Environmental analysis of biomass double-stage evaporation double-regenerative organic Rankine cycle system

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20240567

Abstract

Abstract:

In order to explore the impact of organic Rankine cycle (ORC) on the environment and further improve the research on the impact of ORC on the environment, the environmental analysis of biomass double-stage evaporation double reheat organic Rankine cycle (DEDR-ORC) system was carried out based on conventional exergy environmental method, advanced exergy environmental method and enhanced exergy environmental method, and the results were compared and analyzed using five evaluation indicators. The research results show that the conventional exergy environment method and the advanced exergy environment method have different improvement potentials for the components. The improvement order of boilers obtained by enhanced exergy environmental method has changed from the fourth to the third compared with the advanced exergy environmental method. The total avoidable environmental impact of biomass boilers has increased by 22.370 $P t s / h$ compared with the analysis results of advanced exergy environmental method. The results of other components and advanced exergy environmental method are not much different, indicating that the impact of biomass DEDR-ORC system on the environment mainly comes from the exergy loss of components and the impact of pollutants discharged by the system on the environment. The research results can provide theoretical support and technical reference for environmental analysis in the field of ORC.

Key words: biomass, fuel, thermodynamics, organic Rankine cycle, advanced exergy environment, enhanced exergy environment

摘要：

为了探究有机朗肯循环（ORC）对环境的影响，进一步完善ORC对环境影响的研究，基于常规㶲环境法、高级㶲环境法和增强㶲环境法对生物质双级蒸发双回热有机朗肯循环（DEDR-ORC）系统进行环境分析，并使用五个评价指标对其结果进行对比分析。研究结果表明：常规㶲环境法和高级㶲环境法得出组件的改进潜力不尽相同，和高级㶲环境法相比，增强㶲环境法分析得出锅炉的改进顺序发生了变化，从第四变为第三，生物质锅炉的总可避免对环境的影响比高级㶲环境法分析结果提高了22.370 $P t s / h$ 。其他组件和高级㶲环境法得出的结果相差不大，说明生物质DEDR-ORC系统对环境的影响主要来自于组件的㶲损失和系统排放的污染物。研究结果可为ORC领域的环境分析提供理论支撑与技术参考。

关键词: 生物质, 燃料, 热力学, 有机朗肯循环, 高级?环境, 增强?环境

CLC Number:

TK 115

Wenzhi DAI, Xiongjian SHEN, Xiaobo SONG, Xinle YANG. Environmental analysis of biomass double-stage evaporation double-regenerative organic Rankine cycle system[J]. CIESC Journal, 2025, 76(3): 1230-1242.

戴文智, 沈雄健, 宋晓博, 杨新乐. 生物质双级蒸发双回热有机朗肯循环系统环境分析[J]. 化工学报, 2025, 76(3): 1230-1242.

Figures/Tables 21

Fig.1 Schematic diagram of biomass DEDR-ORC cycle

Fig.2 T-S diagram of DEDR-ORC

Table 1 Characteristics of biomass fuel［18］

燃料成分	质量分数/%
C	48.30
H	7.08
N	38.50
O	5.55
S	0.57
H₂O	8.7

Table 2 Environmental impact of each system component

设备	材料质量分数/%	环境影响/(Pts/kg)				质量/t
设备	材料质量分数/%	制造	运行	回收	汇总	质量/t
空气预热器	钢/26%；高合金钢/74%	695.8	12.1	-70	637.9	138.4
生物质锅炉	高合金钢/70%；低合成钢/30%	745.5	20.0	-70	695.5	3889.0
蒸发器1	钢/26%；高合金钢/74%	695.8	12.1	-70	637.9	59.6
蒸发器2	钢/26%；高合金钢/74%	695.8	12.1	-70	637.9	425.0
涡轮	钢/25%；高合金钢/75%	704.0	11.7	-70	645.7	550.0
冷凝器	钢/26%；高合金钢/74%	695.8	12.1	-70	637.9	850.0
回热器	钢/26%；高合金钢/74%	695.8	12.1	-70	637.9	80.7
混合回热器	钢/26%；高合金钢/74%	695.8	12.1	-70	637.9	150.3
泵1	钢/27%；铸铁/64%；铜/8%；铝/1%	296.6	16.9	-70	243.5	1.75
泵2	钢/27%；铸铁/64%；铜/8%；铝/1%	296.6	16.9	-70	243.5	2.5
泵3	钢/27%；铸铁/64%；铜/8%；铝/1%	296.6	16.9	-70	243.5	1.2

Table 3 Component environmental exergy balance equation and auxiliary equations

设备	平衡方程	辅助方程
空气预热器	$B_{13} + Y_{r e} + B_{11} = B_{14} + B_{12}$	$\frac{B_{11}}{E_{11}} = \frac{B_{12}}{E_{12}}$ $B_{13} = 0$
生物质锅炉	$B_{14} + Y_{b i o} + B_{15} + B_{o u t} + B^{P F} = B_{i n}$	$b_{b i o} = 0.00489 P t s / k g$ ^[24] $b_{C O_{2}} = 5.455 P t s / k g$ ^[25] $b_{S O_{x}} = 149.937 P t s / k g$ ^[25] $b_{N_{2}} = 12 P t s / k g$ ^[19]
蒸发器1	$B_{s_i n} + B_{10} + Y_{e v a p 1} = B_{g 1} + B_{1}$	$\frac{B_{s_i n}}{E_{s_i n}} = \frac{B_{g 1}}{E_{g 1}}$
蒸发器2	$B_{g 1} + B_{8} + Y_{e v a p 2} = B_{s_o u t} + B_{b}$	$\frac{B_{g 1}}{E_{g 1}} = \frac{B_{s_o u t}}{E_{s_o u t}}$
涡轮	$B_{1} + B_{b} + Y_{t u r} = B_{a} + B_{2} + B_{t u r}$	$\frac{B_{1}}{E_{1}} + \frac{B_{b}}{E_{b}} = \frac{B_{a}}{E_{a}} + \frac{B_{2}}{E_{2}}$
冷凝器	$B_{31} + B_{c_i n} + Y_{c o n d} = B_{4} + B_{c_o u t}$	$\frac{B_{31}}{E_{31}} = \frac{B_{4}}{E_{4}}$
回热器	$B_{2} + B_{5} + Y_{r e 1} = B_{31} + B_{52}$	$\frac{B_{2}}{E_{2}} = \frac{B_{31}}{E_{31}}$
混合回热器	$B_{a} + B_{52} + Y_{r e 2} = B_{7}$	$\frac{B_{a}}{E_{a}} + \frac{B_{51}}{E_{51}} = \frac{B_{7}}{E_{7}}$
泵1	$B_{4} + B_{p 1} + Y_{p 1} = B_{5}$	$\frac{B_{p 1}}{E_{p 1}} = \frac{B_{t u r}}{W_{t u r}}$
泵2	$B_{71} + B_{p 2} + Y_{p 2} = B_{8}$	$\frac{B_{p 2}}{E_{p 2}} = \frac{B_{t u r}}{W_{t u r}}$
泵3	$B_{9} + B_{p 3} + Y_{p 3} = B_{10}$	$\frac{B_{p 3}}{E_{p 3}} = \frac{B_{t u r}}{W_{t u r}}$

Table 3 Component environmental exergy balance equation and auxiliary equations

设备	平衡方程	辅助方程
空气预热器	$B_{13} + Y_{r e} + B_{11} = B_{14} + B_{12}$	$\frac{B_{11}}{E_{11}} = \frac{B_{12}}{E_{12}}$ $B_{13} = 0$
生物质锅炉	$B_{14} + Y_{b i o} + B_{15} + B_{o u t} + B^{P F} = B_{i n}$	$b_{b i o} = 0.00489 P t s / k g$ ^[24] $b_{C O_{2}} = 5.455 P t s / k g$ ^[25] $b_{S O_{x}} = 149.937 P t s / k g$ ^[25] $b_{N_{2}} = 12 P t s / k g$ ^[19]
蒸发器1	$B_{s_i n} + B_{10} + Y_{e v a p 1} = B_{g 1} + B_{1}$	$\frac{B_{s_i n}}{E_{s_i n}} = \frac{B_{g 1}}{E_{g 1}}$
蒸发器2	$B_{g 1} + B_{8} + Y_{e v a p 2} = B_{s_o u t} + B_{b}$	$\frac{B_{g 1}}{E_{g 1}} = \frac{B_{s_o u t}}{E_{s_o u t}}$
涡轮	$B_{1} + B_{b} + Y_{t u r} = B_{a} + B_{2} + B_{t u r}$	$\frac{B_{1}}{E_{1}} + \frac{B_{b}}{E_{b}} = \frac{B_{a}}{E_{a}} + \frac{B_{2}}{E_{2}}$
冷凝器	$B_{31} + B_{c_i n} + Y_{c o n d} = B_{4} + B_{c_o u t}$	$\frac{B_{31}}{E_{31}} = \frac{B_{4}}{E_{4}}$
回热器	$B_{2} + B_{5} + Y_{r e 1} = B_{31} + B_{52}$	$\frac{B_{2}}{E_{2}} = \frac{B_{31}}{E_{31}}$
混合回热器	$B_{a} + B_{52} + Y_{r e 2} = B_{7}$	$\frac{B_{a}}{E_{a}} + \frac{B_{51}}{E_{51}} = \frac{B_{7}}{E_{7}}$
泵1	$B_{4} + B_{p 1} + Y_{p 1} = B_{5}$	$\frac{B_{p 1}}{E_{p 1}} = \frac{B_{t u r}}{W_{t u r}}$
泵2	$B_{71} + B_{p 2} + Y_{p 2} = B_{8}$	$\frac{B_{p 2}}{E_{p 2}} = \frac{B_{t u r}}{W_{t u r}}$
泵3	$B_{9} + B_{p 3} + Y_{p 3} = B_{10}$	$\frac{B_{p 3}}{E_{p 3}} = \frac{B_{t u r}}{W_{t u r}}$

Table 4 System environmental impact assessment indicators［27-28］

评价指标	常规㶲环境法	增强㶲环境法
环境总影响	${\dot{B}}_{t o t, k} = {\dot{Y}}_{k} + {\dot{B}}_{D, k} + {\dot{B}}_{k}^{P F}$	${\dot{B}}_{t o t, k}^{A V, E N} = {\dot{Y}}_{k}^{A V, E N} + {\dot{B}}_{D, k}^{A V, E N} + {\dot{B}}_{D, k}^{P F, A V, E N}$
㶲损率	$t_{b, D, k} = \frac{{\dot{B}}_{D, k}}{{\dot{B}}_{F, t o t}}$	${\dot{t}}_{b, D, k} = \frac{{\dot{B}}_{D, k}^{A V, E N}}{{\dot{B}}_{F, t o t}}$
环境影响绩效	$e_{b, k} = \frac{{\dot{B}}_{P, k}}{{\dot{B}}_{F, k}}$	${\dot{e}}_{b, k} = \frac{{\dot{B}}_{P, k}}{{\dot{B}}_{F, k} - {\dot{B}}_{t o t, k}^{U N} - {\dot{B}}_{t o t, k}^{A V, E X}}$
环境㶲影响因子	$r_{b, k} = \frac{{\dot{Y}}_{k} + {\dot{B}}_{k}^{P F}}{{\dot{B}}_{t o t, k}}$	${\dot{r}}_{b, k} = \frac{{\dot{Y}}_{k}^{A V, E N} + {\dot{B}}_{D, k}^{P F, A V, E N}}{{\dot{B}}_{t o t, k}^{A V, E N}}$
净输出功对环境影响	$E I E = \frac{{\dot{B}}_{t o t, k}}{{\dot{W}}_{n e t}}$	$E \dot{I} E = \frac{{\dot{B}}_{t o t, k}^{U N} + {\dot{B}}_{t o t, k}^{A V, E X}}{{\dot{W}}_{n e t}}$

Table 4 System environmental impact assessment indicators［27-28］

评价指标	常规㶲环境法	增强㶲环境法
环境总影响	${\dot{B}}_{t o t, k} = {\dot{Y}}_{k} + {\dot{B}}_{D, k} + {\dot{B}}_{k}^{P F}$	${\dot{B}}_{t o t, k}^{A V, E N} = {\dot{Y}}_{k}^{A V, E N} + {\dot{B}}_{D, k}^{A V, E N} + {\dot{B}}_{D, k}^{P F, A V, E N}$
㶲损率	$t_{b, D, k} = \frac{{\dot{B}}_{D, k}}{{\dot{B}}_{F, t o t}}$	${\dot{t}}_{b, D, k} = \frac{{\dot{B}}_{D, k}^{A V, E N}}{{\dot{B}}_{F, t o t}}$
环境影响绩效	$e_{b, k} = \frac{{\dot{B}}_{P, k}}{{\dot{B}}_{F, k}}$	${\dot{e}}_{b, k} = \frac{{\dot{B}}_{P, k}}{{\dot{B}}_{F, k} - {\dot{B}}_{t o t, k}^{U N} - {\dot{B}}_{t o t, k}^{A V, E X}}$
环境㶲影响因子	$r_{b, k} = \frac{{\dot{Y}}_{k} + {\dot{B}}_{k}^{P F}}{{\dot{B}}_{t o t, k}}$	${\dot{r}}_{b, k} = \frac{{\dot{Y}}_{k}^{A V, E N} + {\dot{B}}_{D, k}^{P F, A V, E N}}{{\dot{B}}_{t o t, k}^{A V, E N}}$
净输出功对环境影响	$E I E = \frac{{\dot{B}}_{t o t, k}}{{\dot{W}}_{n e t}}$	$E \dot{I} E = \frac{{\dot{B}}_{t o t, k}^{U N} + {\dot{B}}_{t o t, k}^{A V, E X}}{{\dot{W}}_{n e t}}$

Table 5 System constant parameters

参数	数值
热源温度 $T_{s_i n} / K$	448.15^[6]
冷却水入口温度 $T_{c_i n} / K$	298.15
冷却水出口温度 $T_{c_o u t} / K$	308.15
蒸发器1蒸发温度 $T_{1} / K$	415.15
蒸发器2蒸发温度 $T_{9} / K$	400.15
环境温度 $T_{0} / K$	298.15
环境压力 $P_{0} / k P a$	101.3
生物质锅炉排气温度 $T_{11} / K$	439.65^[29]
有机流体	R245fa
锅炉输入热负荷 ${\dot{Q}}_{b i o}$ /kW	3000
燃料的低热值 $L H V_{b i o}$ /(kJ/kg)	17200^[19]

Table 5 System constant parameters

参数	数值
热源温度 $T_{s_i n} / K$	448.15^[6]
冷却水入口温度 $T_{c_i n} / K$	298.15
冷却水出口温度 $T_{c_o u t} / K$	308.15
蒸发器1蒸发温度 $T_{1} / K$	415.15
蒸发器2蒸发温度 $T_{9} / K$	400.15
环境温度 $T_{0} / K$	298.15
环境压力 $P_{0} / k P a$	101.3
生物质锅炉排气温度 $T_{11} / K$	439.65^[29]
有机流体	R245fa
锅炉输入热负荷 ${\dot{Q}}_{b i o}$ /kW	3000
燃料的低热值 $L H V_{b i o}$ /(kJ/kg)	17200^[19]

Table 6 Cyclic operating conditions［30-31］

组件	指标参数	实际	理想	不可避免
空气预热器	$Δ T_{r e}$ / $℃$	5	0	0.5
蒸发器	$Δ T_{e}$ / $℃$	5	0	0.5
冷凝器	$Δ T_{c}$ / $℃$	5	0	0.5
锅炉	$η_{b i o}$ /%	80	100	90
涡轮	$η_{t}$ /%	75	100	90
回热器	$η_{r e_{1}}$ /%	80	100	90
混合回热器	$η_{r e_{2}}$ /%	80	100	90
泵	$η_{p}$ /%	70	100	90

Table 6 Cyclic operating conditions［30-31］

组件	指标参数	实际	理想	不可避免
空气预热器	$Δ T_{r e}$ / $℃$	5	0	0.5
蒸发器	$Δ T_{e}$ / $℃$	5	0	0.5
冷凝器	$Δ T_{c}$ / $℃$	5	0	0.5
锅炉	$η_{b i o}$ /%	80	100	90
涡轮	$η_{t}$ /%	75	100	90
回热器	$η_{r e_{1}}$ /%	80	100	90
混合回热器	$η_{r e_{2}}$ /%	80	100	90
泵	$η_{p}$ /%	70	100	90

Table 7 Model validation data parameters

参数	Pentane		R134a
参数	文献[32]	本文	文献[33]	本文
$T_{i n} / K$	423.15	423.15	393.15	393.15
$Δ T_{c} / K$	293.15	293.15	297.13	297.15
$T_{e v a p} / K$	380.15	180.15	340.90	340.90
$T_{c o n d} / K$	311.25	311.25	303.15	303.15
$Δ P_{c} / k P a$	6.3	6.3	10	10
$Δ T_{e} / K$	275.15	275.15	283.15	283.15
$P_{e v a p} / k P a$	6.93	6.89	20.00	20.12
$P_{c o n d} / k P a$	1.09	1.07	7.70	7.67
$η_{t h} / %$	11.69	11.73	7.48	7.40

Table 7 Model validation data parameters

参数	Pentane		R134a
参数	文献[32]	本文	文献[33]	本文
$T_{i n} / K$	423.15	423.15	393.15	393.15
$Δ T_{c} / K$	293.15	293.15	297.13	297.15
$T_{e v a p} / K$	380.15	180.15	340.90	340.90
$T_{c o n d} / K$	311.25	311.25	303.15	303.15
$Δ P_{c} / k P a$	6.3	6.3	10	10
$Δ T_{e} / K$	275.15	275.15	283.15	283.15
$P_{e v a p} / k P a$	6.93	6.89	20.00	20.12
$P_{c o n d} / k P a$	1.09	1.07	7.70	7.67
$η_{t h} / %$	11.69	11.73	7.48	7.40

Table 8 Conventional exergy analysis results

设备	${\dot{E}}_{F, k}$ /kW	${\dot{E}}_{P, k}$ /kW	${\dot{E}}_{D, k}$ /kW	$ε_{k}$ /%	$b_{F, k}$ /(Pts/GJ)	$b_{P, k}$ /(Pts/GJ)	${\dot{B}}_{D, k}$ /(Pts/h)	${\dot{Y}}_{k}$ /(Pts/h)	${\dot{B}}_{k}^{P F}$ /(Pts/h)	${\dot{B}}_{t o t, k}$ /(Pts/h)
空气预热器	37.42	18.24	19.18	48.74	0.217	0.475	14.98	0.552		15.53
锅炉	3346.20	1485.70	1860.50	44.40	0.218	0.332	1456.83	16.903	184.88	1658.62
蒸发器1	404.39	373.99	30.40	92.48	0.348	0.377	38.09	0.238		38.33
蒸发器2	247.13	235.47	11.66	95.28	0.348	0.373	14.61	1.694		16.30
涡轮	1356.04	1065.50	290.54	78.57	0.228	0.290	238.50	2.219		240.72
冷凝器	267.40	91.73	175.67	34.30	2.854	8.336	1804.75	3.388		1808.14
回热器	38.58	20.01	18.57	51.87	0.076	0.162	5.05	0.322		5.37
混合回热器	11126.56	11041.83	84.73	99.24	0.051	0.053	15.56	0.599		16.15
泵1	2.59	1.85	0.74	71.44	0.291	0.409	0.78	0.003		0.78
泵2	5.69	4.29	1.40	75.51	0.291	0.386	1.46	0.004		1.46
泵3	0.93	0.72	0.21	77.65	0.291	0.377	0.22	0.002		0.22

Table 8 Conventional exergy analysis results

设备	${\dot{E}}_{F, k}$ /kW	${\dot{E}}_{P, k}$ /kW	${\dot{E}}_{D, k}$ /kW	$ε_{k}$ /%	$b_{F, k}$ /(Pts/GJ)	$b_{P, k}$ /(Pts/GJ)	${\dot{B}}_{D, k}$ /(Pts/h)	${\dot{Y}}_{k}$ /(Pts/h)	${\dot{B}}_{k}^{P F}$ /(Pts/h)	${\dot{B}}_{t o t, k}$ /(Pts/h)
空气预热器	37.42	18.24	19.18	48.74	0.217	0.475	14.98	0.552		15.53
锅炉	3346.20	1485.70	1860.50	44.40	0.218	0.332	1456.83	16.903	184.88	1658.62
蒸发器1	404.39	373.99	30.40	92.48	0.348	0.377	38.09	0.238		38.33
蒸发器2	247.13	235.47	11.66	95.28	0.348	0.373	14.61	1.694		16.30
涡轮	1356.04	1065.50	290.54	78.57	0.228	0.290	238.50	2.219		240.72
冷凝器	267.40	91.73	175.67	34.30	2.854	8.336	1804.75	3.388		1808.14
回热器	38.58	20.01	18.57	51.87	0.076	0.162	5.05	0.322		5.37
混合回热器	11126.56	11041.83	84.73	99.24	0.051	0.053	15.56	0.599		16.15
泵1	2.59	1.85	0.74	71.44	0.291	0.409	0.78	0.003		0.78
泵2	5.69	4.29	1.40	75.51	0.291	0.386	1.46	0.004		1.46
泵3	0.93	0.72	0.21	77.65	0.291	0.377	0.22	0.002		0.22

Table 9 Advanced exergy analysis results

组件	${\dot{B}}_{D, k}^{E N}$ /(Pts/h)	${\dot{B}}_{D, k}^{E X}$ /(Pts/h)	${\dot{B}}_{D, k}^{U N}$ /(Pts/h)	${\dot{B}}_{D, k}^{A V}$ /(Pts/h)	${\dot{B}}_{D, k}^{U N, E N}$ /(Pts/h)	${\dot{B}}_{D, k}^{U N, E X}$ /(Pts/h)	${\dot{B}}_{D, k}^{A V, E N}$ /(Pts/h)	${\dot{B}}_{D, k}^{A V, E X}$ /(Pts/h)
空气预热器	15.13	-0.15	14.60	0.37	13.29	1.32	1.84	-1.47
生物质锅炉	1449.92	6.91	1395.37	61.46	1333.23	62.15	116.70	-55.24
蒸发器1	42.76	-4.67	41.30	-3.21	37.15	4.15	5.61	-8.83
蒸发器2	7.28	7.33	2.68	11.93	2.44	0.25	4.85	7.08
涡轮	124.52	113.98	51.76	186.74	43.27	8.49	81.25	105.49
冷凝器	728.94	1075.81	415.00	1389.75	407.09	7.91	321.84	1067.91
回热器	0.93	4.12	0.75	4.30	0.59	0.16	0.34	3.96
混合回热器	14.35	1.20	9.04	6.52	8.94	0.10	5.41	1.11
泵1	3.69	-2.92	0.96	-0.19	0.97	-0.01	2.72	-2.91
泵2	6.78	-5.32	1.77	-0.31	1.86	-0.09	4.92	-5.23
泵3	3.32	-3.10	0.86	-0.64	0.93	-0.07	2.39	-3.03

Table 9 Advanced exergy analysis results

组件	${\dot{B}}_{D, k}^{E N}$ /(Pts/h)	${\dot{B}}_{D, k}^{E X}$ /(Pts/h)	${\dot{B}}_{D, k}^{U N}$ /(Pts/h)	${\dot{B}}_{D, k}^{A V}$ /(Pts/h)	${\dot{B}}_{D, k}^{U N, E N}$ /(Pts/h)	${\dot{B}}_{D, k}^{U N, E X}$ /(Pts/h)	${\dot{B}}_{D, k}^{A V, E N}$ /(Pts/h)	${\dot{B}}_{D, k}^{A V, E X}$ /(Pts/h)
空气预热器	15.13	-0.15	14.60	0.37	13.29	1.32	1.84	-1.47
生物质锅炉	1449.92	6.91	1395.37	61.46	1333.23	62.15	116.70	-55.24
蒸发器1	42.76	-4.67	41.30	-3.21	37.15	4.15	5.61	-8.83
蒸发器2	7.28	7.33	2.68	11.93	2.44	0.25	4.85	7.08
涡轮	124.52	113.98	51.76	186.74	43.27	8.49	81.25	105.49
冷凝器	728.94	1075.81	415.00	1389.75	407.09	7.91	321.84	1067.91
回热器	0.93	4.12	0.75	4.30	0.59	0.16	0.34	3.96
混合回热器	14.35	1.20	9.04	6.52	8.94	0.10	5.41	1.11
泵1	3.69	-2.92	0.96	-0.19	0.97	-0.01	2.72	-2.91
泵2	6.78	-5.32	1.77	-0.31	1.86	-0.09	4.92	-5.23
泵3	3.32	-3.10	0.86	-0.64	0.93	-0.07	2.39	-3.03

Table 10 The relationship between the components of exogenous exergy loss and environmental impact

组件k	组件r	${\dot{B}}_{D, k}^{E X, r}$ / (Pts/h)	${\dot{B}}_{D, k}^{A V, E X, r}$ / (Pts/h)	${\dot{B}}_{D, k}^{U N, E X, r}$ /(Pts/h)	组件k	组件r	${\dot{B}}_{D, k}^{E X, r}$ / (Pts/h)	${\dot{B}}_{D, k}^{A V, E X, r}$ / (Pts/h)	${\dot{B}}_{D, k}^{U N, E X, r}$ / (Pts/h)
空气预热器	生物质锅炉	-0.152	-0.041	-0.112	回热器	蒸发器1	0.118	0.072	0.046
生物质锅炉	空气预热器	6.908	22.554	-15.646		蒸发器2	-0.071	-0.044	-0.028
蒸发器1	蒸发器2	2.720	0.387	2.333		涡轮	2.223	4.758	-2.535
	泵2	0.148	0.021	0.127		冷凝器	2.003	4.373	-2.370
	泵3	1.286	1.676	-0.390		泵1	-0.016	-0.027	0.012
蒸发器2	蒸发器1	7.924	8.047	-0.124		泵2	0.003	0.002	0.001
	泵2	-0.029	-0.019	-0.010		泵3	0.004	0.003	0.002
	泵3	0.249	0.251	-0.002	混合回热器	蒸发器1	2.046	0.806	1.240
涡轮	蒸发器1	16.856	14.663	2.194		蒸发器2	-1.235	-0.486	-0.748
	蒸发器2	-10.173	-8.849	-1.324		涡轮	0.554	0.579	-0.025
	冷凝器	-9.037	-8.112	-0.924		冷凝器	-0.826	-0.867	0.041
	泵2	0.388	0.412	-0.024		回热器	-1.301	-1.359	0.058
	泵3	0.594	0.665	-0.070		泵2	0.045	0.018	0.027
冷凝器	蒸发器1	103.899	134.004	-30.105		泵3	0.072	0.028	0.044
	蒸发器2	-62.705	-80.874	18.169	泵1	蒸发器1	0.526	0.546	-0.020
	涡轮	46.232	59.627	-13.396		蒸发器2	-0.317	-0.329	0.012
	泵1	1.136	1.465	-0.329		冷凝器	-0.188	-0.225	0.036
	泵2	2.264	2.920	-0.656		泵2	0.011	0.012	0.000
	泵3	3.663	4.724	-1.061		泵3	0.019	0.019	-0.001
泵2	蒸发器1	0.974	0.938	0.036	泵3	蒸发器1	-0.351	-0.328	-0.023
	蒸发器2	-0.590	-0.568	-0.022		蒸发器2	0.211	0.197	0.014
	泵3	0.034	0.033	0.001		泵2	0.011	0.011	0.001

Table 10 The relationship between the components of exogenous exergy loss and environmental impact

组件k	组件r	${\dot{B}}_{D, k}^{E X, r}$ / (Pts/h)	${\dot{B}}_{D, k}^{A V, E X, r}$ / (Pts/h)	${\dot{B}}_{D, k}^{U N, E X, r}$ /(Pts/h)	组件k	组件r	${\dot{B}}_{D, k}^{E X, r}$ / (Pts/h)	${\dot{B}}_{D, k}^{A V, E X, r}$ / (Pts/h)	${\dot{B}}_{D, k}^{U N, E X, r}$ / (Pts/h)
空气预热器	生物质锅炉	-0.152	-0.041	-0.112	回热器	蒸发器1	0.118	0.072	0.046
生物质锅炉	空气预热器	6.908	22.554	-15.646		蒸发器2	-0.071	-0.044	-0.028
蒸发器1	蒸发器2	2.720	0.387	2.333		涡轮	2.223	4.758	-2.535
	泵2	0.148	0.021	0.127		冷凝器	2.003	4.373	-2.370
	泵3	1.286	1.676	-0.390		泵1	-0.016	-0.027	0.012
蒸发器2	蒸发器1	7.924	8.047	-0.124		泵2	0.003	0.002	0.001
	泵2	-0.029	-0.019	-0.010		泵3	0.004	0.003	0.002
	泵3	0.249	0.251	-0.002	混合回热器	蒸发器1	2.046	0.806	1.240
涡轮	蒸发器1	16.856	14.663	2.194		蒸发器2	-1.235	-0.486	-0.748
	蒸发器2	-10.173	-8.849	-1.324		涡轮	0.554	0.579	-0.025
	冷凝器	-9.037	-8.112	-0.924		冷凝器	-0.826	-0.867	0.041
	泵2	0.388	0.412	-0.024		回热器	-1.301	-1.359	0.058
	泵3	0.594	0.665	-0.070		泵2	0.045	0.018	0.027
冷凝器	蒸发器1	103.899	134.004	-30.105		泵3	0.072	0.028	0.044
	蒸发器2	-62.705	-80.874	18.169	泵1	蒸发器1	0.526	0.546	-0.020
	涡轮	46.232	59.627	-13.396		蒸发器2	-0.317	-0.329	0.012
	泵1	1.136	1.465	-0.329		冷凝器	-0.188	-0.225	0.036
	泵2	2.264	2.920	-0.656		泵2	0.011	0.012	0.000
	泵3	3.663	4.724	-1.061		泵3	0.019	0.019	-0.001
泵2	蒸发器1	0.974	0.938	0.036	泵3	蒸发器1	-0.351	-0.328	-0.023
	蒸发器2	-0.590	-0.568	-0.022		蒸发器2	0.211	0.197	0.014
	泵3	0.034	0.033	0.001		泵2	0.011	0.011	0.001

Table 11 Summary of avoidable environmental impacts of advanced exergy components

设备	${\dot{B}}_{D, k}^{A V, E N}$ /(Pts/h)	$\sum_{r = 1, r \neq k}^{n} {\dot{B}}_{D, k}^{A V, E X, r}$ /(Pts/h)	${\dot{B}}_{D, k}^{A V, Σ}$ /(Pts/h)
空气预热器	1.843	-0.041	1.802
生物质锅炉	116.695	22.554	139.249
蒸发器1	5.613	158.747	164.360
蒸发器2	4.846	-90.567	-85.721
涡轮	81.247	64.964	146.211
冷凝器	321.843	-4.830	317.013
回热器	0.237	-1.359	-1.122
混合回热器	5.411	0.000	5.411
泵1	2.725	1.438	4.163
泵2	4.919	3.376	8.295
泵3	2.389	7.398	9.787

Table 11 Summary of avoidable environmental impacts of advanced exergy components

设备	${\dot{B}}_{D, k}^{A V, E N}$ /(Pts/h)	$\sum_{r = 1, r \neq k}^{n} {\dot{B}}_{D, k}^{A V, E X, r}$ /(Pts/h)	${\dot{B}}_{D, k}^{A V, Σ}$ /(Pts/h)
空气预热器	1.843	-0.041	1.802
生物质锅炉	116.695	22.554	139.249
蒸发器1	5.613	158.747	164.360
蒸发器2	4.846	-90.567	-85.721
涡轮	81.247	64.964	146.211
冷凝器	321.843	-4.830	317.013
回热器	0.237	-1.359	-1.122
混合回热器	5.411	0.000	5.411
泵1	2.725	1.438	4.163
泵2	4.919	3.376	8.295
泵3	2.389	7.398	9.787

Fig.3 Impact of boiler emissions on the environment

Fig.4 Environmental impact of component life cycle

Fig.5 Total environmental impact of the component

Fig.6 Environmental impact ratio of component exergy loss

Fig.7 Environmental performance of components

Fig.8 Environmental exergy impact factor of components

Fig.9 Impact of net output power of components on the environment

Table 12 Enhanced total avoided environmental impact results of exergy law components

设备	${\dot{B}}_{t o t, k}^{A V, E N}$ /(Pts/h)	$\sum_{r = 1, r \neq k}^{n} {\dot{B}}_{t o t, k}^{A V, E X, r}$ /(Pts/h)	${\dot{B}}_{t o t, k}^{A V, Σ}$ /(Pts/h)
空气预热器	1.948	-0.055	1.893
生物质锅炉	139.066	22.553	161.619
蒸发器1	5.637	158.774	164.411
蒸发器2	4.953	-90.581	-85.628
涡轮	81.282	64.966	146.248
冷凝器	321.886	-4.834	317.052
回热器	0.250	-1.359	-1.109
混合回热器	5.497	0	5.497
泵1	2.735	1.438	4.173
泵2	4.933	3.348	8.281
泵3	2.416	7.400	9.816

Table 12 Enhanced total avoided environmental impact results of exergy law components

设备	${\dot{B}}_{t o t, k}^{A V, E N}$ /(Pts/h)	$\sum_{r = 1, r \neq k}^{n} {\dot{B}}_{t o t, k}^{A V, E X, r}$ /(Pts/h)	${\dot{B}}_{t o t, k}^{A V, Σ}$ /(Pts/h)
空气预热器	1.948	-0.055	1.893
生物质锅炉	139.066	22.553	161.619
蒸发器1	5.637	158.774	164.411
蒸发器2	4.953	-90.581	-85.628
涡轮	81.282	64.966	146.248
冷凝器	321.886	-4.834	317.052
回热器	0.250	-1.359	-1.109
混合回热器	5.497	0	5.497
泵1	2.735	1.438	4.173
泵2	4.933	3.348	8.281
泵3	2.416	7.400	9.816

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