Comparative study on liquid air energy storage system and liquid carbon dioxide energy storage system coupled with liquefied natural gas cold energy

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20240123

Abstract

Abstract:

In order to solve the main problems of the external cold source for compressed gas energy storage systems, and to effectively utilize the liquefied natural gas (LNG) cold energy, two systems of liquid air energy storage and liquid carbon dioxide (CO₂) energy storage systems coupled with LNG respectively (LNG-LAES and LNG-LCES) are established. A comparative study is carried out between the two systems to evaluate their thermodynamic and economic performance. The results show that the exergy loss of the gas compression and expansion processes is larger as well as the process of LNG heat exchange, which provides the direction for system optimization. The rise of energy storage pressure, energy release pressure and LNG pressure can enhance performance of both systems, while the low LNG temperature can reduce the system performance. The exergy efficiency, expansion work and energy-storage density of the LNG-LAES system under optimal conditions are 57.53%, 13.08 MW and 79.61 kW·h/m³, higher than those of the LNG-LCES, namely 43.42%, 5.44 MW and 41.16 kW·h/m³, respectively. However, the cycle efficiency and cold energy utilization rate of LNG-LCES are higher, it has stronger adaptability to LNG temperature fluctuations, and performs better in terms of economy. These proposed two systems coupled with LNG cold energy perform better in round trip efficiency, 7%—25% higher than that of energy storage systems uncoupled with LNG. These results highlight further possibilities for performance enhancement of energy storage systems by integrating LNG.

Key words: LNG cold energy, liquid air energy storage system, liquid carbon dioxide energy storage system, process systems, thermodynamics, economy

摘要：

为解决压缩气体储能系统中外加冷源的供应问题，同时高效利用液化天然气（LNG）冷能，构建了耦合LNG冷能的液态空气储能系统（LNG-LAES）和耦合LNG冷能的液态CO₂储能系统（LNG-LCES），并进行了热力学和经济性对比分析。结果表明：气体压缩、膨胀做功和LNG换热环节在两系统中㶲损较大，是系统优化关键环节；适当增加储释能压力及LNG压力会提升系统性能，而LNG温度过低会降低系统性能。LNG-LAES的最优㶲效率、膨胀发电量、储能密度分别为57.53%、13.08 MW、79.61 kW·h/m³，均高于LNG-LCES（43.42%，5.44 MW，41.16 kW·h/m³）；但LNG-LCES的循环效率和冷能利用率更高，对LNG温度波动有更强适应性，并在经济性方面表现较优。耦合LNG冷能的两种液态气体储能相比常规未耦合LNG的储能系统循环效率提高了7%~25%，可为改进储能系统性能提供一定参考。

关键词: LNG冷能, 液态空气储能系统, 液态CO₂储能系统, 过程系统, 热力学, 经济性

CLC Number:

TK 02

Xinyue LU, Ruiying CHEN, Xiaxue JIANG, Hairui LIANG, Ge GAO, Zhengfang YE. Comparative study on liquid air energy storage system and liquid carbon dioxide energy storage system coupled with liquefied natural gas cold energy[J]. CIESC Journal, 2024, 75(9): 3297-3309.

卢昕悦, 陈锐莹, 姜夏雪, 梁海瑞, 高歌, 叶正芳. 耦合LNG冷能的液态空气储能系统和液态CO₂储能系统对比分析[J]. 化工学报, 2024, 75(9): 3297-3309.

Figures/Tables 17

Fig.1 Process flow diagram of LNG-LAES system

Fig.2 Process flow diagram of LNG-LCES system

Table 1 Process design parameters

参数	数值
原料气质量流量/（t/h）	123.5
环境温度/℃	20
环境压力/kPa	103
接收站单条外输线LNG最大外输量/（t/h）	175
接收站LNG高压外输压力/MPa	10
压缩机等熵效率	0.85
泵等熵效率	0.85
膨胀机等熵效率	0.85
换热器最小温差/℃	3
蓄冷效率/%	80

Table 2 LNG composition

组成	含量/%（mol）
氮气	0.02
甲烷	86.20
乙烷	8.47
丙烷	3.94
异丁烷	0.70
正丁烷	0.65
异戊烷	0.02
正戊烷	0
总计	100.00

Table 3 Cost estimating equation of major components

设备	成本计算模型	特性参数
压缩机	$Z_{c o m p} = 6.246 X_{1}^{0.6} + 13.88$	X₁为功率，kW
膨胀机	$Z_{t u r} = 6.246 X_{2}^{0.69} + 27.76$	X₂为功率，kW
泵	$Z_{p u m p} = 1.041 X_{3}^{0.8} + 34.7$	X₃为功率，kW
换热器	$Z_{h e a t} = 0.6246 X_{4}^{0.82} + 6.94$	X₄为换热面积，m²
压力储罐	$Z_{t a n k 1} = 3.123 X_{5}^{0.6} + 6.94$	X₅为储罐体积，m³
普通储罐	$Z_{t a n k 2} = 0.4164 X_{6}^{0.78} + 5.552$	X₆为储罐体积，m³

Table 3 Cost estimating equation of major components

设备	成本计算模型	特性参数
压缩机	$Z_{c o m p} = 6.246 X_{1}^{0.6} + 13.88$	X₁为功率，kW
膨胀机	$Z_{t u r} = 6.246 X_{2}^{0.69} + 27.76$	X₂为功率，kW
泵	$Z_{p u m p} = 1.041 X_{3}^{0.8} + 34.7$	X₃为功率，kW
换热器	$Z_{h e a t} = 0.6246 X_{4}^{0.82} + 6.94$	X₄为换热面积，m²
压力储罐	$Z_{t a n k 1} = 3.123 X_{5}^{0.6} + 6.94$	X₅为储罐体积，m³
普通储罐	$Z_{t a n k 2} = 0.4164 X_{6}^{0.78} + 5.552$	X₆为储罐体积，m³

Table 4 Operating parameters of LNG-LAES process

状态点	温度/℃	压力/kPa	质量流量/（t/h）	状态点	温度/℃	压力/kPa	质量流量/（t/h）
a1	25.0	101	123.50	a14	-74.8	13980	104.90
a2	206.3	445	123.50	a15	196.0	13960	104.90
a3	46.0	424	123.50	a16	53.3	3005	104.90
a4	239.1	1867	123.50	a17	196.0	2987	104.90
a5	46.0	1847	123.50	a18	4.7	300	104.90
a6	240.1	8128	123.50	a19	146.0	281	104.90
a7	46.0	8108	123.50	a20	56.6	101	104.90
a8	-23.2	8088	123.50	a21	-140.0	9970	13.870
a9	-142.0	8068	123.50	a22	0.3	9950	13.870
a10	-154.6	2000	123.50	a23	-130.0	215	62.750
a11	-154.6	2000	104.90	a24	5.9	235	62.750
a12	-154.6	2000	104.90	a25	-147.0	100	280.10
a13	-139.9	14000	104.90	a26	-70.0	400	224.10

Table 5 Operating parameters of LNG-LCES process

状态点	温度/℃	压力/kPa	质量流量/（t/h）	状态点	温度/℃	压力/kPa	质量流量/（t/h）
b1	58.0	1500	123.50	b14	128.0	14980	123.50
b2	138.4	3600	123.50	b15	60.4	6612	123.50
b3	56.0	3580	123.50	b16	128.0	6593	123.50
b4	139.3	8592	123.50	b17	-23.5	630	123.50
b5	55.0	8572	123.50	b18	-50.0	610	123.50
b6	128.7	20570	123.50	b19	-50.0	610	123.50
b7	56.0	20550	123.50	b20	-49.6	1510	123.50
b8	20.0	20530	123.50	b21	58.0	1500	123.50
b9	20.0	20530	123.50	b22	-140.0	9975	106.80
b10	20.0	20530	123.50	b23	-48.4	9955	106.80
b11	22.4	23000	123.50	b24	-30.0	500	97.27
b12	128.0	22980	123.50	b25	10.0	480	97.27
b13	96.2	15000	123.50

Table 6 Exergy loss for main equipment

设备	㶲损失/kW
设备	LNG-LAES系统	LNG-LCES系统
合计	12756.02	4951.44
压缩机	1880.44	649.40
膨胀机	2535.02	1023.88
泵	277.27	8.02
冷却器	777.32	250.11
加热器	4382.12	423.14
LNG换热器	1388.44	2075.19
蓄能换热器	1515.41	521.69

Fig.3 Distributions of exergy loss in LNG-LAES system and LNG-LCES system

Fig.4 Effect of energy storage pressure on performance of LNG-LAES system and LNG-LCES system

Fig.5 Effect of energy release pressure on performance of LNG-LAES system and LNG-LCES system

Fig.6 Effect of LNG pressure on performance of LNG-LAES system and LNG-LCES system

Fig.7 Variations of LNG cold energy and cold exergy under different temperatures and pressures of LNG

Fig.8 Effect of LNG inlet temperature on performance of LNG-LAES system and LNG-LCES system

Table 7 Comparison of main performance parameters of proposed two systems

参数	LNG-LAES系统	LNG-LCES系统
最佳储能压力/MPa	2.0	20
最大释能压力/MPa	14	25
可接受LNG温区/℃	-160~-130	-160~-110
可接受LNG压力/MPa	1~10	1~10
系统最大㶲效率/%	57.53	43.42
系统最大循环效率/%	63.01	80.53
最大LNG冷能利用率/%	52.72	59.33
最大膨胀发电量/MW	13.08	5.44
储能密度/（kW·h/m³）	79.61	41.16

Fig.9 Comparison of economic evaluation of proposed LNG-LAES system and LNG-LCES system

Table 8 Comparison of diffferent research on liquid gas energy storage systems

储能系统	循环效率/%	平均能源成本/（CNY/（kW·h））	文献
LCES	56.64	—	[28]
	55.23	—	[29]
	58.79	1.13	[30]
	68.79	0.77	[31]
LNG-LCES	81.09	0.72	[19]
LNG-LCES（本研究）	80.53	0.82	—
LAES	55	—	[32]
	50	—	[33]
	56.48	0.85	[34]
	54~56	0.92	[35]
LNG-LAES	68.12	—	[36]
LNG-LAES	68.64	—	[37]
LNG-LAES-ORC	70.31	—	[36]
LNG-LAES-Brayton	70.6	—	[38]
LNG-LAES（本研究）	63.01	0.98	-

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