Abstract:

As global energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions become increasingly severe, the development of efficient and environmentally friendly thermal insulation materials has become a significant topic in the field of materials science and engineering. Thermal insulation materials are widely used in construction, industry, aerospace and other fields, especially in reducing energy loss and improving energy efficiency. This paper summarizes the recent progress in the preparation and structural research of thermal insulation materials, with a focus on the structural characteristics and thermal insulation performance of organic, inorganic, and their composite aerogels and foams. By comparing and analyzing the thermal conductivity and temperature resistance of different materials, the review systematically outlines the applicable scenarios and current applications of various material systems. Finally, the future development trends of thermal insulation materials are discussed, suggesting that the integration of multi-scale structural design, biomimetic structures, and sustainable materials will be the key path to enhancing thermal insulation performance.

Key words: thermal insulation materials, aerogels, thermal conductivity, porosity, composites, preparation, foam

摘要：

随着全球能源消耗和温室气体排放问题日益严峻，开发高效、环保的隔热材料已成为材料科学与工程领域的重要课题。隔热材料在建筑、工业、航空航天等领域应用广泛，尤其在减少能量损失和提高能源效率方面起着关键作用。综述了近年来隔热材料的制备、结构研究进展，重点介绍了有机、无机及其复合气凝胶和泡沫的结构特性及其隔热性能，通过对比分析各类材料的热导率及耐温性能，系统梳理了不同材料体系的适用场景与应用现状。最后，展望了隔热材料未来的发展趋势，认为多尺度结构设计、仿生结构和可持续材料的结合将成为提高隔热性能的关键路径。

关键词: 隔热材料, 气凝胶, 热导率, 孔隙率, 复合材料, 制备, 泡沫