6 mol/L KOH | [ | |
泡沫炭 | 1286 | 227 (1.0 A/g) | 6 mol/L KOH | [ |
石墨烯 | 2582 | 186 (1.0 A/g) | 6 mol/L KOH | [ |
Fig.12 Schematic diagram of TAF-C@Fe preparation (a); CV curves of different electrodes (b); CV curves of TAF-C@Fe and Pt/C after adding 0.5 mol/L methanol (c) [45]
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