Thermodynamic study on fluid catalytic cracking of Fischer-Tropsch wax to produce clean gasoline

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20190694

Abstract

Abstract:

Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) wax is mainly composed of long-chain paraffin without any sulfur or nitrogen and is well suited for producing clean gasoline. The contents of naphthenic and aromatic species of F-T wax are exceptionally low, a high gasoline fraction with a high-quality motor octane number and low olefin fraction is still problematic. Thus, the solution aims at enhancing isomerization and aromatization reactions in the fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) process. This paper shows that the thermodynamic analysis of the catalytic cracking reactions of F-T wax. Emphasis was given to the enthalpy change and equilibrium constant of the reaction to produce gasoline fraction at different temperatures. The results of the calculation indicate that the cracking of highly paraffinic F-T wax is endothermic （enthalpy change on reaction is about 80 kJ/mol）, and the equilibrium constant and the equilibrium conversion from reactant to products increase with increasing temperature.In the case of isomerization, the equilibrium constant of n-paraffin in isomerization is extremely lower than olefin. It s speculated that olefin cracked from n-paraffin isoforms further to i-paraffin, reasonably. Therefore, a zoned reactor can be designed to promote the conversion of olefin. The equilibrium constant of n-paraffin cyclization is low at different temperatures and then occurrence of reaction is difficult. On the other hand, the value of the equilibrium constant of aromatization of naphthenic is high, as a consequence, suitable reaction temperature is the key to increase the aromatics in gasoline further.

Key words: Fischer-Tropsch wax, FCC, enthalpy, isomerization, aromatization, fuel, alkane

摘要：

费托蜡主要由链烷烃组成，不含硫、氮等杂原子，是生产清洁汽油的优质原料。由于缺少芳烃和环烷烃，费托蜡催化裂化过程需要强化异构化、芳构化反应以实现降低汽油馏分烯烃含量、保持高辛烷值的目标。对费托蜡为原料的催化裂化反应体系进行热力学分析，重点计算了不同温度下生成汽油馏分主要烃类的反应焓变和反应平衡常数。研究结果表明，以大分子链烷烃为主的费托蜡，其裂化吸热反应焓变约为80 kJ/mol，反应平衡常数随温度的升高而增大，高温有利于一次裂化反应。对于异构化反应，主要是大分子链烷烃裂化为烯烃，再由烯烃分子转化为异构烷烃，因此对于异构化反应，可以通过优化反应器促进汽油烯烃的转化。在考察温度范围内，烯烃环化反应平衡常数随温度升高而减小，环烷烃脱氢芳构化反应平衡常数随温度升高而增大，所以适宜的反应温度是制约进一步增加汽油中芳烃的重要因素。

关键词: 费托蜡, 催化裂化, 焓, 异构化, 芳构化, 燃料, 烷烃

CLC Number:

TE 626

Jiannian HAN, Gang WANG, Mei YANG, Meijia LIU, Chengdi GAO, Jinsen GAO. Thermodynamic study on fluid catalytic cracking of Fischer-Tropsch wax to produce clean gasoline[J]. CIESC Journal, 2020, 71(S1): 38-45.

韩建年, 王刚, 杨梅, 刘美佳, 高成地, 高金森. 费托蜡催化裂化反应生产清洁汽油的热力学分析[J]. 化工学报, 2020, 71(S1): 38-45.

Figures/Tables 11

Fig.1 1H NMR spectra of F-T wax

Fig.2 Products distribution of catalytic cracking of n-triacontane

Table 1 Analysis of products of n-triacontane cracking reaction

柴油馏分	质量分数/%	汽油馏分	质量分数/%	气体组分	质量分数/%
链烷烃	57.70	正构烷烃	6.27	碳一	0.49
总环烷烃	6.20	异构烷烃	41.94	碳二	2.72
单环芳烃	17.70	烯烃	36.59	碳三	39.19
双环芳烃	17.00	环烷烃	1.36	碳四	52.18
三环芳烃	1.40	芳烃	13.84	碳五	5.42
总计	100.00	总计	100.00	总计	100.00

Fig.3 Fluid catalytic cracking of n-triacontane to produce gasoline and liquefied gas

Table 2 Enthalpy changes and Gibbs free energy of FCC products of n-triacontane as equation of temperatures

Substance	$? H f ? = a 1 + b 1 T + c 1 T 2$			$? G f ? = a 2 + b 2 T + c 2 T 2$
Substance	a₁	b₁×10³	c₁×10⁶	a₂	b₂×10³	c₂×10⁷
propane	-80.700	-90.500	42.104	-105.600	264.747	325.001
hexane	-129.110	-150.135	73.459	-170.450	554.166	503.033
octane	-160.340	-190.251	94.492	-212.690	747.742	623.610
nonane	-175.880	-210.359	105.006	-233.830	844.766	684.506
undecane	-207.110	-250.454	125.997	-276.110	1038.900	804.055
tricosane	-394.060	-491.726	252.484	-529.520	2202.780	1526.540
hentriacontane	-518.730	-625.480	336.728	-698.460	2978.630	2008.990
2-methylpentane	-137.110	-147.072	72.785	-177.680	563.031	483.129
2-methyloctane	-184.630	-204.075	101.981	-240.800	854.744	662.894
cyclohexane	-818.200	-167.055	928.304	-127.920	520.324	447.064
propylcyclohexane	-141.000	-211.840	118.098	-199.500	808.737	561.762
cyclohexylhexane	-187.020	-272.040	149.591	-262.180	1100.050	740.705
propene	37.330	-65.191	28.085	19.410	136.848	257.471
1-hexene	-9.810	-125.047	59.735	-44.220	427.345	433.515
1-nonene	-56.530	-185.489	914.790	-107.580	718.380	614.413
1-undecene	-87.790	-225.438	112.353	-149.840	912.363	735.384
1-dodecene	-103.270	-245.814	123.039	-170.910	1009.320	796.543
1-tricosene	-274.670	-466.945	238.969	-403.310	2076.680	1458.700
1-octacosene	-352.560	-567.497	291.679	-508.920	2561.790	1760.070
benzene	101.400	-72.136	32.878	81.510	152.823	265.222
propylbenzene	40.970	-130.675	63.463	4.890	429.374	440.117
hexylbenzene	-6.770	-191.050	95.123	-59.460	719.974	621.722
1-ethylnaphthalene	127.100	-120.985	61.103	93.650	431.031	383.179

Table 2 Enthalpy changes and Gibbs free energy of FCC products of n-triacontane as equation of temperatures

Substance	$? H f ? = a 1 + b 1 T + c 1 T 2$			$? G f ? = a 2 + b 2 T + c 2 T 2$
Substance	a₁	b₁×10³	c₁×10⁶	a₂	b₂×10³	c₂×10⁷
propane	-80.700	-90.500	42.104	-105.600	264.747	325.001
hexane	-129.110	-150.135	73.459	-170.450	554.166	503.033
octane	-160.340	-190.251	94.492	-212.690	747.742	623.610
nonane	-175.880	-210.359	105.006	-233.830	844.766	684.506
undecane	-207.110	-250.454	125.997	-276.110	1038.900	804.055
tricosane	-394.060	-491.726	252.484	-529.520	2202.780	1526.540
hentriacontane	-518.730	-625.480	336.728	-698.460	2978.630	2008.990
2-methylpentane	-137.110	-147.072	72.785	-177.680	563.031	483.129
2-methyloctane	-184.630	-204.075	101.981	-240.800	854.744	662.894
cyclohexane	-818.200	-167.055	928.304	-127.920	520.324	447.064
propylcyclohexane	-141.000	-211.840	118.098	-199.500	808.737	561.762
cyclohexylhexane	-187.020	-272.040	149.591	-262.180	1100.050	740.705
propene	37.330	-65.191	28.085	19.410	136.848	257.471
1-hexene	-9.810	-125.047	59.735	-44.220	427.345	433.515
1-nonene	-56.530	-185.489	914.790	-107.580	718.380	614.413
1-undecene	-87.790	-225.438	112.353	-149.840	912.363	735.384
1-dodecene	-103.270	-245.814	123.039	-170.910	1009.320	796.543
1-tricosene	-274.670	-466.945	238.969	-403.310	2076.680	1458.700
1-octacosene	-352.560	-567.497	291.679	-508.920	2561.790	1760.070
benzene	101.400	-72.136	32.878	81.510	152.823	265.222
propylbenzene	40.970	-130.675	63.463	4.890	429.374	440.117
hexylbenzene	-6.770	-191.050	95.123	-59.460	719.974	621.722
1-ethylnaphthalene	127.100	-120.985	61.103	93.650	431.031	383.179

Table 3 Enthalpy changes of cracking of F-T wax at different temperatures

Reaction	$? r H T ?$ /(kJ/mol)
Reaction	350℃	400℃	450℃	500℃	550℃
$n - C 310 → 1 - C 28 = + C 30$	80.92	80.45	79.97	79.47	78.96
$n - C 310 → 1 - C 23 = + C 80$	79.54	79.09	78.63	78.15	77.65
$n - C 23 = → 1 - C 12 = + 1 - C 11 =$	79.54	79.09	78.62	78.14	77.64
$n - C 230 → 1 - C 12 = + n - C 110$	79.51	79.06	78.59	78.10	77.60
$1 - C 12 = → 1 - C 9 = + C 3 =$	79.69	79.22	78.73	78.23	77.71
$i - C 90 → i - C 60 + C 3 =$	79.32	78.83	78.35	77.86	77.36
$c y c l o h e x y l h e x a n e → p r o p y l c y c l o h e x a n e + C 3 =$	78.92	78.45	77.96	77.45	76.93
$c y c l o h e x y l h e x a n e → c y c l o h e x a n e + 1 - C 6 =$	84.04	83.23	82.44	81.66	80.89
$h e x y l b e n z e n e → p r o p y l b e n z e n e + C 3 =$	80.68	80.21	79.72	79.21	78.68
$h e x y l b e n z e n e → b e n z e n e + 1 - C 6 =$	93.56	93.09	92.61	92.12	91.61

Table 3 Enthalpy changes of cracking of F-T wax at different temperatures

Reaction	$? r H T ?$ /(kJ/mol)
Reaction	350℃	400℃	450℃	500℃	550℃
$n - C 310 → 1 - C 28 = + C 30$	80.92	80.45	79.97	79.47	78.96
$n - C 310 → 1 - C 23 = + C 80$	79.54	79.09	78.63	78.15	77.65
$n - C 23 = → 1 - C 12 = + 1 - C 11 =$	79.54	79.09	78.62	78.14	77.64
$n - C 230 → 1 - C 12 = + n - C 110$	79.51	79.06	78.59	78.10	77.60
$1 - C 12 = → 1 - C 9 = + C 3 =$	79.69	79.22	78.73	78.23	77.71
$i - C 90 → i - C 60 + C 3 =$	79.32	78.83	78.35	77.86	77.36
$c y c l o h e x y l h e x a n e → p r o p y l c y c l o h e x a n e + C 3 =$	78.92	78.45	77.96	77.45	76.93
$c y c l o h e x y l h e x a n e → c y c l o h e x a n e + 1 - C 6 =$	84.04	83.23	82.44	81.66	80.89
$h e x y l b e n z e n e → p r o p y l b e n z e n e + C 3 =$	80.68	80.21	79.72	79.21	78.68
$h e x y l b e n z e n e → b e n z e n e + 1 - C 6 =$	93.56	93.09	92.61	92.12	91.61

Table 4 Equilibrium constants of cracking of F-T wax at different temperatures

Reaction	$K p ?$
Reaction	350℃	400℃	450℃	500℃	550℃
$n - C 310 → 1 - C 28 = + C 30$	4.51	14.39	38.88	91.68	193.87
$n - C 310 → 1 - C 23 = + C 80$	7.94	24.80	65.88	153.10	319.66
$n - C 23 = → 1 - C 12 = + 1 - C 11 =$	8.65	27.04	71.76	166.91	348.49
$n - C 230 → 1 - C 12 = + n - C 110$	8.25	25.76	68.29	158.64	330.87
$1 - C 12 = → 1 - C 9 = + C 3 =$	7.38	23.10	61.37	142.81	298.30
$i - C 90 → i - C 60 + C 3 =$	8.29	25.82	68.32	158.41	329.75
$c y c l o h e x y l h e x a n e → p r o p y l c y c l o h e x a n e + C 3 =$	8.55	26.45	69.56	160.44	332.42
$c y c l o h e x y l h e x a n e → c y c l o h e x a n e + 1 - C 6 =$	0.91	3.03	8.46	20.49	44.11
$h e x y l b e n z e n e → p r o p y l b e n z e n e + C 3 =$	5.80	18.40	49.49	116.41	245.42
$h e x y l b e n z e n e → b e n z e n e + 1 - C 6 =$	0.09	0.33	1.06	2.85	6.79

Table 4 Equilibrium constants of cracking of F-T wax at different temperatures

Reaction	$K p ?$
Reaction	350℃	400℃	450℃	500℃	550℃
$n - C 310 → 1 - C 28 = + C 30$	4.51	14.39	38.88	91.68	193.87
$n - C 310 → 1 - C 23 = + C 80$	7.94	24.80	65.88	153.10	319.66
$n - C 23 = → 1 - C 12 = + 1 - C 11 =$	8.65	27.04	71.76	166.91	348.49
$n - C 230 → 1 - C 12 = + n - C 110$	8.25	25.76	68.29	158.64	330.87
$1 - C 12 = → 1 - C 9 = + C 3 =$	7.38	23.10	61.37	142.81	298.30
$i - C 90 → i - C 60 + C 3 =$	8.29	25.82	68.32	158.41	329.75
$c y c l o h e x y l h e x a n e → p r o p y l c y c l o h e x a n e + C 3 =$	8.55	26.45	69.56	160.44	332.42
$c y c l o h e x y l h e x a n e → c y c l o h e x a n e + 1 - C 6 =$	0.91	3.03	8.46	20.49	44.11
$h e x y l b e n z e n e → p r o p y l b e n z e n e + C 3 =$	5.80	18.40	49.49	116.41	245.42
$h e x y l b e n z e n e → b e n z e n e + 1 - C 6 =$	0.09	0.33	1.06	2.85	6.79

Table 5 Enthalpy changes of producing to C6i-paraffins at different temperatures

Reaction	$? r H T ?$ /(kJ/mol)
Reaction	350℃	400℃	450℃	500℃	550℃
$i - C 90 → i - C 60 + C 3 =$	79.32	78.83	78.35	77.86	77.36
$n - C 60 → i - C 60$	-6.35	-6.24	-6.14	-6.03	-5.94
$1 - C 6 = → i - C 60$	-135.96	-136.21	-136.40	-136.53	-136.59
$c y c l o h e x a n e → i - C 60$	-50.62	-50.92	-51.32	-51.82	-52.42

Table 5 Enthalpy changes of producing to C6i-paraffins at different temperatures

Reaction	$? r H T ?$ /(kJ/mol)
Reaction	350℃	400℃	450℃	500℃	550℃
$i - C 90 → i - C 60 + C 3 =$	79.32	78.83	78.35	77.86	77.36
$n - C 60 → i - C 60$	-6.35	-6.24	-6.14	-6.03	-5.94
$1 - C 6 = → i - C 60$	-135.96	-136.21	-136.40	-136.53	-136.59
$c y c l o h e x a n e → i - C 60$	-50.62	-50.92	-51.32	-51.82	-52.42

Table 6 Equilibrium constants of producing to C6i-paraffins at different temperatures

Reaction	$K p ?$
Reaction	350℃	400℃	450℃	500℃	550℃
$i - C 90 → i - C 60 + C 3 =$	8.29	25.82	68.32	158.41	329.75
$n - C 60 → i - C 60$	1.61	1.47	1.36	1.28	1.21
$1 - C 6 = → i - C 60$	8674.19	1242.48	231.88	53.56	14.73
$c y c l o h e x a n e → i - C 60$	66.52	31.89	16.88	9.67	5.91

Table 6 Equilibrium constants of producing to C6i-paraffins at different temperatures

Reaction	$K p ?$
Reaction	350℃	400℃	450℃	500℃	550℃
$i - C 90 → i - C 60 + C 3 =$	8.29	25.82	68.32	158.41	329.75
$n - C 60 → i - C 60$	1.61	1.47	1.36	1.28	1.21
$1 - C 6 = → i - C 60$	8674.19	1242.48	231.88	53.56	14.73
$c y c l o h e x a n e → i - C 60$	66.52	31.89	16.88	9.67	5.91

Table 7 Enthalpy changes of cyclization and aromatization at different temperatures

Reaction	$? r H T ?$ /(kJ/mol)
Reaction	350℃	400℃	450℃	500℃	550℃
$1 - C 9 = → p r o p y l c y c l o h e x a n e$	-90.55	-90.15	-89.61	-88.93	-88.12
$n - C 90 → p r o p y l c y c l o h e x a n e$	39.04	39.82	40.66	41.56	42.53
$i - C 90 → p r o p y l c y c l o h e x a n e$	45.05	45.71	46.44	47.26	48.16
$p r o p y l c y c l o h e x a n e → p r o p y l b e n z e n e$	211.33	211.85	212.09	212.06	211.76
$h e x y l b e n z e n e → p r o p y l b e n z e n e + C 3 =$	80.68	80.21	79.72	79.21	78.68
$h e x y l b e n z e n e → e t h y l n a p h t h a l e n e$	164.32	165.62	166.74	167.70	168.49

Table 7 Enthalpy changes of cyclization and aromatization at different temperatures

Reaction	$? r H T ?$ /(kJ/mol)
Reaction	350℃	400℃	450℃	500℃	550℃
$1 - C 9 = → p r o p y l c y c l o h e x a n e$	-90.55	-90.15	-89.61	-88.93	-88.12
$n - C 90 → p r o p y l c y c l o h e x a n e$	39.04	39.82	40.66	41.56	42.53
$i - C 90 → p r o p y l c y c l o h e x a n e$	45.05	45.71	46.44	47.26	48.16
$p r o p y l c y c l o h e x a n e → p r o p y l b e n z e n e$	211.33	211.85	212.09	212.06	211.76
$h e x y l b e n z e n e → p r o p y l b e n z e n e + C 3 =$	80.68	80.21	79.72	79.21	78.68
$h e x y l b e n z e n e → e t h y l n a p h t h a l e n e$	164.32	165.62	166.74	167.70	168.49

Table 8 Equilibrium constants of cyclization and aromatization at different temperatures

Reaction	$K p ?$
Reaction	350℃	400℃	450℃	500℃	550℃
$1 - C 9 = → p r o p y l c y c l o h e x a n e$	1434.79	396.46	131.45	50.48	21.86
$n - C 90 → p r o p y l c y c l o h e x a n e$	0.25	0.45	0.73	1.14	1.70
$i - C 90 → p r o p y l c y c l o h e x a n e$	0.19	0.36	0.63	1.05	1.65
$p r o p y l c y c l o h e x a n e → p r o p y l b e n z e n e$	1.20×10³	2.42×10⁴	3.25×10⁵	3.15×10⁶	2.34×10⁷
$h e x y l b e n z e n e → p r o p y l b e n z e n e + C 3 =$	5.80	18.40	49.49	116.41	245.42
$h e x y l b e n z e n e → e t h y l n a p h t h a l e n e$	1.08×10³	1.12×10⁴	8.55×10⁴	5.13×10⁵	2.52×10⁶

Table 8 Equilibrium constants of cyclization and aromatization at different temperatures

Reaction	$K p ?$
Reaction	350℃	400℃	450℃	500℃	550℃
$1 - C 9 = → p r o p y l c y c l o h e x a n e$	1434.79	396.46	131.45	50.48	21.86
$n - C 90 → p r o p y l c y c l o h e x a n e$	0.25	0.45	0.73	1.14	1.70
$i - C 90 → p r o p y l c y c l o h e x a n e$	0.19	0.36	0.63	1.05	1.65
$p r o p y l c y c l o h e x a n e → p r o p y l b e n z e n e$	1.20×10³	2.42×10⁴	3.25×10⁵	3.15×10⁶	2.34×10⁷
$h e x y l b e n z e n e → p r o p y l b e n z e n e + C 3 =$	5.80	18.40	49.49	116.41	245.42
$h e x y l b e n z e n e → e t h y l n a p h t h a l e n e$	1.08×10³	1.12×10⁴	8.55×10⁴	5.13×10⁵	2.52×10⁶

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