Research status and application of functional phase change materials for electro-thermal conversion in thermal energy storage

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20241469

Abstract

Abstract:

Thermal energy accounts for over 50% of end-use energy consumption, and its decarbonization is critical to achieving China's "dual carbon" goals. Electrified heating powered by renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar power, offers a promising path for this transition. At present, it is urgent to explore advanced energy storage technologies to solve the contradiction between renewable energy supply and terminal energy consumption in time and space. Phase change materials (PCMs), known for their high energy storage density and isothermal release characteristics, are widely used in thermal energy storage systems. High system energy conversion efficiency and high power density can be achieved by combining direct electro-thermal conversion with phase change thermal storage. This review focuses on the electro-thermal conversion properties and mechanisms of PCMs. It analyzes key parameters affecting electro-thermal conversion and thermal storage performance. Due to the inherently low electrical and thermal conductivities of PCMs, electrically and thermally conductive additives are introduced to prepare composite PCMs. The review also discusses how different additive distribution forms and size effects impact the enhancement of electro-thermal conversion performance, as well as the effective thermal and electrical conductivities of PCMs. Finally, it summarizes application scenarios for PCM-based electro-thermal conversion systems and explores future research directions and challenges.

Key words: phase change, electro-thermal conversion, heat conduction, heat transfer, electrical conductivity, thermal energy storage performance

摘要：

热能在终端用能形式中占比高达50%以上，热能脱碳对实现我国“双碳”战略目标和节能减排至关重要，高效利用风能、太阳能等可再生能源驱动的电气化供热是实现热能脱碳的重要途径。目前，亟需探究先进的储能技术，以解决可再生能源供能与终端用能的时空不匹配矛盾。相变储热技术具有高储热密度和恒温输出特性，将电-热直接转化与相变储热结合可显著提高系统的能量转换效率和功率密度。本文聚焦相变储热材料的电-热转换特性与机制，分析了电-热转换与储热性能的关键影响参数。考虑到相变材料（PCM）本征导电性和导热性较差，需要引入高导电、高导热的添加物以制备电、热性能更优的复合相变材料。探讨了添加物不同的分布形式（离散、连续、定向连续）和尺寸效应对相变储热材料的电-热转换性能、有效热导率及电导率的强化影响机制，总结了电-热转换相变储热材料的应用场景，探讨了未来的重点研究方向和面临的挑战。

关键词: 相变, 电-热转换, 热传导, 传热, 电导率, 储热性能

CLC Number:

TK 124

Wenjia LIU, Ruxue DU, Siqi WANG, Tingxian LI. Research status and application of functional phase change materials for electro-thermal conversion in thermal energy storage[J]. CIESC Journal, 2025, 76(7): 3185-3196.

刘纹佳, 杜如雪, 王思齐, 李廷贤. 电-热转换功能型相变储热材料的研究进展及应用[J]. 化工学报, 2025, 76(7): 3185-3196.

Figures/Tables 12

References 76

[1]	Irena. Renewable capacity statistics 2024[R]. Abu Dhabi: International Renewable Energy Agency, 2024.
[2]	Gür T M. Review of electrical energy storage technologies, materials and systems: challenges and prospects for large-scale grid storage[J]. Energy & Environmental Science, 2018, 11(10): 2696-2767.
[3]	Iea. Renewables 2020[R]. Paris: International Energy Agency, 2020.
[4]	Nie B J, Palacios A, Zou B Y, et al. Review on phase change materials for cold thermal energy storage applications[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2020, 134: 110340.
[5]	Chavan S, Rudrapati R, Manickam S. A comprehensive review on current advances of thermal energy storage and its applications[J]. Alexandria Engineering Journal, 2022, 61(7): 5455-5463.
[6]	Zhi M Y, Yue S, Zheng L L, et al. Recent developments in solid-solid phase change materials for thermal energy storage applications[J]. Journal of Energy Storage, 2024, 89: 111570.
[7]	Sharma A, Tyagi V V, Chen C R, et al. Review on thermal energy storage with phase change materials and applications[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2009, 13(2): 318-345.
[8]	Chien A T, Cho S, Joshi Y, et al. Electrical conductivity and Joule heating of polyacrylonitrile/carbon nanotube composite fibers[J]. Polymer, 2014, 55(26): 6896-6905.
[9]	Horsfield A P, Bowler D R, Fisher A J, et al. Power dissipation in nanoscale conductors: classical, semi-classical and quantum dynamics[J]. Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, 2004, 16(21): 3609-3622.
[10]	Zhang Y A, Umair M M, Zhang S F, et al. Phase change materials for electron-triggered energy conversion and storage: a review[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2019, 7(39): 22218-22228.
[11]	Nguyen V T, Nguyen Q D, Min B K, et al. Ti₃C₂T _x MXene/carbon nanotubes/waterborne polyurethane based composite ink for electromagnetic interference shielding and sheet heater applications[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2022, 430: 133171.
[12]	Luo T W, Kong L L, Li L J, et al. A flexible wearable phase change composite with electro-/photo-thermal heating for personal thermal management and human body motion detection[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2024, 486: 150443.
[13]	He Y F, Liu Q J, Tian M W, et al. Highly conductive and elastic multi-responsive phase change smart fiber and textile[J]. Composites Communications, 2023, 44: 101772.
[14]	Xiao Q Q, Xu Y, Li X Q, et al. Enhanced solar-thermal and electro-thermal storage performance of solid-solid composite phase change material[J]. Composites Communications, 2024, 45: 101818.
[15]	Liu Z P, Zou R Q, Lin Z Q, et al. Tailoring carbon nanotube density for modulating electro-to-heat conversion in phase change composites[J]. Nano Letters, 2013, 13(9): 4028-4035.
[16]	Cao R R, Chen S, Wang Y Z, et al. Functionalized carbon nanotubes as phase change materials with enhanced thermal, electrical conductivity, light-to-thermal, and electro-to-thermal performances[J]. Carbon, 2019, 149: 263-272.
[17]	Tao Z, Zou H Y, Li M, et al. Polypyrrole coated carbon nanotube aerogel composite phase change materials with enhanced thermal conductivity, high solar-/electro- thermal energy conversion and storage[J]. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2023, 629: 632-643.
[18]	Liu Y, Liu H C, Qi H S. High efficiency electro- and photo-thermal conversion cellulose nanofiber-based phase change materials for thermal management[J]. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2023, 629: 478-486.
[19]	Cao X Y, Yang L J, Cui J, et al. Fatty amine incorporated nickel foam bearing with CNTs nanoarray: a novel composite phase change material towards efficient light-to-thermal and electro-to-thermal conversion[J]. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 2022, 651: 129516.
[20]	Xue F, Lu Y, Qi X D, et al. Melamine foam-templated graphene nanoplatelet framework toward phase change materials with multiple energy conversion abilities[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2019, 365: 20-29.
[21]	Luo M Y, Lin X M, Ling Z Y, et al. An electric conductive wide-temperature flexible phase change material for all-climate battery thermal management[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2024, 256: 124051.
[22]	Lv S S, Liu X L, Wang J G, et al. Flexible highly thermally conductive biphasic composite films for multifunctional solar/electro-thermal conversion energy storage and thermal management[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2023, 426: 139004.
[23]	Pan C Y, He P, Chen N C, et al. Highly thermally conductive composite phase-change materials doped with two-dimensional heterogeneous nanohybrids for photo/electro-thermal energy storage[J]. Journal of Energy Storage, 2023, 57: 106225.
[24]	Hekimoğlu G, Sarı A, Gencel O, et al. Activated carbon/expanded graphite hybrid structure for development of nonadecane based composite PCM with excellent shape stability, enhanced thermal conductivity and heat charging-discharging performance[J]. Thermal Science and Engineering Progress, 2023, 44: 102081.
[25]	Tien Nguyen G, Tran Thi N, Nho N T, et al. A novel stearic acid/expanded graphite/Fe₃O₄ composite phase change material with effective photo/electro/magneto-triggered thermal conversion and storage for thermotherapy applications[J]. Journal of Science: Advanced Materials and Devices, 2024, 9(4): 100792.
[26]	Li C C, Zhang B, Liu Q X. n-Eicosane/expanded graphite as composite phase change materials for electro-driven thermal energy storage[J]. Journal of Energy Storage, 2020, 29: 101339.
[27]	Xiao Y Y, Bai D Y, Xie Z P, et al. Flexible copper foam-based phase change materials with good stiffness-toughness balance, electro-to-thermal conversion ability and shape memory function for intelligent thermal management[J]. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 2021, 146: 106420.
[28]	Ma Y Q, Shen J F, Li T, et al. A "net-ball" structure fiber membrane with electro-/photo-thermal heating and phase change synchronous temperature regulation capacity via electrospinning[J]. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 2024, 276: 113078.
[29]	Zhao J J, Zhou J H, Li H, et al. Ti₃C₂T _x MXene and cellulose-based aerogel phase change composite decorated laminated fabric with excellent electro/solar-thermal conversion and high latent heat[J]. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2023, 316: 121031.
[30]	Su J T, Lin J H, Cao Y, et al. Experimental investigation and numerical simulation on microwave thermal conversion storage properties of multi-level conductive porous phase change materials and its multifunctional applications[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2024, 253: 123774.
[31]	Sun Q R, Zhang N, Zhang H Q, et al. Functional phase change composites with highly efficient electrical to thermal energy conversion[J]. Renewable Energy, 2020, 145: 2629-2636.
[32]	Aharony A, Stauffer D. Introduction to Percolation Theory [M].2nd ed. Oxford, England: Taylor & Francis, 1992.
[33]	Nan C W, Shen Y, Ma J. Physical properties of composites near percolation[J]. Annual Review of Materials Research, 2010, 40: 131-151.
[34]	Zhang Q, Huang J Q, Qian W Z, et al. The road for nanomaterials industry: a review of carbon nanotube production, post-treatment, and bulk applications for composites and energy storage[J]. Small, 2013, 9(8): 1237-1265.
[35]	Bocharov G S, Eletskii A V. Percolation conduction of carbon nanocomposites[J]. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2020, 21(20): 7634.
[36]	Kirkpatrick S. Percolation and conduction[J]. Reviews of Modern Physics, 1973, 45(4): 574-588.
[37]	谢成西, 刘太奇, 赵荣, 等. 聚乙二醇/石墨烯复合相变电热膜的制备与性能[J]. 高分子材料科学与工程, 2024, 40(6): 47-55.
	Xie C X, Liu T Q, Zhao R, et al. Preparation and performance of polyethylene glycol/graphene composite phase change electric heating film[J]. Polymer Materials Science & Engineering, 2024, 40(6): 47-55.
[38]	Lou G H, Zhao Z Y, Wang Y G. Research progress on highly conductive polymer composites based on carbon-based nanofillers[J]. Polymer Composites, 2025. DOI:10.1002/pc.29640 .
[39]	Chen X, Cheng P, Tang Z D, et al. Carbon-based composite phase change materials for thermal energy storage, transfer, and conversion[J]. Advanced Science, 2021, 8(9): 2001274.
[40]	Du F M, Guthy C, Kashiwagi T, et al. An infiltration method for preparing single-wall nanotube/epoxy composites with improved thermal conductivity[J]. Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics, 2006, 44(10): 1513-1519.
[41]	Zhang H, Dou C, Pal L, et al. Review of electrically conductive composites and films containing cellulosic fibers or nanocellulose[J]. BioResources, 2019, 14(3): 7494-7542.
[42]	Fikri M A, Pandey A K, Samykano M, et al. Thermal conductivity, reliability, and stability assessment of phase change material (PCM) doped with functionalized multi-wall carbon nanotubes (FMWCNTs)[J]. Journal of Energy Storage, 2022, 50: 104676.
[43]	Ke K, Yue L, Shao H Q, et al. Boosting electrical and piezoresistive properties of polymer nanocomposites via hybrid carbon fillers: a review[J]. Carbon, 2021, 173: 1020-1040.
[44]	Lv J, Wang J J, Zhang T, et al. Preparation and characterization of Kevlar nanofiber based composite phase change material with photo/electro-thermal conversion properties[J]. Journal of Energy Storage, 2023, 61: 106771.
[45]	Hu F, Wu S Y, Sun Y G. Hollow-structured materials for thermal insulation[J]. Advanced Materials, 2019, 31(38): 1801001.
[46]	Maleki M, Karimian H, Shokouhimehr M, et al. Development of graphitic domains in carbon foams for high efficient electro/photo-to-thermal energy conversion phase change composites[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2019, 362: 469-481.
[47]	Wang T J, Wang C M, Huang Z, et al. Electro- and photo-thermal energy conversion investigation of polyethylene glycol infiltrated porous carbon aerogels[J]. Journal of Energy Storage, 2023, 68: 107724.
[48]	Shuaib S S A, Yuan W Z. Hierarchical magnetic porous carbonized wood composite phase change materials for efficient solar-thermal, electrothermal, and magnetothermal conversion-storage[J]. Materials Today Communications, 2023, 37: 107486.
[49]	Liu Z P, He F F, Li Y S, et al. Enhanced solar/electric-to-thermal energy conversion capability of double skeleton based shape-stabilized phase change materials[J]. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 2023, 252: 112171.
[50]	Wang M, Zhang C, Wang J Z, et al. Carbon hybrid aerogel-based phase change material with reinforced energy storage and electro-thermal conversion performance for battery thermal management[J]. Journal of Energy Storage, 2022, 52: 104905.
[51]	Li A, Dong C, Dong W J, et al. Network structural CNTs penetrate porous carbon support for phase-change materials with enhanced electro-thermal performance[J]. Advanced Electronic Materials, 2020, 6(6): 1901428.
[52]	Maleki M, Sharifi N, Karimian H, et al. Electro-driven carbon foam/PCMs nanocomposites for sustainable energy management[J]. Journal of Energy Storage, 2023, 67: 107599.
[53]	Zhang Z Y, He Y, Ma H S, et al. Light/electro-thermal conversion of carbonized sweet potato 3D grid-supported PEG shape-stable phase change materials for thermal management applications[J]. Chemical Engineering Research and Design, 2024, 210: 130-139.
[54]	Liu X J, Lin F K, Leng G Q, et al. A high thermal conductive composite phase change film for flexible solar/electro-thermal energy conversion[J]. Journal of Energy Storage, 2023, 73: 108959.
[55]	Lin F K, Liu X J, Leng G Q, et al. Grid structure phase change composites with effective solar/electro-thermal conversion for multi-functional thermal application[J]. Carbon, 2023, 201: 1001-1010.
[56]	Liu R Z, Li A, Liu J Y, et al. Carbon-based hierarchical porous structure accelerates heterogeneous nucleation of PEG molecules for solar/electro-driven thermal energy storage[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2023, 474: 145814.
[57]	Umair M M, Zhang Y A, Zhang S F, et al. A novel flexible phase change composite with electro-driven shape memory, energy conversion/storage and motion sensing properties[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2019, 7(46): 26385-26392.
[58]	Li G Y, Zhang X T, Wang J, et al. From anisotropic graphene aerogels to electron- and photo-driven phase change composites[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2016, 4(43): 17042-17049.
[59]	Gao J, Zhou B, Liu C Q, et al. Carbonization welding graphene architecture for thermally conductive phase change composites with solar/electric-to-heat conversion ability[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2023, 475: 146087.
[60]	Li T X, Wu M Q, Wu S, et al. Highly conductive phase change composites enabled by vertically-aligned reticulated graphite nanoplatelets for high-temperature solar photo/electro-thermal energy conversion, harvesting and storage[J]. Nano Energy, 2021, 89: 106338.
[61]	Zhao Y Q, Zhang P F, Qiu Y, et al. Highly conductive solid-solid phase change composites and devices enhanced by aligned graphite networks for solar/electro-thermal energy storage[J]. DeCarbon, 2024, 5: 100051.
[62]	Kim J E, Han T H, Lee S H, et al. Graphene oxide liquid crystals[J]. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2011, 50(13): 3043-3047.
[63]	Zong Y Y, Gui D Y, Niu K M. Enhanced thermal and electrical conductivity in epoxy nanocomposites via liquid crystal-driven alignment of graphene[J]. Materials Today Communications, 2024, 38: 108067.
[64]	Cao M, Li Z, Lu J H, et al. Vertical array of graphite oxide liquid crystal by microwire shearing for highly thermally conductive composites[J]. Advanced Materials, 2023, 35(22): 2300077.
[65]	Kashfipour M A, Dent R S, Mehra N, et al. Directional xylitol crystal propagation in oriented micro-channels of boron nitride aerogel for isotropic heat conduction[J]. Composites Science and Technology, 2019, 182: 107715.
[66]	Wu S, Li T X, Tong Z, et al. High-performance thermally conductive phase change composites by large-size oriented graphite sheets for scalable thermal energy harvesting[J]. Advanced Materials, 2019, 31(49): 1905099.
[67]	Wang X S, Zang X L, Jiang Y Q, et al. A graphene-based smart thermal conductive system regulated by a reversible pressure-induced mechanism[J]. Nanoscale, 2019, 11(24): 11730-11735.
[68]	Peng L Q, Yu H T, Chen C, et al. Tailoring dense, orientation-tunable, and interleavedly structured carbon-based heat dissipation plates[J]. Advanced Science, 2023, 10(7): 2205962.
[69]	李晓杰, 罗清海, 邓滔文, 等. 相变背心降温性能的实验研究[J]. 南华大学学报(自然科学版), 2024, 38(1): 38-45.
	Li X J, Luo Q H, Deng T W, et al. Experimental study on cooling performance of phase change vest[J]. Journal of University of South China(Science and Technology), 2024, 38(1): 38-45.
[70]	Jing Y G, Zhao Z C, Cao X L, et al. Ultraflexible, cost-effective and scalable polymer-based phase change composites via chemical cross-linking for wearable thermal management[J]. Nature Communications, 2023, 14(1): 8060.
[71]	Srivastava G, Nandan R, Das M K. Thermal runaway management of Li ion battery using PCM: a parametric study[J]. Energy Conversion and Management: X, 2022, 16: 100306.
[72]	Kadam G, Kongi P. Battery thermal management system based on PCM with addition of nanoparticles[J]. Materials Today: Proceedings, 2023, 72: 1543-1549.
[73]	Li K X, Yao X L, Li Z C, et al. Thermal management of Li-ion batteries with passive thermal regulators based on composite PCM materials[J]. Journal of Energy Storage, 2024, 89: 111661.
[74]	刘邦金, 汪林威, 吴月月, 等. 锂离子电池热管理研究进展[J]. 化工学报, 2024, 75(12): 4413-4431.
	Liu B J, Wang L W, Wu Y Y, et al. Advances in thermal management of lithium-ion batteries[J]. CIESC Journal, 2024, 75(12): 4413-4431.
[75]	Wu S, Li T X, Wu M Q, et al. Highly thermally conductive and flexible phase change composites enabled by polymer/graphite nanoplatelet-based dual networks for efficient thermal management[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2020, 8(38): 20011-20020.
[76]	Wu M Q, Li T X, Wang P F, et al. Dual-encapsulated highly conductive and liquid-free phase change composites enabled by polyurethane/graphite nanoplatelets hybrid networks for efficient energy storage and thermal management[J]. Small, 2022, 18(9): 2105647.

添加物	相变材料	负载比例/%	熔化温度/℃	熔化焓值/(J/g)	热导率/ (W/(m·K))	电导率/ (S/m)	驱动电压/V	工作电压/V	电-热转换效率/%	文献
SWCNT	HDA	34.9^①	26.9	52.0	0.47	718.0	—	—	—	[16]
MWCNT	HDA	26.9^①	29.2	40.0	0.88	389.0	—	—	—	[16]
EG	PA	70.0	41.0	159.9	1.49	92.0	—	100.0	—	[21]
PPy	PA	41.3^①	54.1	74.3	—	—	4.7	5.0	82.9	[44]
PPy	PA	56.6^①	53.9	101.9	—	—	4.7	5.0	75.7	[44]
EG	C20	85.0	36.4	199.4	3.56	—	1.9	2.1	65.7	[26]

添加物	相变材料	负载比例/%	熔化温度/℃	熔化焓值/(J/g)	热导率/ (W/(m·K))	电导率/ (S/m)	驱动电压/V	工作电压/V	电-热转换效率/%	文献
SWCNT	HDA	34.9^①	26.9	52.0	0.47	718.0	—	—	—	[16]
MWCNT	HDA	26.9^①	29.2	40.0	0.88	389.0	—	—	—	[16]
EG	PA	70.0	41.0	159.9	1.49	92.0	—	100.0	—	[21]
PPy	PA	41.3^①	54.1	74.3	—	—	4.7	5.0	82.9	[44]
PPy	PA	56.6^①	53.9	101.9	—	—	4.7	5.0	75.7	[44]
EG	C20	85.0	36.4	199.4	3.56	—	1.9	2.1	65.7	[26]

添加物	比表面积/(m²/g)	孔体积/ (cm³/g)	相变材料	负载比例/%	熔化温度/℃	熔化焓值/(J/g)	热导率/ (W/(m·K))	电导率/ (S/m)	工作电压/V	电-热转换效率/%	文献
CF	540.0	0.40	PA	86.7^①	57.1	120.2	—	—	3.6	74.0	[46]
CF	540.0	0.40	PEG	89.1^①	62.8	163.9	—	—	3.6	85.0	[46]
CCA15	—	—	PEG	98.8^①	36.0	173.4	—	420.1	1.4	55.6	[47]
MCW-4	256.4	0.18	SA	96.6^①	66.6	198.9	0.83	358.0	2.5	89.3	[48]
CMGA₁₆₀₀	—	—	PEG	96.7	51.9	181.2	0.91	—	2.0	87.3	[49]
GO	119.7	0.56	LA	74.8^②	—	—	—	—	2.2	51.0	[50]
MOF-C	736.0	0.77	LA	79.7^②	—	—	—	—	2.2	75.0	[50]
MOF-C/GO	160.0	0.69	LA	87.9^②	—	140	1.36	—	2.2	90.0	[50]
ZIF-67-C	256.5	0.90	C18	50.0	30.2	72.8	—	—	1.1	51.1	[51]
IRMOF-3-C	1791.5	4.20	C18	90.0	33.4	145.8	—	243.9	—	—	[51]
ZIF-67 @IRMOF-3-C	580.1	3.10	C18	70.0	31.9	135.9	—	526.3	1.1	94.5	[51]

添加物	比表面积/(m²/g)	孔体积/ (cm³/g)	相变材料	负载比例/%	熔化温度/℃	熔化焓值/(J/g)	热导率/ (W/(m·K))	电导率/ (S/m)	工作电压/V	电-热转换效率/%	文献
CF	540.0	0.40	PA	86.7^①	57.1	120.2	—	—	3.6	74.0	[46]
CF	540.0	0.40	PEG	89.1^①	62.8	163.9	—	—	3.6	85.0	[46]
CCA15	—	—	PEG	98.8^①	36.0	173.4	—	420.1	1.4	55.6	[47]
MCW-4	256.4	0.18	SA	96.6^①	66.6	198.9	0.83	358.0	2.5	89.3	[48]
CMGA₁₆₀₀	—	—	PEG	96.7	51.9	181.2	0.91	—	2.0	87.3	[49]
GO	119.7	0.56	LA	74.8^②	—	—	—	—	2.2	51.0	[50]
MOF-C	736.0	0.77	LA	79.7^②	—	—	—	—	2.2	75.0	[50]
MOF-C/GO	160.0	0.69	LA	87.9^②	—	140	1.36	—	2.2	90.0	[50]
ZIF-67-C	256.5	0.90	C18	50.0	30.2	72.8	—	—	1.1	51.1	[51]
IRMOF-3-C	1791.5	4.20	C18	90.0	33.4	145.8	—	243.9	—	—	[51]
ZIF-67 @IRMOF-3-C	580.1	3.10	C18	70.0	31.9	135.9	—	526.3	1.1	94.5	[51]

添加物	相变材料	负载比例/%	熔化温度/℃	熔化焓值/(J/g)	热导率/ (W/(m·K))	电导率/ (S/m)	驱动电压/V	工作电压/V	电-热转换效率/%	文献
AN-GAs	PA	93.6	49.3	193.7	2.99	297	1.00	3.00	85.4	[58]
C-mGAs	PEG	88.7^①	—	149.7	4.85	—	1.20	2.00	50.3	[59]
GNP	PE	80.0	186.9	222.8	26.62	32300	0.22	0.34	92.8	[60]
EG	SA	64.9^①	33.5	137.3	—	—	1.00	5.00	81.8	[22]
EG	SA	59.6^①	39.0	126.1	—	—	—	5.00	84.0	[22]
EG	SA	55.5^①	38.5	117.4	37.80	—	—	5.00	88.7	[22]
EG	TME	80.0	80.8	132.5	12.82	411	2.00	3.60	91.6	[61]