Nano-silica serves as a reinforcing agent in silicone rubber matrices, forming an interconnected network that significantly increases properties such as tensile strength, modulus, and wear resistance. However, the surface of nano-silica is rich in hydroxyl groups, easy to agglomerate, and the direct application effect is poor. It is necessary to graft organic groups on its surface to improve its dispersibility, compatibility and functionality in silicone rubber. This review focused on the interactions between modified nano-silica particles and silicone rubber, summarized recent advances in surface organic modification using dispersible and cross-linkable functional groups. The molecular structure characteristics of silicone rubber are explained, the modification effect of modifiers on the particle surface and the mechanism of action between the particle surface and silicone rubber are analyzed, and the research progress of nano-silica reinforcement mechanism of silicone rubber is summarized. Perspectives are proposed for the rational selection of modifiers, the strategic design of modification processes, and the precise control of particle dispersion and cross-linking to optimize silicone rubber performance.

Organic Rankine cycle (ORC), as an advanced thermal energy conversion technology, has attracted much attention due to its wide application in the fields of recovering low-grade thermal energy, geothermal energy, solar energy, etc. With the development of automation and artificial intelligence technology in recent years, ORC systems have gradually realized the transformation of whole process automation and intelligence, but the research on the early warning and diagnosis of ORC system process is seriously insufficient. In this context, the paper first introduces the representation method and characteristics of process time series data. Secondly, the application of modeling technology based on analytical models, knowledge-driven, and data-driven in early warning and diagnosis is discussed. Finally, the challenges faced by the application of current technology in the process of ORC systems in the four levels of data, model, system and application are analyzed, and the future research directions are put forward. It aims to promote the technological progress and industrial application of ORC systems in the industrial field, and provide theoretical basis and technical support for the realization of a safer, more efficient and intelligent energy conversion systems.

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) have become the key to sustainable energy with their high efficiency and low emission characteristics, but the complexity of the electrode reaction mechanism restricts their performance improvement. The patterned electrode, as a new type of electrode structure, can precisely control the geometric shape of the electrode, significantly increase the length and reaction surface area of the triple phase boundary (TPB), greatly promote the electrochemical reaction rate of SOFC, and provide an ideal platform for in-depth research on reaction mechanisms. This paper reviews the application and preparation technology of patterned electrodes in the study of SOFC reaction mechanisms. Patterned electrodes realize the precise structural control of the electrode-electrolyte interface through micro-nano processing, significantly increase the length and reaction active area of TPB, thereby enhancing the electrochemical performance and long-term stability of the battery. The unique advantages of patterned electrodes in the study of SOFC reaction mechanisms are discussed in detail, including their application in the study of electrochemical reaction dynamics, material transfer mechanisms, and charge transfer coupling. Through precise control of key processes such as TPB reaction, gas diffusion, and current distribution, patterned electrodes can simplify complex porous electrode structures, providing an ideal platform for in-depth analysis of electrode reaction processes. Finally, the future development direction and challenges faced are looked forward to, especially the potential in large-scale applications and exploration of new materials.

Magnesium hydride (MgH₂) is a promising solid-state hydrogen storage material due to its high hydrogen storage capacity (7.6%(mass), 110 kg·m^-3) and low cost. However, its practical application is hindered by its high thermodynamic stability (enthalpy: -74.7 kJ·mol^-1) and slow hydrogen absorption/desorption kinetics. Studies have shown that the in-situ synthesis method successfully achieved the nano-sizing of the Mg/MgH₂ system through a bottom-up assembly strategy, effectively regulating its particle size to improve hydrogen storage performance. This paper reviews the principles behind in-situ synthesis for Mg-based hydrogen storage materials, with a particular focus on methods such as chemical reduction, thermal hydrogenation, and chemical vapour deposition. It also explores how template-confined materials influence the regulation of particle size, hydrogen absorption/desorption kinetics, and the catalytic mechanisms within the Mg/MgH₂ system. Simultaneously, the current challenges in in-situ synthesis techniques are discussed, including high production costs, capacity loss, and poor air stability, while proposing promising strategies for developing high-performance and high-capacity magnesium-based hydrogen storage materials through nanoconfined in-situ fabrication approaches.

Thermal energy accounts for over 50% of end-use energy consumption, and its decarbonization is critical to achieving China's "dual carbon" goals. Electrified heating powered by renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar power, offers a promising path for this transition. At present, it is urgent to explore advanced energy storage technologies to solve the contradiction between renewable energy supply and terminal energy consumption in time and space. Phase change materials (PCMs), known for their high energy storage density and isothermal release characteristics, are widely used in thermal energy storage systems. High system energy conversion efficiency and high power density can be achieved by combining direct electro-thermal conversion with phase change thermal storage. This review focuses on the electro-thermal conversion properties and mechanisms of PCMs. It analyzes key parameters affecting electro-thermal conversion and thermal storage performance. Due to the inherently low electrical and thermal conductivities of PCMs, electrically and thermally conductive additives are introduced to prepare composite PCMs. The review also discusses how different additive distribution forms and size effects impact the enhancement of electro-thermal conversion performance, as well as the effective thermal and electrical conductivities of PCMs. Finally, it summarizes application scenarios for PCM-based electro-thermal conversion systems and explores future research directions and challenges.

In recent years, the rapid development of new energy vehicles has imposed increasingly stringent requirements on batteries in terms of high specific capacity, long-term cycling stability, and operational safety. Si-based anode materials have become the core direction to break through the bottleneck of lithium-ion battery energy density due to their ultra-high theoretical specific capacity (4200 mAh/g) and abundant reserves, but their industrialization process is restricted by the volume expansion of >300% during the lithiation process and the structural failure caused by the dynamic rupture of the SEI film. This review systematically examines recent advancements in silicon-based anode technologies, encompassing innovative material synthesis approaches, advanced composite engineering, strategic element doping, nanostructural design optimization, and interfacial modification strategies targeting SEI stabilization. Furthermore, it critically analyzes emerging trends in industrial-scale manufacturing processes and proposes a multidisciplinary roadmap for overcoming existing technical barriers, thereby establishing a comprehensive framework to guide the development of next-generation high-performance silicon anodes. By integrating fundamental mechanistic insights with scalable engineering solutions, this work provides critical perspectives on balancing electrochemical performance enhancement with cost-effective production methodologies, ultimately advancing the commercialization of silicon-based anodes in high-energy-density energy storage systems.

The thermodynamics and separation process modeling of complex molecular systems of petroleum is one of the key steps in achieving molecular management in refining industry. Based on the platform modeling idea, this study designed the development architecture of thermodynamic and separation unit modules, established a thermodynamic basic function library and a separation unit model library, and realized the calculation of thermodynamic properties of complex molecular systems in refining processes and the modeling of typical separation processes. In order to verify the correctness of the model calculation, experimental data and commercial process simulation software calculation results were tested and compared to confirm the accuracy of thermodynamic basic functions, equilibrium relationships, flash model, and distillation column unit calculation results. Finally, through the molecular-level calculation based on mechanism model used in the diesel separation process, it was demonstrated that the developed platform can simulate complex molecular systems. The thermodynamic and separation module can provide an effective computational tool for simulating and optimizing the separation process of complex petroleum molecular systems.

The ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium hydroxide ([Emim]OH) is a potential solvent for cellulose dissolution, however, its further application is limited by its unstable structure. To improve the stability of [Emim]OH, density functional theory (DFT) calculations and experimental analysis was used to select an appropriate polar aprotic solvent, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). A ternary system consisting of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([Emim]Ac), [Emim]OH, and DMSO was proved to stabilize the hydroxide ionic liquid and enhance the cellulose-dissolving capability. The results indicated that the ternary solvent system including ionic liquid/DMSO with a molar ratio 1.25∶0.75 and the [Emim]Ac /[Emim]OH with a molar ratio 2∶1 can dissolve up to 9.9% bamboo pulp, representing a 23.8% improvement over that in pure [Emim]Ac. After dissolution and regeneration, the degree of polymerization of cellulose decreases from 523 to 466, and its crystal form transforms from Ⅰ to Ⅱ. The introduction of DMSO not only lowers the viscosity of the mixed ionic liquid system from 21.2 Pa∙s to 19.7 Pa∙s, but also accelerates the dissolution of cellulose.

The output performance of seawater-activated batteries serves as a pivotal indicator for assessing their commercial viability, where electrolyte flow rate and current density play dominant roles due to their substantial impact on battery behavior. By developing a multiphysics-coupled model, this study comprehensively analyzes the influence of electrolyte flow rate and current density on the battery's output performance (electrochemical response and mass transport). The results show that appropriately increasing the electro-hydraulic flow rate can effectively reduce concentration polarization and significantly improve the output voltage and discharge energy of the battery. Although elevated current densities enhance power density, they aggravate polarization losses (concentration/ohmic), ultimately compromising energy density. Through entropy weight method evaluation, an optimal parameter set (250 ml/min flow rate, 600 mA/cm² current density) achieves a high composite score of 0.808, confirming that coordinated regulation of flow rate and current density maximizes output performance. This work provides a theoretical foundation for the industrial deployment of seawater-activated batteries.

In liquid-solid fluidized beds, the adhesion of liquid to particle surfaces forms a thin film due to liquid phase interparticle forces, altering the particle restitution coefficient and subsequently affecting their collision behavior. Meanwhile, the particle velocity fluctuations also exhibit anisotropic characteristics. Therefore, based on the two-fluid model and the anisotropic kinetic theory of granular flow, a second-order moment model of dynamic restitution coefficient considering the effects of liquid film and the anisotropy of particle velocity fluctuations is established. The simulated results show that the presence of liquid film enhances the energy dissipation of particles during collision and reduces the anisotropy of particle velocity pulsation. With increasing liquid viscosity and particle density, the film thickness increases, both the particle fluctuations and the anisotropy decrease. Furthermore, the predicted particle velocities and porosity by the second-order moment model of dynamic restitution coefficient are in better agreement with experimental values, enabling a more accurate capture of flow field non-uniformity and anisotropic characteristics.

In order to improve the flow-heat transfer comprehensive performance of foam porous media, an LV open-cell foam model with artificial controllable pore structure was established based on the Laguerre-Voronoi tessellation (LVT) algorithm. This design effectively mitigates the flow penetration phenomenon and enables quantitative control of closed pores, thereby achieving superior overall flow and heat transfer performance. Based on this, two LV open-cell foam models were designed, fabricated, and studied: one with open boundaries (O-LV) and the other with closed boundaries (E-LV). The thermal performance of these models was investigated using experimentally validated pore-scale methods. Extensive numerical simulations were conducted to derive correlations between heat transfer and pressure drop, and a comprehensive performance expression was formulated. When the radial and axial cell layers are greater than or equal to five, the numerical results meet the cell independence requirement. The results show that the E-LV foam performs better at higher porosities (ϕ≥75%), while the O-LV foam performs better at lower porosities (ϕ<75%). The fitting correlations for heat transfer and pressure drop for both LV foams demonstrate high predictive accuracy (R²≥0.98, MAPE≤27%). Specifically, the correlation for E-LV foam is applicable for porosities ranging from 0.529 to 0.967 and Reynolds numbers between 14 and 3835, while the correlation for O-LV foam is applicable for porosities ranging from 0.614 to 0.970 and Reynolds numbers between 15 and 4487. On this basis, a comprehensive performance expression for LV foams was derived, enabling the prediction of their comprehensive performance from porosity and Reynolds numbers. This facilitates the further design of efficient heat exchangers and reactors.

In order to achieve efficient design of submerged combustion gasifier (SCV) flue gas distributor, a combination method of experiments and numerical simulations was used to study the gas distribution performance and multi-objective parameters optimization, revealing the flue gas distributor field characteristics, bias/empty flow mechanism and multi-objective response surface law. The results showed that due to the diversion effect, there is an obvious deviation phenomenon in the branch pipe, the smoke velocity on the windward side is relatively large, and there is a local "low temperature zone" near the blind end; under the influence of variable mass flow, the axial velocity of the smoke in the branch pipe gradually decreases, and the axial pressure gradually increases. Lower unevenness of exhaust velocity of upstream branch tube resulted in better gas distribution performance. In order to ensure the normal gas distribution of flue gas distributor, the orifice pressure should be greater than critical gas distribution pressure. When the flue gas inlet velocity was 0.05 m/s, some branch tubes experienced empty flow, the critical inlet velocity formula and aspect ratio of branch tubes were proposed. Based on the response surface analysis method, it was found that the impact degree of multi-objective factors on the unevenness of orifice velocity was the number of orifices, orifice diameter and branch tube length. The research results could provide references for optimization design of SCV flue gas distributor.

Magnetite has the significant advantages of low cost and environmental friendliness as an oxygen carrier in chemical looping hydrogen production system. However, the controlled mechanisms of its reaction rate during CO reduction remain are not fully understood. In this study, thermogravimetric analysis was used to investigate the reaction characteristics and multi-step reaction kinetics of 20%CO isothermal reduction of magnetite under conditions ranging from 650℃ to 900℃. The semi-quantitative analysis results indicate that the coupling relationship between the two-step reactions Fe₃O₄→FeO and FeO→Fe is temperature-dependent. In the temperature range of 650—750℃, the two-step reactions are highly overlapped, whereas in the temperature range of 800—900℃, the two steps occur in a sequential manner. Based on this, kinetic analysis was performed using the JMA model approach. The first step reaction is controlled by the chemical reaction model or three-dimensional nucleation model (Avrami-Erofe’ev model), while the second step reaction is controlled by the diffusion model.

Carbon deposition will occur on the catalyst surface during the operation of the external reformer of solid oxide fuel cells, which will damage the internal pore structure and reduce the catalyst activity, and eventually completely block the catalyst pores, causing the reformer to fail. A three-dimensional transient multi-physical field coupled carbon deposition model was established by using finite element simulation software, and the processes of fluid flow, mass transfer, heat transfer and chemical reaction were simulated. The effects of methane concentration, feed gas flow rate, porosity of catalytic bed and hydrogen content in feed gas on carbon deposition behavior in reformer were analyzed. The results show that the change of porosity of catalytic bed has little effect on carbon deposition in catalytic bed, and the optimum porosity is 0.30—0.50. The increase of feed gas flow rate will change the carbon deposition position of catalytic bed, and the optimal gas flow rate is 0.06 m/s. Increasing methane concentration and hydrogen content in feed gas will aggravate the carbon deposition behavior of catalytic bed. The carbon atoms produced by methane pyrolysis can be rapidly consumed by reasonably adjusting the process parameters such as methane feed gas flow rate, methane concentration, hydrogen content and porosity of catalytic bed, and the carbon deposition in the reformer can be effectively reduced.

To overcome the shortcomings of the industrial production of 1,2-propanediamine by dihalopropane and ammonia, a series of supported Co-based catalysts were prepared to catalyze the synthesis of 1,2-propanediamine by 1,2-propanediol amination. The effects of support, second metal component and metal loading amount on their catalytic performance were investigated particularly on the basis of catalyst characterization by H₂-TPR, TEM and ICP-MS. The results show that the 15Co-1.05Pt/HAP prepared with hydroxyapatite (HAP) as a carrier with both acid and base active sites has the best catalytic effect, with a 1,2-propylene glycol conversion rate of 68.5%, a 1,2-propylene diamine selectivity of 27.0%, and a total selectivity of primary amines of 95.2%. There is an obvious interaction between metal Pt and Co in the catalyst, and further Co-Pt nanoparticles exist in the form of alloy. The introduction of Pt can promote the reduction of cobalt oxide and make the average metal particle size smaller, thereby effectively improving the catalytic performance of Co-based catalysts. Qualitative analysis for 1,2-propanediol amination reaction system was performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The reaction pathway of 1,2-propanediol amination catalyzed by Co-Pt/HAP was determined with the help of designed experiments.

As one of the main processes for synthesizing titanium dioxide (TiO₂), the chloride process has the advantages of large output, high degree of automation and good quality. Based on operating parameters and structural dimensions of industrial titanium oxidation reactor in chlorination process, the TiO₂ particles evolutions, including oxidation, nucleation, collision and the sintering, were studied in this paper. The results indicate that the vapor-phase oxidation reaction of TiCl₄ is the dominant mechanism in the oxidation reactor. Following the oxidation reaction, TiO₂ molecules act as precursors for nucleation, with a characteristic nucleation time of approximately 4.44×10^-¹³ s. For TiO₂ particles smaller than 600 nm, Brownian motion is the primary mechanism driving particle collisions, while for particles larger than 600 nm, turbulence becomes the dominant mechanism. The initial particle size within collision-induced agglomerates is approximately 50—100 nm. These results will provide a theoretical support for the establishment of particles balance model in the industrial titanium oxidation reactor.

The preparation of high-purity lithium carbonate from secondary lithium resources is of great significance for efficient resource utilization and green recycling. The conventional carbonation process typically uses CO₂ bubbling, but its low mass transfer efficiency and slow reaction rate restrict industrial application efficiency. To this end, this study used the CO₂ microbubble carbonization method to improve the mass transfer rate, focusing on the effects of reaction time, CO₂ gas flow rate and liquid-solid ratio on lithium carbonate conversion and CO₂ utilization, and constructed a dissolution reaction kinetic model. The results show that compared to the bubbling process, the microbubble carbonation method improves lithium carbonate conversion by approximately 20% and reduces carbonation time by about 56%. Under optimal conditions of a reaction time of 100 min, CO₂ flow rate of 120 ml/min, and liquid-solid ratio (ml/g) of 30∶1, lithium carbonate conversion reaches 99.91%, and CO₂ utilization rate achieves 94.10%. Kinetic calculations based on the shrinking core model indicate that the dissolution rate follows the film diffusion control model, with activation energy of -2.456 kJ/mol. This research provides fundamental data and process support for the deep carbonation dissolution process of crude lithium carbonate.

The effective recovery and safe storage of Kr-85 can reduce the emission dose of radioactive gaseous effluents from nuclear facilities and reprocessing plants, which is of great significance to the safety of nuclear fuel cycle. Compared with the current stainless steel vessel storage technology, the solid porous adsorbent-based adsorption storage technology has the advantages of lower storage pressure and smaller storage volume. Developing large Kr gas adsorption capacity porous adsorbents is important for reducing Kr-85 pressure in storage vessels. Since high-energy electrons that released from Kr-85 can interact with metal elements, metal-organic framework adsorbents are not suitable for long-term Kr-85 storage. In this study, three carbon-based porous adsorbents (PAF-1, with a specific surface area of 5310 m²/g; HCP-2, with a specific surface area of 2887 m²/g; and XJTU-C, with a specific surface area of 2505 m²/g) were synthesized for Kr gas storage, and their Kr gas storage performance was studied in detail under different temperatures and pressures. The relationship between pore properties (such as specific surface area, pore size, and micropore proportion) and Kr gas storage capacity was analyzed using a high-pressure adsorption apparatus. PAF-1 with the highest specific surface area has a maximum absolute Kr adsorption capacity of 1270 mg/g at 2 MPa and 0℃. XJTU-C adsorbent has the highest Kr adsorption enthalpy and adsorption rate at 2 MPa and 0℃, with a Kr adsorption capacity of 1179 mg/g. HCP-2 has lower affinity for Kr molecules than XJTU-C, resulting in low high-pressure Kr adsorption capacity. This research analyzed the key factors affecting the storage performance of Kr gas and provided experimental support for the design of adsorbents with excellent Kr storage performance.

Electrochemically switched ion exchange (ESIX) is a process that entails the deposition or coating of electroactive ion exchange materials (EXIMs) onto a conductive substrate, and electrochemically controlling the redox state of the active material on the conductive substrate to achieve the insertion and release of target ions, thus achieving the separation of the ions. This technology has the advantages of trace extraction, no secondary pollution, controllable rate and high selectivity. NiFeMn LDH were prepared by coprecipitation method, and then mixed with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and coated on graphite plate to obtain NiFeMn LDH/CNTs/PVDF film electrode. The NiFeMn LDH laminates have abundant hydroxyl functional groups, which can be associated with the hydroxyl coordination with W(‍Ⅵ); the anions in the interlayer are capable of ion exchange with W(‍Ⅵ), which can provide abundant active sites for W(‍Ⅵ). In the ESIX system, the adsorption capacity of the film electrode for W(‍Ⅵ) was up to 122.10 mg·g^-1, and the separation factors of W(‍Ⅵ) and Mo(‍Ⅵ), Cl^-, and NO{}_{\mathrm{3}}^{-} were 1.25, 19.60 and 35.80, enabling selective separation of W(‍Ⅵ). Additionally, the film electrode showed excellent cycling stability, pointing to a promising new direction for tungsten separation.

Single-well injection-production technology is an effective way to realize the economic exploitation of high water cut oilfield. However, the adverse effect of gas on the oil-water separation has become one of the main problems restricting the scale application of single-well injection-production technology. The research took downhole oil-water separation string with double pump suction production system as the research object, combining numerical simulation, PIV flow field test and High-speed camera experiment to study the influence law of different gas content on the flow field characteristics and separation performance. The results show that with the increase of inlet gas content, axial velocity in hydrocyclone overflow tube is reduced. The maximum tangential velocity in the swirl cavity decreases from 2.98 m/s to 2.88 m/s. In addition, due to the gas expands the low-pressure zone in the hydrocyclone, the pressure in the cyclone also decreases. Moreover, due to the gas will aggravate the turbulence phenomenon in the flow field, the maximum turbulent kinetic energy in the producing section string increases from 0.21 J/kg to 0.32 J/kg. With the increase of gas content, the oil phase separation efficiency show an accelerated decline trend, and it decreased the oil-water separation efficiency by 14.43% at most in research scope. It is validated by the agreement between the numerical and experiment results.

Actual chemical industry process data often have multiple characteristics such as multicollinearity and high nonlinearity, which will seriously affect the prediction accuracy of traditional soft sensor models for key quality variables. To address these limitations, this study proposes a novel soft-sensing model based on distributed nonlinear mapping and parallel input bidirectional long short-term memory (DNMPI-BiLSTM). In the proposed approach, mutual information and maximum relevance minimum redundancy methods are first employed to differentiate and select input datasets, thereby elucidating the relationships between process variables and quality indicators. Subsequently, to capture the highly complex nonlinear relationships inherent in industrial processes, the hidden layers of a deep extreme learning machine are utilized to perform nonlinear mappings of subprocess variable spaces into high-dimensional spaces. The nonlinear mapping results of three categories of data are then processed in parallel to establish the DNMPI-BiLSTM model with distributed nonlinear mapping and parallel inputs. This model enhances the predictive capability for quality indicators in complex industrial processes. The effectiveness of the proposed method was validated through three industrial case studies. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed BiLSTM-based soft sensing modeling approach, which incorporates distributed nonlinear mapping and parallel input, achieves superior prediction accuracy compared to other advanced models.

When optimizing heat exchanger networks using the RWCE algorithm, the randomness of the algorithm may result in heat exchangers being placed consecutively on adjacent nodes, which can affect the generation of new units. In order to solve this problem, this study proposes a reserved node strategy to improve the algorithm. To promote the competition of heat exchange units on the split nodes, the node unstructured model is improved to the split continuous node unstructured model. The existence of multiple nodes on diverging nodes can also effectively prevent the situation where heat exchangers are placed consecutively on adjacent nodes, thereby promoting mutual competition among nodes. Finally, the effectiveness of the strategy was verified using two examples, H4C5 and H10C5, and the annual comprehensive costs were 2890453 USD/a and 5091842 USD/a, respectively, which proved the effectiveness of the improved RWCE algorithm in heat exchange network optimization.

This article takes the dual color injection molding of a precision instrument panel for a certain sedan as the research object. By optimizing the dual color injection molding process parameters, the product warpage and deformation are reduced, thereby improving product quality. In view of the high dimensionality, nonlinearity, volatility and other characteristics between the two-color injection process parameters and the product warpage deformation, and the serious coupling of multiple processes, it is very easy to cause the traditional optimization method to fall into the local optimum, resulting in optimization difficulties and other problems. Based on temporal evolution particle swarm optimization algorithm(TEPSO) is proposed to address the above issues. The algorithm utilizes the advantage of balanced dispersion in orthogonal expansion space to improve the search ability and efficiency of particle swarm optimization, and adopts the Q-learning concept to develop a learning strategy based on temporal evolution through continuous interaction and exploration between particles and the environment to determine the expansion factor of particle orthogonal space. Firstly, each particle generates a Q-table, and the corresponding expansion factor is determined based on the Q-table and state. The fitness value change of each particle is obtained as an immediate reward, and the Q-table is updated using social learning behavior strategies. Secondly, the expansion factor is obtained through Q-learning, and orthogonal design is used for expansion to obtain more environmental information. Finally, shrink each orthogonal expansion space, select the particle position with the smallest fitness value to update the current particle position, and complete the iteration. Optimization design of injection molding process parameters for precision instrument panel of a certain sedan, compared with the initial experimental plan, the use of TEPSO algorithm for optimization reduced the Z-direction warping of the outer cover plate from 4.698 mm to 2.194 mm, and the optimization efficiency reached 53.3%, confirming the effectiveness and practicality of TEPSO algorithm.

The current monitoring methods for NO _x emission concentration of CFB unit still have some shortcomings. Mechanism based NO _x emission concentration prediction methods may have large prediction errors under certain operating conditions different from the modeling conditions. Machine learning based methods have high prediction accuracy, but lack physical significance and have poor interpretability. To this end, a fusion model for predicting NO _x emission concentration of CFB unit is proposed. Firstly, a one-dimensional circulating fluidized bed overall semi-empirical model is constructed to simulate the combustion in the furnace to give the initial prediction value of NO _x emission concentration. Secondly, an error correction model is constructed based on the long short-term memory artificial neural network to dynamically correct the initial prediction value. Taking two CFB units as research objects, the results show that the proposed model is superior to the single one-dimensional semi empirical model, as well as models such as long short-term memory network and BP neural network. The combination of mechanism and machine learning methods enables the fusion model to have both high prediction accuracy and good interpretability.

Carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) technology plays a critical role in achieving carbon neutrality goals and mitigating climate change. The captured CO₂ containing H₂O will cause serious corrosion damage to the pipeline system. This study focused on the potential corrosion-prone component of the transportation system-welded joints and investigated the corrosion behavior and mechanisms of X65 pipeline steel welded joints in water-rich and CO₂-rich environments. The results revealed that in CO₂-rich environments, the uniform corrosion rates in different regions of the welded joints were relatively low, likely due to the formation of FeCO₃ product films. In contrast, in water-rich environments, the uniform corrosion rates increased significantly, with no notable differences between different regions. The heat-affected zone exhibited pronounced pitting corrosion with deeper pits and higher surface roughness.

In view of the problems of insufficient precursors, accumulation of toxic intermediate metabolites and product loss in the synthesis of isoprene in Escherichia coli cell factories, we used synthetic biology and metabolic engineering methods to express isoprene synthase from Populus alba in Escherichia coli and overexpressed single or multiple genes of Dxs, Dxr and IspD in the form of polycistronic to strengthen the endogenous MEP pathway of Escherichia coli. In order to shorten the transport distance and time of intermediate metabolites between enzyme molecules and enhance the substrate channeling effect of the pathway, the protein scaffold strategy was applied to Dxs, Dxr and IspD enzyme colocalization in the MEP pathway to construct a multi-enzyme complex for isoprene synthesis, and obtained the engineered strain BL21(DE3)-ScaS produced isoprene yield of 24 mg/L, which was 35.7% higher than the engineered strain BL21(DE3)-FreeS in free enzyme form. And through the stability study of the engineered strain BL21(DE3)-ScaS plasmid, it was found that the supplementation of antibiotics during the fermentation process could significantly improve the stability of the incompatible recombinant plasmids pET28a-DxsDxrIspD and pET21b-GSP-IspS. At the same time, flux balance analysis (FBA) was used to explore the metabolic flux distribution of key enzymes in the synthetic pathway, the effectiveness of the above strategies is proved theoretically, which provides a reference for the development and application of isoprene microbial cell factories.

This study comprehensively considered resource natures of refinery waste activated sludge (WAS) and high alkalinity of refinery spent caustic (RSC), proposing RSC pretreatment and combined pretreatment methods utilizing thermal-RSC, electrolysis-RSC, and alkaline fermentation to enhance the methane yield from anaerobic digestion of WAS. The results showed that alkali slag could significantly promote the dissolution of intracellular organic matter, and the SCOD concentration increased from 128 mg·L^-1 to 2932 mg·L^-1. The combined pretreatments of thermal-RSC, electrolysis-RSC, and alkaline fermentation further facilitated the release of proteins, polysaccharides, and volatile fatty acids, improving the biodegradability of soluble organic matters and enhancing the bioconversion efficiency of refractory substances such as tannins, aromatic compounds, and carboxyl-rich alicyclic compounds. Therefore, the methane yields in three combined pretreatment groups increased 62%, 80%, and 97% compared to the single RSC pretreatment group (58.3 ml·g^-1-VS), respectively. Network analysis revealed that Clostridium_sensu_stricto_5, Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1, and Raineyella played crucial roles in the decomposition of carboxylic rich alicyclic molecules. Economic benefit assessment showed that alkaline fermentation pretreatment obtained the highest net profit, and reduced treatment costs by 58.5 CNY·t^-1. Based on these findings, a new strategy for the synergistic treatment of WAS and RSC was proposed.

Pyrolysis is a crucial pathway for the high-value resource utilization of waste tires. The research on the mass and morphological changes of tire particles during the pyrolysis process is essential for optimizing the design of pyrolysis reactors. Based on the custom-built image analysis system, experiments on the mass and morphological changes of tire particles under different temperatures were conducted. The results indicated that reaction temperature had a significant influence on the pyrolysis rate. When the temperature increases from 400℃ to 600℃, the maximum pyrolysis rate was enhanced by approximately 1.9 times. In addition, the tire particles undergo a dynamic change process of expansion, cracking, and collapse during the pyrolysis process, and the cracking stage is accompanied by a rapid decrease in mass. Meanwhile, the pyrolysis temperature had a significant effect on the time interval between the appearance of peak expansion rate and mass loss rate.

By developing a plant-scale model of a 300 MW subcritical unit, the performance of three zero discharge technologies of desulfurization wastewater with different heat sources was compared under 40%—100% rated condition (THA) conditions. The model can present the water-energy balance in the thermal concentrating process. The results show that the more the unit load is reduced, the more the load deviates from the rated value, and the greater the gap between thermal and electrical load rate. The thermal load rate is 45.76% under 40%THA. Among the three desulfurization wastewater zero-emission technologies, the two three-effect evaporation drying methods have the lowest unit heat consumption of 0.017 kJ/t, which is less than 1/2 of the high-temperature flue gas bypass drying method, and have good energy-saving effects. Among them, the three-effect flue gas heat drying method uses flue gas waste heat without losing power generation. Its boiler efficiency and power generation efficiency are the highest, which are 85.59% and 32.25% respectively at 100%THA, and have greater advantages in reducing energy costs and reducing environmental pollution. The findings are expected to provide a basis for the reasonable selection of desulfurization wastewater treatment technology under all operation conditions.

Compressed carbon dioxide energy storage system has attracted wide attention due to its advantages of high round-trip efficiency and high energy storage density, and is considered to be a promising energy storage technology. In this paper, we propose a supercritical compressed carbon dioxide energy storage system with turbine waste heat recovery and establish a thermodynamic model of the system. In accordance with the principles of thermodynamics, a critical parameter analysis and a thermodynamic analysis of the system are conducted. In order to achieve the optimal round-trip efficiency and energy storage density of the system, genetic algorithms are employed to conduct both single-objective and multi-objective optimization of the four key system parameters. This approach enables the identification of the optimal system performance. The results demonstrate that, under the specified parameters, the system exhibits a round-trip efficiency of 37.21%, a power efficiency of 33.44%, and an energy storage density of 8.31 kW·h·m^-3. Among the four key parameters, the low-pressure tank pressure and the turbine inlet temperature have a more obvious impact on the system performance. Single-objective optimization yielded an optimal round-trip efficiency of 52.69% and an optimal energy storage density of 17.16 kW·h·m^-3. Multi-objective optimization yielded an optimal solution with favorable overall performance, with a round-trip efficiency of 46.88% and an energy storage density of 13.97 kW·h·m^-3.

In view of the scientific and technological development needs in two important fields, namely, efficient and low-energy coal-fired CO₂ capture and energy utilization of livestock and poultry litter, a pressurized oxy-fuel co-combustion technology of coal and poultry litter is creatively proposed. Through fundamental experimental research, the combustion behavior, CO₂ enrichment, pollutant generation and emission mechanism, and ash melting characteristics were systematically analyzed. The results showed that increasing the combustion pressure led to a backward shift in the peak concentration of CO₂ generation, but an increase in the total CO₂ generation and a decrease in the unburned carbon products. In addition, pressurization had a significant effect on reducing the emissions of pollutants NO and SO₂. With the increase of poultry litter mixing ratio M_PL, the total combustion time was significantly shortened, and the starting combustion time and the corresponding time of peak CO₂ generation concentration were both advanced. The NO emission initially increased and then decreased sharply, but the NO conversion rate continued to decrease. When M_PL=50%, the SO₂ conversion rate was the lowest, while the sulfur retention in ash was the highest. The tendency of ash fouling /slagging/agglomeration from pressurized oxy-fuel co-combustion of coal and poultry litter were at the low-medium risk level when M_PL=0 and 25%.

This study proposes a novel technology for preparing syngas with controllable H₂/CO by in-situ hydrogenation of biomass chemical looping gasification (BCLG-CLRHP) through coupling biomass chemical looping gasification (BCLG) with steam chemical looping reforming hydrogen production (CLRHP). The maximum syngas yield, 0.61 L/g (biomass), was obtained at a reaction temperature of 900℃ and an optimal lattice oxygen to biomass (OC/B, mass) of 0.5, utilizing NiFe₂O₄(ZrO₂) as the oxygen carriers (OC). In the BCLG process, a steam/biomass (S/B, mass) of 0.24 yielded a biomass carbon conversion rate of 92%. This also resulted in a high degree of oxygen carrier reduction and a H₂/CO of 1.0 in the syngas produced. These findings suggest that the introduction of steam significantly enhances both the biomass carbon conversion and the H₂/CO in the syngas. The modulation of H₂O content within the CLRHP process facilitates the production of a high concentration of H₂. Concurrently, the integration of gases generated by both the BCLG and CLRHP processes yields a clean syngas characterized by an H₂/CO of 2.2 and a CO₂/CO of 0.67. Following 15 experimental cycles, the syngas generated via the BCLG-CLRHP process exhibited a H₂/CO of approximately 1.8 and a CO₂/CO of roughly 0.71. The proposed methodology holds potential for application in generating clean syngas with an H₂/CO ranging from 1.0 to 2.2. This could be beneficial for a variety of synthesis processes, including Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, acetic acid synthesis, and carbonyl synthesis.

The competitive adsorption of carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H₂) on the surface of platinum (Pt) catalyst has been recognized to reduce the available active sites for the hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR), which is considered as the primary cause of CO poisoning in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). In high-temperature PEMFCs utilizing with phosphoric acid electrolyte, the distribution of phosphoric acid in the anode catalyst layer may significantly influence the mass transport and charge transfer processes of CO and H₂ at the electrode interface, making the CO poisoning mechanism even more intricate. Therefore, comprehending the process and mechanism of CO poisoning in high-temperature PEMFCs holds crucial importance in optimizing the structure of the membrane-electrode assembly and enhancing the efficiency of the cell operation when supplied with reformate gas. In this paper, we propose a novel approach to regulate the number density of active sites in the anode catalyst layer and introduce the utilization of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to analyze the distribution of relaxation time (DRT). By employing this method, we aim to establish a quantitative description of the anode electrochemical reaction and mass transport processes. This enables us to better elucidate the mechanism of CO poisoning under conditions where the fuel supply consists of reformate gas. The obtained results demonstrate that the primary reason behind the performance degradation caused by the presence of CO in the anode of high-temperature PEMFCs is the mass transport polarization. The increase in Pt active site density can screen CO components in hydrogen-rich reformed gas and reduce the local CO component concentration, ultimately alleviating the H₂ mass transfer limitation caused by active site occupancy.

Hydrogen production from renewable energy water electrolysis is an important way to obtain hydrogen energy in the future. To investigate the transient response characteristics of proton exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE) under pulsed power conditions, a two-dimensional PEMWE model was developed, incorporating electrochemical processes, gas-liquid two-phase flow, and solid-fluid heat transfer modules. Numerical simulations reveal that applying a pulsed square-wave voltage generates higher current densities compared to constant potential conditions, achieving a hydrogen production rate of 0.628 ml/(min·cm²) at 1.75 V, 0.2 Hz and a 50% duty cycle. Increasing the voltage to 2 V and reducing the frequency to 0.025 Hz yields the maximum hydrogen production rate of 1.59 ml/(min·cm²), with optimal frequencies varying for different voltage levels. Simulations across duty cycles ranging from 20% to 90% indicate that hydrogen production rates at 50% and 60% duty cycles exceed those under constant potential conditions, with 50% identified as the optimal duty cycle. By changing the input pulse voltage waveform, it is found that the triangular wave has the lowest hydrogen production rate, which may be related to the shorter effective electrolysis time of the triangular wave.

Seawater desalination is the process of producing fresh water by desalination of seawater, which is a new technology to realize the increase of water resource utilization. In this paper, we propose a Janus nanochannel model, which consists of hydrophilic and hydrophobic segments with high and low temperatures at the ends of the channel. Based on molecular dynamics simulations, it is found that the desalination process can be greatly enhanced by using the Janus nanochannel. The evaporation of liquid water and ion rejection was realized in the hydrophilic section of the channel, and the thermo-osmosis transport of water molecules under the action of temperature gradient was realized in the hydrophobic section. The results show that Janus nanochannels provide an 87.5% increase in water production rate compared to conventional hydrophobic channels, and maintain more than 95% ion removal compared to conventional hydrophobic channels. The water production rate in the channel during the desalination process is positively correlated with the temperature difference, the channel width, the system temperature, and the difference in the hydrophilicity of the walls at the two ends, while there exists an optimal value for the percentage of hydrophilicity of the walls. The Janus nanochannel model proposed in the present paper can provide theoretical guidance for the future membrane desalination process.

One of the effective methods to enhance the efficiency of biomass gasification is to achieve high-efficiency and low-energy consumption in the fine powder preparation of raw biomass in a non-baked state. The comminution characteristics of five common types of straws (corn, sesame, wheat, cotton and reed) were investigated under different moisture content (0.3%—15.3%) and screen sizes (1.0, 1.5, 2.0 mm). It is found that moisture content, screen sizes and types of raw material have significant effect on specific energy consumption and particle size. With the decrease of moisture content, the specific energy consumption is reduced by 43.38%—61.64%, and can be reduced to 36.9 kW·h/t. The particle size parameter d₉₀ of the product is reduced by 3.87%—22.36%. With the same moisture content, the specific energy consumption of the 1.0 mm screen is increased by 39.04% to 169.98% compared to that of the 2.0 mm screen. Mechanical tests reveal that the reduction of moisture content decreases the shear strength of straw by 12.36%—17.13%, and increases the Young's modulus by 1.74%—9.00%. This leads to a transformation in the grinding mechanism, whereby plastic deformation is replaced by brittle fracture. On the other hand, the lignin filling the cellulose frame enhances the mechanical strength of the straw. The lignin content of cotton straw and reed are approximately twice that of the remaining three types of straw, so the specific energy consumption of cotton straw and reed comminuting is always higher than that of the other three types of straw at the same moisture content. Based on the specific energy consumption per unit mass of powder with a particle size less than 1 mm, it is found that the effective specific energy consumption E_t can be reduced a by a range of 21.06% to 55.54% when a 2.0 mm screen is utilized in comparison to a 1.0 mm screen. A prediction model of specific energy consumption based on moisture content and particle size was established with a deviation of less than ±15%.

The operating range and performance of a methanol/diesel dual direct injection engine were experimentally studied using a dual direct injection engine test platform. The results demonstrate that when methanol is injected during the intake stroke, the operating range of the methanol/diesel dual direct injection engine is restricted by rough combustion with the maximum pressure rise rate exceeding 0.8 MPa·(°)^-1 and unstable combustion with the coefficient of variation of indicated mean effective pressure exceeding 5.0%. When methanol is injected in the late stage of the compression stroke, the engine's operating range is only limited by rough combustion. Under this condition, the maximum methanol substitution rate can reach 62.7%, and the indicated thermal efficiency can be as high as 43.4%. The timing of methanol injection exerts a profound influence on the combustion and emission characteristics of a methanol/diesel dual direct injection engine. When the methanol injection timing is -60°, both the peak pressure and the maximum pressure rise rate in the cylinder reach their highest values, the ignition delay period is the shortest, the combustion duration is maximized, and the NO _x emissions are at their peak. However, the CO, HC and soot emissions are minimized, amounting to only 8.5, 1.3 and 0.06 g·(kW·h)^-1 respectively.

A non-thermal equilibrium model was developed based on an 11 m³ liquid helium storage tank. The model can simulate the self-pressurization process of the liquid helium storage tank with different heat leakage and filling rates. The daily evaporation rate test was carried out on the liquid helium storage tank using liquid helium as the working substance and the stable evaporation flow rate was obtained. Self-pressurization experiments were carried out at two filling rates, 56.48% and 70.26%, and the results of the tank pressure, liquid helium temperature and liquid level experiments were obtained. The heat leakage from the liquid helium storage tank at two filling rates of 56.48% and 70.26% is 79.9 W and 88.5 W by thermodynamic analysis. The validity of the non-thermal equilibrium model for liquid helium storage tanks was verified after determining the heat leakage distribution ratio as 3. The effects of temperature, compressibility factor, mass and volume on the self-pressurization process of liquid helium storage tanks were further investigated by decomposing the real gas equation of state. The results show when the fill rate increased, the heat leakage increased, the pressurization rate increased and the thermal stratification in the liquid helium region became more pronounced during filling rates between 56.48% and 70.26%, and the overall trend of the liquid helium temperature experimental curve was close to linear growth. The rapid increase in temperature of superheated helium in the liquid helium storage tank is the main factor leading to the pressure increase. Reducing the gas phase temperature can effectively reduce the pressurization rate and extend the storage time.

Based on gas-liquid mass transfer theories, including Dalton’s law of evaporation and Antoine’s equation, this article presents a downhole regeneration prediction model specifically designed for two-component mixed dehumidification solutions with a mass ratio of 40% or less. The model is verified by experiments and the effects of solution temperature, air temperature, air moisture content, air flow rate and solution mass ratio on the regenerated rate are studied. The results showed that when the solution mass ratio was below 35%, the prediction model modified by the wind speed function was more accurate in predicting the regeneration rate of the dehumidification solution. The mean deviation between the predicted value and the experimental value was only 0.51%, and the standard deviation was 5.27%. When the mass ratio of the solution is between 35% and 40%, the model further modified by the activity compensation coefficient can accurately predict the regeneration process of the solution within this concentration range. In addition, the study found that when the solution temperature increased from 50℃ to 70℃ and the solution mass ratio changed from 30% to 40%, the average regeneration rate increased from 1.09 g/min to 3.27 g/min and decreased by 38.09%, respectively, with significant effects. The changes in air temperature, moisture content, and flow rate have a relatively small impact on the regeneration efficiency of the system. When the air temperature increases from 25℃ to 35℃ and the air moisture content increases from 14 g/kg to 22 g/kg, the average regeneration rate of the system increases by 1.77% and decreases by 6.05%, respectively. The model and research results can provide guidance for the practical application of dehumidification solution mine air regeneration engineering.

The emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) has emerged as an increasingly prominent environmental concern, posing significant threats to both ecological systems and public health. Aiming at the problem of VOCs emission, this study designed and built a compact three-chamber RTO device with an air intake volume of 200 m³/h and a size of 2915 mm×1150 mm×2200 mm. The experimental investigation focused on ethyl acetate, a predominant VOC emission in the pharmaceutical industry, as the target compound. The study examined the removal efficiency, thermal efficiency, and temperature characteristics of the heat storage chamber, oxidation chamber, and outlet under various operating conditions. Experimental results demonstrated that the RTO system achieved VOCs removal efficiencies exceeding 97% when the oxidation chamber temperature ranged from 750℃ to 850℃. Furthermore, reducing the intake airflow enhanced the oxidation and decomposition efficiency of ethyl acetate, while increasing the reverse purge airflow improved its removal effectiveness. The valve switching time was found to influence both the temperature of the heat storage chamber and the pressure within the oxidation chamber, consequently affecting system stability and thermal efficiency. The compact three-chamber RTO device developed in this study demonstrated highly efficient treatment of ethyl acetate waste gas, achieving removal rates between 97% and 99%, with thermal efficiency exceeding 96%.

The wall adhesion strength of methane hydrates serves as a key parameter for evaluating hydrate deposition and blockage risks in pipelines. To investigate this, a self-developed high-pressure visualizable hydrate adhesion strength testing apparatus was employed to measure methane hydrate adhesion strength. Using this system as a reference, the effects of methanol and ethylene glycol were analyzed. The results show that the wall adhesion strength of methane hydrate is controlled by the hydrate content in the adhesion layer, the wall properties and the hydrate's own strength. Under high supercooling, the hydrate adhesion strength on the rough wall is greater. The addition of methanol and ethylene glycol significantly reduced the adhesion strength of methane hydrates, with reductions of 84% and 87% at a concentration of 7%, respectively. The primary mechanism is that thermodynamic inhibitors alter the phase equilibrium temperature, slowing hydrate formation rates, which reduces the hydrate content in the adhesive layer and consequently decreases the effective contact area between hydrate and pipe wall.

The flow channel design based on the triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) structure has complex geometric configurations and a large heat transfer area, which can significantly enhance flow field disturbances and improve heat transfer performance. Aiming at extreme application requirements such as high heat storage power, a three-channel high-efficiency phase change heat storage heat exchanger design based on TPMS structure is proposed. Numerical simulation methods were used to compare and analyze the heat transfer, flow resistance, and heat storage characteristics of different configurations based on evaluation criteria such as heat transfer coefficient, Nusselt number, unit length pressure drop, friction coefficient, normalized heat transfer evaluation parameter j factor, and normalized comprehensive performance evaluation parameter η factor. The results showed that both heat transfer and flow resistance performance improved with the increase of porosity. Under the same porosity, the heat transfer coefficient of Diamond type structure was higher, while the Nusselt number of Schwarz type structure was higher; the thermal storage density decreases with the increase of porosity, but the thermal storage power density increased with the increase of porosity. The thermal storage power density of Schwarz type 85% porosity structure was as high as 185.6 MW·m^-3. This study has important guiding significance for designing new and efficient latent heat storage systems.

Existing anode technology has reached its performance limit. As one of the most commonly used graphite materials in anode materials, microcrystalline graphite has not been fully developed in practical applications. Therefore, the development of anode materials with high energy density and fast charge and discharge capabilities has become a hot topic in the field of lithium-ion batteries. A hydrothermal synthesis method was ingeniously employed to successfully fabricate phosphorus-doped microcrystalline graphite anode materials. The surface of microcrystalline graphite was modified by phosphoric acid hydrothermal method, which achieved effective doping of phosphorus element and ensured the stable adhesion and uniform distribution of doping elements during high-temperature calcination. The results indicate that phosphorus doping markedly boosts the surface chemical activity of microcrystalline graphite, achieving an initial discharge specific capacity of 501.56 mAh/g. Furthermore, at a high current density of 3C, the discharge capacity sustains at 121.98 mAh/g, approximately triple that of the undoped material.

The micro multi-stage compressor charging system has small size, light mass, and high output pressure, and can be widely used in various scenarios. Previous studies have predominantly focused on numerical models of single-stage compressors or single gas bottles. In this work, based on multidisciplinary theories including thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, heat transfer, material mechanics, and compressor principles, a novel thermodynamic model of the multi-stage reciprocating compressor filling system is proposed. This model integrates the components of "cylinders-inter-stage flow channels-gas storage bottle" and is capable of predicting and analyzing the full dynamic working process of the compressor as well as the system charging time. The established model can simulate the transient pressurization and charging process of the multi-stage compressor charging system, as well as the dynamic working characteristics of the cylinder, valve, flow channel, and gas storage bottle. The analysis focuses on several factors that may affect the filling time of the system. The results show that in-cylinder heat transfer and intercooling have a small impact on filling time but affect compressor efficiency. The inlet parameters of the compressor also impact filling time, with inlet pressure having the greatest effect. Leakage significantly affect both filling time and compressor efficiency.

Carbonyl sulfide (COS) and carbon disulfide (CS₂) often coexist in sulfur-containing pollutants in the iron and steel industry, and their joint removal is of great significance to the development of the industry and environmental protection. Different metal-and alkali-modified calcium carbide slags were prepared by ultrasound-assisted impregnation for the simultaneous removal of COS and CS₂ at low temperatures. The effects of different active components, calcination temperatures, and the content of the active components on the simultaneous removal of COS and CS₂ from the modified calcium carbide slag were investigated. The slags were characterized by XRD, N₂-BET, XPS, FTIR and TG-DTA to explore their removal mechanism. The results showed that the modified carbide slag prepared at a roasting temperature of 750℃ and an active component of 6.25%(mass) KOH has the best catalytic hydrolysis effect, and the total sulfur capacity reaches 180.68 mg/g. In the process of the modified calcium carbide slag in the co-degradation of COS and CS₂, the loaded KOH provided the —OH group for the catalytic hydrolysis, and a portion of the hydrolysis product, part of the hydrolysis product hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) further undergoes oxidation reaction, and part of it combines with metal ions and eventually generates sulfate and metal sulfide to achieve sulfur fixation. In summary, this study provides theoretical support for the high value-added resource utilization of calcium carbide slag and the development of efficient catalytic hydrolysis agents for COS and CS₂.

In response to the issues of high energy consumption and unused high-temperature waste heat from compressor units in conventional hydrogen liquefaction systems, an efficient process coupled with organic Rankine cycle (ORC) is proposed based on the Claude hydrogen liquefaction system with liquid nitrogen precooling. The steady-state cases are simulated and the energy analysis and exergy analysis are conducted in Aspen Hysys. The results indicate that the proposed process can achieve a liquid hydrogen yield of 5 t/d. Compared with the conventional system without ORC, the net power consumption is significantly reduced from 1803.97 kW to 1701.39 kW, the specific energy consumption is 8.17 kWh/kg, and the exergy efficiency is 42.14%.

Microwave-activated persulfate (PS) oxidative degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-contaminated soils has received widespread attention, but its efficient remediation and its effect on acidification of remediated soil became contradictory. Weakly alkaline biochar was introduced in microwave-activated PS remediation of PAH-contaminated soil. The effects of microwave activation power, PS concentration, biochar addition and soil water content on removal efficiency of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), soil pH and PS residual concentration in the contaminated soil were investigated. The characteristics of the contaminated soil before and after remediation were analyzed, and the degradation pathway and degradation mechanism of BaP in the contaminated soil were speculated. It was shown that at a microwave activation power of 490 W, a PS concentration of 1 mol/L, a biochar addition of 4% and a soil water content of 20%, the BaP removal efficiency in the contaminated soil after remediation for 60 min reached 97.77%, and the pH of the remediated soil was 4.65, with a residual concentration of 0.072 mol/L of PS. Biochar increased removal rate of BaP in contaminated soil and improved the acidity, particle size distribution and toxicity of the remediated soil to a certain extent. During the oxidative remediation process, BaP completely degraded to small-molecule intermediates and ultimately mineralized to CO₂ and H₂O under the co-oxidation of \mathrm{S}{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{4}}^{·-}, ·OH and ·{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{2}}^{-} free radicals and ¹O₂, electron-transferring non-radicals.

The development of efficient catalysts is crucial for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). In this study, palladium (Pd) nanoparticles were electrodeposited on nickel foam (NF) etched with a mixed solution of manganese acetate and sodium chloride to synthesize an HER catalyst (PdMn/NF-45m) with a Pd content of 0.52%(mass). This catalyst exhibited excellent HER performance over a wide pH range, requiring over potentials of only 302, 67 and 645 mV to achieve a current density of 1000 mA/cm² in 1 mol/L KOH, 0.5 mol/L H‍₂SO‍₄, and 1 mol/L phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) electrolytes, respectively. Solution etching increases the active surface area of NF, and Mn doping reduces the hydrogen adsorption free energy of Pd. Moreover, the presence of metal hydroxides promoted the dissociation of water to adsorbed hydrogen, which then combined with the active sites on the Pd surface to generate H₂, enhancing the hydrogen evolution efficiency. At a current density of 1000 mA/cm², the catalyst demonstrated stable operation for 240 h in both 1 mol/L and 6 mol/L KOH electrolytes, 76 h in 0.5 mol/L H₂SO₄ solution, and 230 h in 1 mol/L PBS solution.

Oil-soluble viscosity reducers are considered to be promising viscosity reducers in heavy oil production and transportation due to their low energy consumption and simple operation. However, they have problems such as low viscosity reduction efficiency and unclear viscosity reduction mechanism. By employing octadecyl methacrylate, benzyl methacrylate and maleic anhydride as monomers, a terpolymer viscosity reducer SBM was synthesized through free radical polymerization. The terpolymer was characterized by FTIR, ¹H NMR, and TGA to determine the structures and properties. The viscosity reduction effect on different heavy oils at 50℃ was investigated and compared with that of two commercial viscosity reducers. Furthermore, the mechanism of viscosity reduction in heavy oil with different asphaltene was studied by molecular dynamics simulation. The research shows that the viscosity reducer has the best viscosity reduction effect on Shengli heavy oil, with an apparent viscosity reduction rate of 66.67% and a net viscosity reduction rate of 27.34%. The viscosity reduction effect of oil1 is better than oil 2. In oil 1, SBM destroys the asphaltene structure of parallel stacking by breaking π-π interaction. In oil 2, SBM break up large aggregates by breaking hydrogen bonds.

Metal oxide nanoparticles modified transformer oil frequently suffer from the phenomenon of reduced insulation performance due to poor stability. The mechanism of the effect of surface hydroxylation on the insulation performance of nano-modified transformer oil is still controversial. Nano-WO₃ modified transformer oil (WMO) was prepared by sol-gel and two-step methods. X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) revealed the hydroxylation interaction between water molecules and the surface of WO₃ NPs. Besides, the integration of differential charge density analysis and Bader charge calculations validated that this mechanism enables precise modulation of surface-localized electronic configurations, which positively impacts the insulation performance of the nanoparticle-modified transformer oil, as evidenced by the breakdown voltage of up to 68.50 kV. Additionally, the trapping of free electrons on the surface of WO₃ NPs and the formation of electric double layer (EDL) further elucidate the mechanism by which extended relaxation time optimizes the electrical properties of WMO. Thermal conductivity tests and infrared thermography analyses were uncovered phonon-mediated heat transfer phenomena between solid-phase nanoparticles within the oil, elucidating the mechanism of doped WO₃ NPs to enhance the thermal conductivity of WMO. This study confirms the impact of hydroxylation on the electronic configuration and reconstruction behavior of NPs surfaces in transformer oil at the molecular level, providing crucial support for understanding the microscopic mechanisms of nanoparticle-modified transformer oils.

The graphene aerogel (GA) anode for lithium-ion battery with a gradient porous structure was prepared with graphene oxide by freeze-drying and thermal annealing. Zinc oxide (ZnO) was doped into the porous structure of GA to obtain the anode ZnO-GA with high capacity and good stability. The results of X-ray diffractometer (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TG), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that ZnO particles were uniformly distributed in GA with pore size of 20—50 nm. In the half-cell test at 1 mA·cm^-2 and 1 mAh·cm^-2, high coulombic efficiency of 97.5% after 200 cycles was obtained. Under current density of 200 mA·g^-1, the reversible capacity after 100 cycles was 2050.1 mAh·g^-1. In the full cell of ZnO-GA@Li and LiFePO₄, the reversible capacity was 121.3 mAh·g^-1 after 1000 cycles at 1C. ZnO nanoparticles addtion could enhance the battery capacity. The GA with gradient-pore distribution could not only increase the contact area between the anode and the electrolyte, but also provide space for the volume expansion during the reaction of ZnO and lithium ions, therefore bringing higher stability and safety of battery.

With the vigorous development and widespread application of modern wireless communication technology, free space is filled with a large number of electromagnetic waves, causing serious electromagnetic radiation pollution. Developing composite materials with strong electromagnetic wave absorption ability is a common and effective strategy to solve this problem. Herein, the MoS₂/RGO/NiFe₂O₄ (MRN) composites with heterogeneous architecture were prepared by a facile two-step solvothermal method. The incorporation of MoS₂ and NiFe₂O₄ not only effectively alleviates the impedance mismatch caused by the high conductivity of RGO, but also enriched the EMW loss mechanism. The synergistic effect of improved impedance matching and rich EMW loss mechanisms enables the MRN3 composite to achieve strong minimum reflection loss (-54.13 dB) and wide effective absorption bandwidth (6.27 GHz) at a low filling ratio of 15%(mass). In addition, radar cross section simulation strongly confirms the effectiveness of the prepared MRN composites used in practical applications.

LiNi_0.6Co_0.2Mn_0.2O₂ (NCM622) is a high nickel cathode material for lithium-ion batteries. The nickel content brings higher specific capacity and certain thermal stability. However, the nickel-lithium mixing phenomenon in the charge-discharge process of the material inhibits the further increase of its specific capacity and affects the lattice stability. In order to alleviate this phenomenon to obtain higher-performance NCM622 materials, the lanthanide element Ho is doped for modification. The Ho element has high-energy d and f-layer electrons, which can significantly increase the degree of electron delocalization inside the material, inhibit nickel-lithium mixing, and improve lattice stability by reducing charge concentration. Compared with the pure phase material, Ho-doped NCM622 can achieve a discharge specific capacity of 196.82 mAh·g^-1, and still has a retention rate of 92.6% after multiple charge-discharge cycles. Finally, the specific modification mechanism of Ho doping was discussed through the change of microstructure before and after cycling and first-principles calculation, which has certain guiding significance for rare earth doping of lithium ion battery.

Based on an industrial-scale CO₂ pipeline venting experimental platform, throttling and venting experiments were conducted for both dense-phase and supercritical CO₂. Through the analysis and comparison of the experimental results, this study reveals the evolution patterns and differences in pressure, temperature, and phase state of CO₂ within the venting pipeline during the release process under different initial phase conditions. The findings provide direct data support, valuable insights, and practical recommendations for CO₂ pipeline venting operations in industrial applications. The results show that during both subcritical and supercritical CO₂ venting, the pressure at the upstream and downstream sections of the valve undergoes distinct phases: a rapid depressurization stage followed by a pressurization stage at the upstream and downstream sections, respectively. The downstream pressure then decreases as the main pipeline pressure drops. The temperature evolution at each section follows a two-stage process of cooling and heating, corresponding to the initial valve opening and the subsequent throttling phase. After the valve is fully opened, the temperature drop is more pronounced during dense-phase CO₂ venting, with the minimum temperatures inside the pipeline being -35.75℃ for dense-phase CO₂ and -28.63℃ for supercritical CO₂. This indicates that dense-phase CO₂ undergoes a greater temperature drop during venting. Furthermore, the pressure differential across the valve is greater during supercritical CO₂ venting than during dense-phase CO₂ venting, which could result in more significant valve shock. However, despite the above problems, the CO₂ in the supercritical CO₂ venting pipe can leave the gas-liquid saturation phase earlier than that in the dense-phase CO₂ venting pipe. Overall, the study provides valuable insights into the behavior of CO₂ under different phases during venting and offers practical guidance for optimizing CO₂ pipeline venting operations to enhance safety, performance, and operational efficiency.