System integration and energy conversion mechanism of the power technology with integrated supercritical water gasification of coal and SOFC

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20230689

Abstract

Abstract:

Based on the hydrogen-rich characteristic of the syngas produced through supercritical water gasification of coal, a power system with integrated supercritical water gasification of coal with solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) and gas turbine is proposed. The high-temperature and high-pressure sensible enthalpy of the gasification products is recovered by an expander, and the chemical energy is successively utilized by the SOFC and gas turbine for power generation. The sensible heat of the exhaust flue gas at the outlet of the gas turbine and the air at the outlet of the SOFC cathode is mostly used for preheating the feed water of the boiler. Under the conditions of gasification temperature and pressure of 660℃/250 bar and coal-water-slurry concentration (CWSC) of 11.3% (mass) in the gasifier, the power generation efficiency of the system can reach 54.01%, and the exergy efficiency is 52.79%. Compared with the most advanced 1000 MW ultra-supercritical steam Rankine cycle coal-fired power station, the new system proposed in this article can achieve an annual CO₂ emission reduction of 390000 t. The coal based power generation system proposed in this article further deepens the cascade utilization of coal chemical energy, and achieves efficient matching of the energy levels between various subunits, which will help to achieve the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goal.

Key words: process systems, optimal design, supercritical water gasification of coal, integration, SOFC, computer simulation

摘要：

基于超临界水煤气化合成气的富氢特征，提出了一种超临界水煤气化耦合固体氧化物燃料电池(SOFC)及燃气轮机发电系统，气化产物的高温高压显焓由膨胀机回收，化学能由SOFC及燃气轮机先后利用发电，燃气轮机排气及SOFC阴极空气的大部分显热用于预热锅炉给水。在气化温度660℃、气化压力250 bar (1 bar=0.1 MPa)及气化室内煤浆浓度为11.3%(质量)条件下，系统发电效率可以达到54.01%，㶲效率为52.79%。相比于先进的1000 MW超超临界蒸汽朗肯循环燃煤电站，所提新系统可实现年减排CO₂39万吨。提出的煤基发电系统，进一步深化了煤炭化学能的梯级利用，实现了各子单元间的高效能级匹配，有助于实现双碳目标。

关键词: 过程系统, 优化设计, 超临界水煤气化, 集成, 固体氧化物燃料电池, 计算机模拟

CLC Number:

TK 123

Zhewen CHEN, Junjie WEI, Yuming ZHANG. System integration and energy conversion mechanism of the power technology with integrated supercritical water gasification of coal and SOFC[J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(9): 3888-3902.

陈哲文, 魏俊杰, 张玉明. 超临界水煤气化耦合SOFC发电系统集成及其能量转化机制[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(9): 3888-3902.

Figures/Tables 22

Fig.1 The technical routes of the supercritical water gasification of coal

Fig.2 The integration method of the power system combining supercritical water gasification of coal and SOFC

Fig.3 The flow diagram of the power system with integrated supercritical water gasification of coal, SOFC and gas turbine

Table 1 The key parameters and values

参数	取值	参数	取值
气化压力/bar	250	超临界透平等熵效率/%	90
气化温度/℃	660	燃气透平等熵效率/%	89
锅炉夹点温度/℃	10	透平1等熵效率/%	93
换热器及省煤器夹点温度/℃	10	压气机等熵效率/%	88
锅炉内过量空气系数	1.3	重整/变换反应压力/bar	15
水泵效率/%	80	燃气透平压比	15
SOFC工作压力/bar	15

Table 2 The proximate and ultimate analysis and the lower heating value of the gasified and fuel coal

煤	工业分析/%（mass, ar)				元素分析/%（mass, ar)					低位热值/ (MJ/kg)
煤	水分	灰分	挥发分	固定碳	碳	氢	氧	氮	硫	低位热值/ (MJ/kg)
气化煤	2.79	6.84	33.19	57.18	74.29	4.69	9.26	1.00	1.12	25.40
燃料煤	8.84	9.98	49.52	31.66	68.55	3.96	6.85	0.74	1.08	26.71

Fig.4 The operating principle and process of SOFC

Table 3 The relative parameters for calculating ohmic polarization

参数	取值
阳极厚度δ_an /m	0.0001
阴极厚度δ_cat/m	0.0022
电解质厚度δ_el/m	0.00004
互连厚度δ_int/m	0.000085
阳极电阻率ρ_an/(Ω·m)	$2.98 × 10 - 5 e x p - 1392 / T o p$
阴极电阻率ρ_cat/(Ω·m)	$8.114 × 10 - 5 e x p 600 / T o p$
电解液电阻率ρ_el/(Ω·m)	$2.94 × 10 - 5 e x p 10350 / T o p$
互连电阻率ρ_int/(Ω·m)	$1.2 × 10 - 3 e x p 4690 / T o p$

Table 3 The relative parameters for calculating ohmic polarization

参数	取值
阳极厚度δ_an /m	0.0001
阴极厚度δ_cat/m	0.0022
电解质厚度δ_el/m	0.00004
互连厚度δ_int/m	0.000085
阳极电阻率ρ_an/(Ω·m)	$2.98 × 10 - 5 e x p - 1392 / T o p$
阴极电阻率ρ_cat/(Ω·m)	$8.114 × 10 - 5 e x p 600 / T o p$
电解液电阻率ρ_el/(Ω·m)	$2.94 × 10 - 5 e x p 10350 / T o p$
互连电阻率ρ_int/(Ω·m)	$1.2 × 10 - 3 e x p 4690 / T o p$

Table 4 The energy and exergy balances of different units in the power system

单元	能量平衡	㶲平衡
超临界透平	$m 1 h 1 = W s + m 2 h 2$	$m 1 e 1 - m 2 e 2 = Δ E X L s + W s$
燃烧室	$m 12 h 12 + m 20 h 20 = m 24 h 24$	$m 12 e 12 + m 20 e 20 = Δ E X L c o m + m 24 e 24$
压气机	$m 13 h 13 + W c o m p = m 14 h 14$	$m 13 e 13 + W c o m p = Δ E X L c o m p + m 14 e 14$
燃气透平	$m 24 h 24 = W G T + m 25 h 25$	$m 24 e 24 = Δ E X L G T + W G T + m 25 e 25$
换热器1	$m 16 h 16 + m 14 h 14 = m 15 h 15 + m 17 h 17$	$m 14 e 14 + m 16 e 16 = Δ E X L 换 1 + m 15 e 15 + m 17 e 17$
锅炉	$m 30 h 30 + m 31 h 31 + m 23 h 23 = m 27 h 27 + m 1 h 1 + m 未反应碳 h 未反应碳$	$m 30 e 30 + m 31 e 31 + m 23 e 23 = m 27 e 27 + m 1 e 1 + m 未反应碳 e 未反应碳 + Δ E X L 锅炉$
换热器2	$m 3 h 3 + m 11 h 11 = m 12 h 12 + m 6 h 6$	$m 11 e 11 + m 3 e 3 = Δ E X L 换 2 + m 12 e 12 + m 6 e 6$
换热器3	$m 17 h 17 + m 9 h 9 = m 18 h 18 + m 10 h 10$	$m 17 e 17 + m 9 e 9 = Δ E X L 换 3 + m 18 e 18 + m 10 e 10$
省煤器1	$m 25 h 25 + m 5 h 5 = m 22 h 22 + m 26 h 26$	$m 25 e 25 + m 5 e 5 = Δ E X L 省 1 + m 22 e 22 + m 26 e 26$
省煤器2	$m 22 h 22 + m 18 h 18 = m 23 h 23 + m 19 h 19$	$m 22 e 22 + m 18 e 18 = Δ E X L 省 2 + m 23 e 23 + m 19 e 19$
重整反应	$m 6 h 6 + Q + m 28 h 28 = m 7 h 7$	$m 6 e 6 + e Q + m 28 e 28 = Δ E X L 重整 + m 7 e 7$
变换反应	$m 8 h 8 + m 29 h 29 = m 9 h 9$	$m 8 e 8 + m 29 e 29 = Δ E X L 变换 + m 9 e 9$
SOFC	$m 10 h 10 + m 15 h 15 = m 16 h 16 + m 11 h 11 + W S O F C + Q$	$m 10 e 10 + m 15 e 15 = m 16 e 16 + m 11 e 11 + W S O F C + e Q + Δ E X L S O F C$

Table 4 The energy and exergy balances of different units in the power system

单元	能量平衡	㶲平衡
超临界透平	$m 1 h 1 = W s + m 2 h 2$	$m 1 e 1 - m 2 e 2 = Δ E X L s + W s$
燃烧室	$m 12 h 12 + m 20 h 20 = m 24 h 24$	$m 12 e 12 + m 20 e 20 = Δ E X L c o m + m 24 e 24$
压气机	$m 13 h 13 + W c o m p = m 14 h 14$	$m 13 e 13 + W c o m p = Δ E X L c o m p + m 14 e 14$
燃气透平	$m 24 h 24 = W G T + m 25 h 25$	$m 24 e 24 = Δ E X L G T + W G T + m 25 e 25$
换热器1	$m 16 h 16 + m 14 h 14 = m 15 h 15 + m 17 h 17$	$m 14 e 14 + m 16 e 16 = Δ E X L 换 1 + m 15 e 15 + m 17 e 17$
锅炉	$m 30 h 30 + m 31 h 31 + m 23 h 23 = m 27 h 27 + m 1 h 1 + m 未反应碳 h 未反应碳$	$m 30 e 30 + m 31 e 31 + m 23 e 23 = m 27 e 27 + m 1 e 1 + m 未反应碳 e 未反应碳 + Δ E X L 锅炉$
换热器2	$m 3 h 3 + m 11 h 11 = m 12 h 12 + m 6 h 6$	$m 11 e 11 + m 3 e 3 = Δ E X L 换 2 + m 12 e 12 + m 6 e 6$
换热器3	$m 17 h 17 + m 9 h 9 = m 18 h 18 + m 10 h 10$	$m 17 e 17 + m 9 e 9 = Δ E X L 换 3 + m 18 e 18 + m 10 e 10$
省煤器1	$m 25 h 25 + m 5 h 5 = m 22 h 22 + m 26 h 26$	$m 25 e 25 + m 5 e 5 = Δ E X L 省 1 + m 22 e 22 + m 26 e 26$
省煤器2	$m 22 h 22 + m 18 h 18 = m 23 h 23 + m 19 h 19$	$m 22 e 22 + m 18 e 18 = Δ E X L 省 2 + m 23 e 23 + m 19 e 19$
重整反应	$m 6 h 6 + Q + m 28 h 28 = m 7 h 7$	$m 6 e 6 + e Q + m 28 e 28 = Δ E X L 重整 + m 7 e 7$
变换反应	$m 8 h 8 + m 29 h 29 = m 9 h 9$	$m 8 e 8 + m 29 e 29 = Δ E X L 变换 + m 9 e 9$
SOFC	$m 10 h 10 + m 15 h 15 = m 16 h 16 + m 11 h 11 + W S O F C + Q$	$m 10 e 10 + m 15 e 15 = m 16 e 16 + m 11 e 11 + W S O F C + e Q + Δ E X L S O F C$

Table 5 The verification of the SOFC program

参数	文献^[45]	SOFC模型
发电量误差	0.82%
输出电压/V	0.625	0.629
电池工作温度/K	1173.15	1173.15
电流密度/（ $A / m 2$ ）	4000	4065
SOFC发电量/kW	465.63	469.43

Table 5 The verification of the SOFC program

参数	文献^[45]	SOFC模型
发电量误差	0.82%
输出电压/V	0.625	0.629
电池工作温度/K	1173.15	1173.15
电流密度/（ $A / m 2$ ）	4000	4065
SOFC发电量/kW	465.63	469.43

Fig.5 The computational flow diagram of the power system with integrated supercritical water gasification of coal, SOFC and gas turbine

Table 6 The parameters of key points in the power system

物流	温度/℃	压力/bar	摩尔流量/(kmol/s)
1	660.0	250	0.484
2	92.0	1	0.484
3	25.0	1	0.112
4	25.0	1	0.372
5	26.9	250	0.436
6	960.0	1	0.112
7	750.0	15	0.186
8	90.0	15	0.186
9	220.0	15	0.226
10	640.0	15	0.226
11	979.4	15	0.226
12	538.5	15	0.226
13	25.0	1	0.420
14	407.8	15	0.420
15	640.0	15	0.420
16	979.4	15	0.365
17	724.4	15	0.365
18	429.1	15	0.365
19	163.0	15	0.365
20	161.8	15	0.187
21	25.0	1	0.178
22	152.3	250	0.436
23	229.3	250	0.436
24	901.0	15	0.402
25	475.8	1	0.402
26	120.0	1	0.402
27	120.0	1	0.452
28	650.0	15	0.035
29	454.4	15	0.04
30	25.0	1	1.000
31	25.0	1	1.123

Table 7 The calculation results of the system

参数	数值
Nernst 电压/V	1.026
欧姆活化损失/V	0.093
活化极化损失/V	0.134
浓差极化损失/V	0.035
SOFC工作电压/V	0.764
SOFC工作电流/A	2.114×10⁷
SOFC电堆功率/kW	16149.74
系统净发电量/kW	29917.45
系统发电效率/%	54.01

Fig.6 The influences of CWSC and TSOFC on the performances of the novel system

Fig.7 The influences of TSOFC on the dimensionless parameters [CWSC=11.3%（质量）]

Fig.8 The influences of CWSC on the dimensionless parameters (TSOFC=980℃)

Fig.9 The influences of reforming temperature and TSOFC on the performances of the novel system

Table 8 The energy balances of the power systems

项目	本文新系统	占比/%	文献^[47]中系统	占比/%
能量输入/kW
气化煤	25400.00	45.85	30275.76	54.65
燃料煤	29995.33	54.15	25119.57	45.35
总计	55395.33	100.00	55395.33	100.00
能量输出/kW
气化室未反应碳	1455.16	2.63	1734.49	3.13
超临界透平输出功	10492.00	18.94	12506.04	22.58
冷凝器	15849.35	28.61	19518.07	35.23
燃气透平输出功	7205.78	13.01	27980.64	50.51
SOFC发电量	16149.74	29.15	—	—
压气机和泵耗功	-5064.15	-9.14	-13307.43	-24.02
SOFC阴极空气透平输出功	1134.07	2.05	—	—
燃气轮机排烟	6832.50	12.33	5840.60	10.54
余热锅炉排烟及灰尘	1340.88	2.42	1122.92	2.03
总计	55395.33	100.00	55395.33	100.00
发电效率/%	54.01		49.06

Table 9 The exergy balances of the power systems

项目	本文新系统	占比/%	文献^[47]中系统	占比/%
㶲输入/kW
气化煤	26015.83	45.91	31003.27	54.71
燃料煤	30649.04	54.09	25661.60	45.29
总计	56664.87	100.00	56664.87	100.00
㶲输出/kW
气化室未反应碳	1415.26	2.50	1686.58	2.98
净输出功	29917.44	52.80	27173.52	47.95
冷却器	2523.90	4.45	2924.31	5.16
锅炉排烟	186.39	0.33	156.05	0.28
燃气轮机排烟	984.90	1.74	664.58	1.17
㶲损失/kW
气化室和锅炉	11485.31	20.27	8396.31	14.82
超临界透平	964.28	1.70	1149.14	2.03
燃气透平	383.98	0.68	1175.67	2.07
燃烧室	2788.18	4.92	9857.33	17.40
压气机	261.74	0.46	719.55	1.27
换热器	—	—	2761.83	4.87
换热器1	342.10	0.60	—	—
换热器2	637.12	1.12	—	—
换热器3	277.10	0.49	—	—
换热器4	893.21	1.58	—	—
省煤器1	1247.00	2.20	—	—
省煤器2	327.87	0.58	—	—
重整反应器	409.34	0.72	—	—
变换反应器	194.10	0.34	—	—
SOFC	1305.43	2.30	—	—
SOFC阴极空气透平	120.22	0.21	—	—
总计	56664.87	100.00	56664.87	100.00
㶲效率/%	52.79		47.95

Fig.10 The preheat process of the feedwater of the boiler

Fig.11 The heat release processes of the air from the cathode of the SOFC

Table 10 Comparison between the proposed system and coal-fired supercritical power plants

参数	本文新系统	传统燃煤电站				S-CO₂燃煤电站
参数	本文新系统	文献^[48]	文献^[49]	文献^[50]	文献^[51]	文献^[52]	文献^[53]	文献^[54]
最高温度/°C	660	600	597	545	600	620	620	620
最高压力/bar	250	300	240	260	253.4	300	300	300
发电效率/%	54.01	41.00	45.00	43.00	43.19	47.80	48.37	47.99

Table 11 Comparison between the proposed system and power system based on SCWG of coal

参数	本文新系统	文献^[11]	文献^[21]	文献^[25]	文献^[26]	文献^[47]	文献^[55]
最高温度/°C	660	660	650	660	660	660	560
最高压力/bar	250	250	300	250	250	250	250
发电效率/%	54.01	42.18	41.17	38.31	46.60	49.06	27.9

References 55

1	中国电力企业联合会. 中国电力行业年度发展报告2023[R]. 2023.
	China Electric Power Enterprises Federation. Annual development report of China’s power industry 2023[R]. 2023.
2	帅永, 赵斌, 蒋东方, 等. 中国燃煤高效清洁发电技术现状与展望[J]. 热力发电, 2022, 51(1): 1-10.
	Shuai Y, Zhao B, Jiang D F, et al. Status and prospect of coal-fired high efficiency and clean power generation technology in China[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2022, 51(1): 1-10.
3	Mu R Q, Liu M, Yan J J. Advanced exergy analysis on supercritical water gasification of coal compared with conventional O₂-H₂O and chemical looping coal gasification[J]. Fuel Processing Technology, 2023, 245: 107742.
4	Chen W Y, Xu R N. Clean coal technology development in China[J]. Energy Policy, 2010, 38(5): 2123-2130.
5	Xue X D, Liu C C, Han W, et al. Proposal and investigation of a high-efficiency coal-fired power generation system enabled by chemical recuperative supercritical water coal gasification[J]. Energy, 2023, 267: 126598.
6	Krüger M. Process development for integrated coal gasification solid oxide fuel cells hybrid power plants—investigations on solid oxide fuel cells/gas turbine hybrid power plants run on clean coal gas[J]. Applied Energy, 2019, 250: 19-31.
7	Wu W, Zheng L, Shi B, et al. Energy and exergy analysis of MSW-based IGCC power/polygeneration systems[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2021, 238: 114119.
8	王哮江, 刘鹏, 李荣春, 等. “双碳”目标下先进发电技术研究进展及展望[J]. 热力发电, 2022, 51(1): 52-59.
	Wang X J, Liu P, Li R C, et al. Research progress and prospects of advanced power generation technology under the goal of carbon emission peak and carbon neutrality[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2022, 51(1): 52-59.
9	郭烈锦, 赵亮, 吕友军, 等. 煤炭超临界水气化制氢发电多联产技术[J]. 工程热物理学报, 2017, 38(3): 678-679.
	Guo L J, Zhao L, Lyu Y J, et al. Multi-generation technology of hydrogen production and power generation by coal supercritical water gasification[J]. Journal of Engineering Thermophysics, 2017, 38(3): 678-679.
10	Chen Z W, Zhang X S, Gao L, et al. Thermal analysis of supercritical water gasification of coal for power generation with partial heat recovery[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2017, 111: 1287-1295.
11	闫秋会, 苗海军, 张莉, 等. 超临界水中煤气化制氢热力发电系统的构建及其能量转化机理分析[J]. 煤炭技术, 2014, 33(8): 221-223.
	Yan Q H, Miao H J, Zhang L, et al. Novel power generation system based on coal gasification in supercritical water and principle of its energy conversion[J]. Coal Technology, 2014, 33(8): 221-223.
12	Ge Z W, Jin H, Guo L J. Hydrogen production by catalytic gasification of coal in supercritical water with alkaline catalysts: explore the way to complete gasification of coal[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2014, 39(34): 19583-19592.
13	Li Y L, Guo L J, Zhang X M, et al. Hydrogen production from coal gasification in supercritical water with a continuous flowing system[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2010, 35(7): 3036-3045.
14	Jin H, Lu Y J, Liao B, et al. Hydrogen production by coal gasification in supercritical water with a fluidized bed reactor[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2010, 35(13): 7151-7160.
15	Yan Q H, Guo L J, Lu Y J. Thermodynamic analysis of hydrogen production from biomass gasification in supercritical water[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2006, 47(11/12): 1515-1528.
16	Vostrikov A A, Psarov S A, Dubov D Y, et al. Kinetics of coal conversion in supercritical water[J]. Energy & Fuels, 2007, 21(5): 2840-2845.
17	Guo S M, Guo L J, Yin J R, et al. Supercritical water gasification of glycerol: intermediates and kinetics[J]. The Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 2013, 78: 95-102.
18	Azadi P, Farnood R, Vuillardot C. Estimation of heating time in tubular supercritical water reactors[J]. The Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 2011, 55(3): 1038-1045.
19	Jin H, Guo S M, Guo L J, et al. A mathematical model and numerical investigation for glycerol gasification in supercritical water with a tubular reactor[J]. The Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 2016, 107: 526-533.
20	Chen J W, Wang Q T, Xu Z Y, et al. Process in supercritical water gasification of coal: a review of fundamentals, mechanisms, catalysts and element transformation[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2021, 237: 114122.
21	Bermejo M D, Cocero M J, Fernández-Polanco F. A process for generating power from the oxidation of coal in supercritical water[J]. Fuel, 2004, 83(2): 195-204.
22	Yan Q H, Hou Y W, Luo J R, et al. The exergy release mechanism and exergy analysis for coal oxidation in supercritical water atmosphere and a power generation system based on the new technology[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2016, 129: 122-130.
23	Briola S, Gabbrielli R, Schiavetti M, et al. Supercritical water oxidation of coal in power plants with low CO₂ emissions[C]//ECOS 2007. Padova, Italy, 2007.
24	Guo L J, Jin H. Boiling coal in water: hydrogen production and power generation system with zero net CO₂ emission based on coal and supercritical water gasification[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2013, 38(29): 12953-12967.
25	Chen Z W, Zhang X S, Han W, et al. A power generation system with integrated supercritical water gasification of coal and CO₂ capture[J]. Energy, 2018, 142: 723-730.
26	Chen Z W, Zhang X S, Li S, et al. Novel power generation models integrated supercritical water gasification of coal and parallel partial chemical heat recovery[J]. Energy, 2017, 134: 933-942.
27	Ud Din Z, Zainal Z A. Biomass integrated gasification-SOFC systems: technology overview[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2016, 53: 1356-1376.
28	Zhang H C, Kong W, Dong F F, et al. Application of cascading thermoelectric generator and cooler for waste heat recovery from solid oxide fuel cells[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2017, 148: 1382-1390.
29	Wu Z, Zhu P F, Yao J, et al. Combined biomass gasification, SOFC, IC engine, and waste heat recovery system for power and heat generation: energy, exergy, exergoeconomic, environmental (4E) evaluations[J]. Applied Energy, 2020, 279: 115794.
30	Perna A, Minutillo M, Jannelli E, et al. Performance assessment of a hybrid SOFC/MGT cogeneration power plant fed by syngas from a biomass down-draft gasifier[J]. Applied Energy, 2018, 227: 80-91.
31	Roy D, Ghosh S. Energy and exergy analyses of an integrated biomass gasification combined cycle employing solid oxide fuel cell and organic Rankine cycle[J]. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, 2017, 19(6): 1693-1709.
32	El-Emam R S, Dincer I, Naterer G F. Energy and exergy analyses of an integrated SOFC and coal gasification system[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2012, 37(2): 1689-1697.
33	Romano M C, Spallina V, Campanari S. Integrating IT-SOFC and gasification combined cycle with methanation reactor and hydrogen firing for near zero-emission power generation from coal[J]. Energy Procedia, 2011, 4: 1168-1175.
34	Li C X, Yun L L, Zhang Y, et al. Microstructure, performance and stability of Ni/Al₂O₃ cermet-supported SOFC operating with coal-based syngas produced using supercritical water[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2012, 37(17): 13001-13006.
35	Li C X, Li C J, Guo L J. Performance of a Ni/Al₂O₃ cermet-supported tubular solid oxide fuel cell operating with biomass-based syngas through supercritical water[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2010, 35(7): 2904-2908.
36	Aloui T, Halouani K. Analytical modeling of polarizations in a solid oxide fuel cell using biomass syngas product as fuel[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2007, 27(4): 731-737.
37	Guo L J, Jin H, Ge Z W, et al. Industrialization prospects for hydrogen production by coal gasification in supercritical water and novel thermodynamic cycle power generation system with no pollution emission[J]. Science China Technological Sciences, 2015, 58(12): 1989-2002.
38	Guo L J, Jin H, Lu Y J. Supercritical water gasification research and development in China[J]. The Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 2015, 96: 144-150.
39	金辉, 吕友军, 赵亮, 等. 煤炭超临界水气化制氢发电多联产技术进展[J]. 中国基础科学, 2018, 20(4): 4-9, 16.
	Jin H, Lyu Y J, Zhao L, et al. Development in the plolygeneration-technology based on steaming coal with supercritical water gasification[J]. China Basic Science, 2018, 20(4): 4-9, 16.
40	Lanzini A, Leone P, Guerra C, et al. Durability of anode supported solid oxides fuel cells (SOFC) under direct dry-reforming of methane[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2013, 220: 254-263.
41	Aguiar P, Adjiman C S, Brandon N P. Anode-supported intermediate temperature direct internal reforming solid oxide fuel cell (Ⅰ): Model-based steady-state performance[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2004, 138(1/2): 120-136.
42	Alzate-Restrepo V, Hill J M. Effect of anodic polarization on carbon deposition on Ni/YSZ anodes exposed to methane[J]. Applied Catalysis A: General, 2008, 342(1/2): 49-55.
43	Koo T, Kim Y S, Lee D, et al. System simulation and exergetic analysis of solid oxide fuel cell power generation system with cascade configuration[J]. Energy, 2021, 214: 119087.
44	史翊翔. 固体氧化物燃料电池反应机理及模型研究[D]. 北京: 清华大学, 2010.
	Shi Y X. The reaction mechanism and model study on the solid oxide fuel cell[D]. Beijing: Tsinghua University, 2010.
45	Zhang X S, Chen Z W, Chen Z B, et al. Exergy analysis of a novel chemical looping hydrogen generation system integrated with SOFC[J]. Journal of Thermal Science, 2021, 30(1): 313-323.
46	罗丽琦, 王绍荣. 以气化煤气为燃料的固体氧化物燃料电池热电联供系统设计[J]. 洁净煤技术, 2023(29): 1-15.
	Luo L Q, Wang S R. Design of combined heat and power supply system based on coal gas SOFC (IGFC-CHP) system[J]. Clean Coal Technology, 2023(29): 1-15.
47	Chen Z W, Zhou Q, Zhang Y M, et al. Energy, exergy and economic (3E) evaluations of a novel power generation system combining supercritical water gasification of coal with chemical heat recovery[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2023, 276: 116531.
48	Breeze P. Coal-fired power plants[M]//Power Generation Technologies. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2014: 29-65.
49	Zhang D K. Introduction to advanced and ultra-supercritical fossil fuel power plants[M]//Ultra-Supercritical Coal Power Plants. UK: Woodhead Publishing, 2013: 1-20.
50	Hentschel J, Zindler H, Spliethoff H. Modelling and transient simulation of a supercritical coal-fired power plant: dynamic response to extended secondary control power output[J]. Energy, 2017, 137: 927-940.
51	Sanpasertparnich T, Aroonwilas A. Simulation and optimization of coal-fired power plants[J]. Energy Procedia, 2009, 1(1): 3851-3858.
52	Mecheri M, Le Moullec Y. Supercritical CO₂ Brayton cycles for coal-fired power plants[J]. Energy, 2016, 103: 758-771.
53	Xu J L, Sun E H, Li M J, et al. Key issues and solution strategies for supercritical carbon dioxide coal fired power plant[J]. Energy, 2018, 157: 227-246.
54	Sun E H, Xu J L, Hu H, et al. Overlap energy utilization reaches maximum efficiency for S-CO₂ coal fired power plant: a new principle[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2019, 195: 99-113.
55	Donatini F, Gigliucci G, Riccardi J, et al. Supercritical water oxidation of coal in power plants with low CO₂ emissions[J]. Energy, 2009, 34(12): 2144-2150.

[1]	Yuanchao LIU, Bin GUAN, Jianbin ZHONG, Yifan XU, Xuhao JIANG, Duan LI. Investigation of thermoelectric transport properties of single-layer XSe₂(X=Zr/Hf) [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(9): 3968-3978.
[2]	Yue CAO, Chong YU, Zhi LI, Minglei YANG. Industrial data driven transition state detection with multi-mode switching of a hydrocracking unit [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(9): 3841-3854.
[3]	Cong QI, Zi DING, Jie YU, Maoqing TANG, Lin LIANG. Study on solar thermoelectric power generation characteristics based on selective absorption nanofilm [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(9): 3921-3930.
[4]	Yuyuan ZHENG, Zhiwei GE, Xiangyu HAN, Liang WANG, Haisheng CHEN. Progress and prospect of medium and high temperature thermochemical energy storage of calcium-based materials [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(8): 3171-3192.
[5]	Zhaolun WEN, Peirui LI, Zhonglin ZHANG, Xiao DU, Qiwang HOU, Yegang LIU, Xiaogang HAO, Guoqing GUAN. Design and optimization of cryogenic air separation process with dividing wall column based on self-heat regeneration [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(7): 2988-2998.
[6]	Guixian LI, Abo CAO, Wenliang MENG, Dongliang WANG, Yong YANG, Huairong ZHOU. Process design and evaluation of CO₂ to methanol coupled with SOEC [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(7): 2999-3009.
[7]	Jinbo JIANG, Xin PENG, Wenxuan XU, Rixiu MEN, Chang LIU, Xudong PENG. Study on leakage characteristics and parameter influence of pump-out spiral groove oil-gas seal [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(6): 2538-2554.
[8]	Yuanzhe SHAO, Zhonggai ZHAO, Fei LIU. Quality-related non-stationary process fault detection method by common trends model [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(6): 2522-2537.
[9]	Shanghao LIU, Shengkun JIA, Yiqing LUO, Xigang YUAN. Optimization of ternary-distillation sequence based on gradient boosting decision tree [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(5): 2075-2087.
[10]	Bimao ZHOU, Shisen XU, Xiaoxiao WANG, Gang LIU, Xiaoyu LI, Yongqiang REN, Houzhang TAN. Effect of burner bias angle on distribution characteristics of gasifier slag layer [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(5): 1939-1949.
[11]	Cheng YUN, Qianlin WANG, Feng CHEN, Xin ZHANG, Zhan DOU, Tingjun YAN. Deep-mining risk evolution path of chemical processes based on community structure [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(4): 1639-1650.
[12]	Xiaoyong GAO, Fuyu HUANG, Wanpeng ZHENG, Diao PENG, Yixu YANG, Dexian HUANG. Scheduling optimization of refinery and chemical production process considering the safety and stability of scheduling operation [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(4): 1619-1629.
[13]	Jiyuan LI, Jinwang LI, Liuwei ZHOU. Heat transfer performance of cold plates with different turbulence structures [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(4): 1474-1488.
[14]	Wenxuan XU, Jinbo JIANG, Xin PENG, Rixiu MEN, Chang LIU, Xudong PENG. Comparative study on leakage and film-forming characteristics of oil-gas seal with three-typical groove in a wide speed range [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(4): 1660-1679.
[15]	Sheng’an ZHANG, Guilian LIU. Multi-objective optimization of high-efficiency solar water electrolysis hydrogen production system and its performance [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(3): 1260-1274.