CIESC Journal ›› 2020, Vol. 71 ›› Issue (11): 4885-4902.DOI: 10.11949/0438-1157.20200305
• Celebration Column for School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University • Previous Articles Next Articles
Jiao DU(
),Zhi WANG(),Xu LI,Jixiao WANG
Received:2020-03-23
Revised:2020-06-24
Online:2020-11-05
Published:2020-11-05
Contact:
Zhi WANG
杜娇(),王志(),李旭,王纪孝
通讯作者:
王志
作者简介:杜娇(1995—)，女，硕士研究生，基金资助:CLC Number:
Jiao DU,Zhi WANG,Xu LI,Jixiao WANG. Optimization of polyamide selective layer for preparation of high permselectivity reverse osmosis membranes[J]. CIESC Journal, 2020, 71(11): 4885-4902.
杜娇,王志,李旭,王纪孝. 优化聚酰胺分离层制备高选择透过性反渗透膜[J]. 化工学报, 2020, 71(11): 4885-4902.
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Fig.1 The number of papers on reverse osmosis membranes published from 2000 to 2019
| 添加剂的类型 | 优点 | 缺点 | 具体的物质 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 共溶剂 | 增大两相单体的混溶性，促进水相单体在有机相中的扩散，增加反应区单体的浓度，加快自抑制作用的发生，形成薄的分离层，提高膜的通量 | 反应太剧烈，导致形成的分离层的粗糙度增加，混溶性增加，导致酰氯水解，膜交联程度降低，对盐的截留率降低。部分共溶剂与基膜接触时，可能会影响基膜的形态和结构 | 木糖醇[ |
| 表面活性剂 | 降低水相溶液界面张力，使其铺展均匀，增加水相溶液在基膜上的存量，生成完整致密分离层。会在膜表面形成半胶束，使膜表面的电荷性更负，提高负电荷离子的截留率 | 对膜性能的提升幅度有限，需要精确控制表面活性剂浓度，超过其临界胶束浓度会降低膜选择性能 | 十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)[ |
| 质子接收剂 | 吸收反应过程中产生的副产物盐酸，促进反应进行，使两相单体的反应更加完全 | 添加过量质子接收剂会促进TMC上的酰氯基团水解，导致分离层的交联度差，盐截留率降低 | NaHCO3[ |
| 亲水性物质 | 增加膜的亲水性，提高膜的透过性能与抗污染性能 | 一些亲水性物质上含有可与单体反应的基团，会破坏两相单体的反应和膜结构，形成有缺陷的分离层，降低盐的截留率 | CaCl2[ |
Table 1 Types and advantages and disadvantages of commonly used additives in RO membranes
| 添加剂的类型 | 优点 | 缺点 | 具体的物质 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 共溶剂 | 增大两相单体的混溶性，促进水相单体在有机相中的扩散，增加反应区单体的浓度，加快自抑制作用的发生，形成薄的分离层，提高膜的通量 | 反应太剧烈，导致形成的分离层的粗糙度增加，混溶性增加，导致酰氯水解，膜交联程度降低，对盐的截留率降低。部分共溶剂与基膜接触时，可能会影响基膜的形态和结构 | 木糖醇[ |
| 表面活性剂 | 降低水相溶液界面张力，使其铺展均匀，增加水相溶液在基膜上的存量，生成完整致密分离层。会在膜表面形成半胶束，使膜表面的电荷性更负，提高负电荷离子的截留率 | 对膜性能的提升幅度有限，需要精确控制表面活性剂浓度，超过其临界胶束浓度会降低膜选择性能 | 十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)[ |
| 质子接收剂 | 吸收反应过程中产生的副产物盐酸，促进反应进行，使两相单体的反应更加完全 | 添加过量质子接收剂会促进TMC上的酰氯基团水解，导致分离层的交联度差，盐截留率降低 | NaHCO3[ |
| 亲水性物质 | 增加膜的亲水性，提高膜的透过性能与抗污染性能 | 一些亲水性物质上含有可与单体反应的基团，会破坏两相单体的反应和膜结构，形成有缺陷的分离层，降低盐的截留率 | CaCl2[ |
| 添加剂的类型 | 具体的材料 | 测试条件 | 通量/(L·?m-2·h-1) | NaCl 截留率/% | 文献 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 碳基纳米材料 | 氧化石墨烯 | 15 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 17.04 | ≥97 | [ |
| 氧化多壁碳纳米管 | 15 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 28.9 | ≥96 | [ | |
| 氧化石墨烯纳米片 | 20.7 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 47.61 | 97 | [ | |
| 还原性氧化石墨烯 | 15 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 51 | 99.5 | [ | |
| 氮掺杂的氧化石墨烯量子点 | 15 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 24.9 | 93 | [ | |
| 纳米碳点 | 15.5 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 87.1 | 98.8 | [ | |
| 碳纳米管 | 7 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 6.0 | 96 | [ | |
| 多壁碳纳米管 | 15 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 16.95 | >96 | [ | |
| 两性离子官能化的碳纳米管 | 24.1 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 34.7 | 98.3 | [ | |
| 水通道蛋白 | AQPZ-DOPC | 5 bar,0.5 g/L NaCl | 40 | 97.5 | [ |
| AQPZ-DOPC | 10 bar,1 g/L NaCl | 4.1 | 97.2 | [ | |
| AQPZ-DOPC/DOTAP | 4 bar,0.5 g/L NaCl | 5.5 | 75 | [ | |
| MOF | ZIF-8 | 15 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 25.5 | 99.4 | [ |
| MIL-101(Cr) | 10 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 32 | 99 | [ | |
| 沸石 | NaY | 15.5 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 42.72 | 98.8 | [ |
| 等离子处理的天然沸石 | 15 bar,16 g/L NaCl | 39 | 97.12 | [ | |
| NaA沸石 | 13.9 bar,0.37 g/L NaCl | 53 | 97.9 | [ | |
| LTL | 10.2 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 80.2 | 93,7 | [ | |
| 金属及其氧化物 | ZnO-NH2 | 20.7 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 31.42 | 96.3 | [ |
| CuO | 20.7 bar,1 g/L NaCl | 45.2 | 97.4 | [ | |
| TiO2 | 15 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 24.3 | >97 | [ | |
| ZnO/Al | 15.5 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 32 | 96-98 | [ | |
| 其他 | 纤维素纳米晶体 | 17 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 11.44 | 97.8 | [ |
| SiO2纳米颗粒 | 10 bar,2g/L NaCl | 60 | 96.5 | [ | |
| SiO2纳米颗粒 | 15 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 20 | 87 | [ | |
| 埃洛石纳米管 | 20 bar,3 g/L NaCl | 49.6 | 99.1 | [ | |
| NH2-TNTs | 15 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 57.9 | 96.53 | [ | |
| MCM-48 NPs | 16 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 23.04 | 95 | [ | |
| POSS | 15.5 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 20 | 98 | [ | |
| 蒙脱石 | 16 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 51.7 | 99 | [ | |
| 层状氢氧化物 | 16 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 41.7 | 99.3 | [ | |
| 聚合物囊泡 | 35 bar,32 g/L NaCl | 20 | 98.9 | [ | |
| 硅纳米颗粒 | 44 bar,11g/L NaCl | 49 | 95 | [ | |
| 两性胶体纳米颗粒 | 15 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 37.3 | >96.5 | [ |
Table 2 Common nanomaterials in reverse osmosis membranes and performance of the TFN RO membranes
| 添加剂的类型 | 具体的材料 | 测试条件 | 通量/(L·?m-2·h-1) | NaCl 截留率/% | 文献 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 碳基纳米材料 | 氧化石墨烯 | 15 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 17.04 | ≥97 | [ |
| 氧化多壁碳纳米管 | 15 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 28.9 | ≥96 | [ | |
| 氧化石墨烯纳米片 | 20.7 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 47.61 | 97 | [ | |
| 还原性氧化石墨烯 | 15 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 51 | 99.5 | [ | |
| 氮掺杂的氧化石墨烯量子点 | 15 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 24.9 | 93 | [ | |
| 纳米碳点 | 15.5 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 87.1 | 98.8 | [ | |
| 碳纳米管 | 7 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 6.0 | 96 | [ | |
| 多壁碳纳米管 | 15 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 16.95 | >96 | [ | |
| 两性离子官能化的碳纳米管 | 24.1 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 34.7 | 98.3 | [ | |
| 水通道蛋白 | AQPZ-DOPC | 5 bar,0.5 g/L NaCl | 40 | 97.5 | [ |
| AQPZ-DOPC | 10 bar,1 g/L NaCl | 4.1 | 97.2 | [ | |
| AQPZ-DOPC/DOTAP | 4 bar,0.5 g/L NaCl | 5.5 | 75 | [ | |
| MOF | ZIF-8 | 15 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 25.5 | 99.4 | [ |
| MIL-101(Cr) | 10 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 32 | 99 | [ | |
| 沸石 | NaY | 15.5 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 42.72 | 98.8 | [ |
| 等离子处理的天然沸石 | 15 bar,16 g/L NaCl | 39 | 97.12 | [ | |
| NaA沸石 | 13.9 bar,0.37 g/L NaCl | 53 | 97.9 | [ | |
| LTL | 10.2 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 80.2 | 93,7 | [ | |
| 金属及其氧化物 | ZnO-NH2 | 20.7 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 31.42 | 96.3 | [ |
| CuO | 20.7 bar,1 g/L NaCl | 45.2 | 97.4 | [ | |
| TiO2 | 15 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 24.3 | >97 | [ | |
| ZnO/Al | 15.5 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 32 | 96-98 | [ | |
| 其他 | 纤维素纳米晶体 | 17 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 11.44 | 97.8 | [ |
| SiO2纳米颗粒 | 10 bar,2g/L NaCl | 60 | 96.5 | [ | |
| SiO2纳米颗粒 | 15 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 20 | 87 | [ | |
| 埃洛石纳米管 | 20 bar,3 g/L NaCl | 49.6 | 99.1 | [ | |
| NH2-TNTs | 15 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 57.9 | 96.53 | [ | |
| MCM-48 NPs | 16 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 23.04 | 95 | [ | |
| POSS | 15.5 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 20 | 98 | [ | |
| 蒙脱石 | 16 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 51.7 | 99 | [ | |
| 层状氢氧化物 | 16 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 41.7 | 99.3 | [ | |
| 聚合物囊泡 | 35 bar,32 g/L NaCl | 20 | 98.9 | [ | |
| 硅纳米颗粒 | 44 bar,11g/L NaCl | 49 | 95 | [ | |
| 两性胶体纳米颗粒 | 15 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 37.3 | >96.5 | [ |
| 水相单体 | 油相单体 | 测试条件 | 通量/(L·?m-2· h-1) | NaCl截留率/% | 文献 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MPD | TMC | 15.5 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 16~85 | 92~99.6 | [ |
| 55.5 bar,32.8 g/L NaCl | 15~65 | 95~99.8 | [ | ||
| EDBSA | TMC | 12 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 8.5 | 96.8 | [ |
| EDADMBSA | TMC | 15.5 bar,1 g/L NaCl | 29.45 | 96 | [ |
| DAT | TMC | 35 bar,35 g/L NaCl | 9.3 | 98.3 | [ |
| 18 bar,1 g/L NaCl | 11.4 | 99.54 | [ | ||
| MPD | TMDMA | 10 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 63 | 67 | [ |
| MpMPD | TMC | 15 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 24.75 | 97.8 | [ |
| MPD | IPC | 55.5 bar,32.8g/L NaCl | 43.7 | 99.7 | [ |
| MPD | BTEC | 55.5 bar,32.8 g/L NaCl | 43.7 | 99.7 | [ |
| MPD | BTEC | 15.5 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 79 | 99.1 | [ |
| MPD | BCPP | 15.5 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 79 | 99.1 | [ |
| PMABSA | TMC | 15.5 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 18.29 | 98.2 | [ |
| AEPPS | TMC | 15.5 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 54.5 | 98 | [ |
| PPD | TMC | 15.5 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 24 | 91 | [ |
Table 3 Different monomers and performance of reverse osmosis membranes prepared with the monomers
| 水相单体 | 油相单体 | 测试条件 | 通量/(L·?m-2· h-1) | NaCl截留率/% | 文献 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MPD | TMC | 15.5 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 16~85 | 92~99.6 | [ |
| 55.5 bar,32.8 g/L NaCl | 15~65 | 95~99.8 | [ | ||
| EDBSA | TMC | 12 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 8.5 | 96.8 | [ |
| EDADMBSA | TMC | 15.5 bar,1 g/L NaCl | 29.45 | 96 | [ |
| DAT | TMC | 35 bar,35 g/L NaCl | 9.3 | 98.3 | [ |
| 18 bar,1 g/L NaCl | 11.4 | 99.54 | [ | ||
| MPD | TMDMA | 10 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 63 | 67 | [ |
| MpMPD | TMC | 15 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 24.75 | 97.8 | [ |
| MPD | IPC | 55.5 bar,32.8g/L NaCl | 43.7 | 99.7 | [ |
| MPD | BTEC | 55.5 bar,32.8 g/L NaCl | 43.7 | 99.7 | [ |
| MPD | BTEC | 15.5 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 79 | 99.1 | [ |
| MPD | BCPP | 15.5 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 79 | 99.1 | [ |
| PMABSA | TMC | 15.5 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 18.29 | 98.2 | [ |
| AEPPS | TMC | 15.5 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 54.5 | 98 | [ |
| PPD | TMC | 15.5 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 24 | 91 | [ |
| 改性方法 | 目的 | 常用的改性剂 | 基膜的变化 | 测试条件及制备反渗透膜的性能 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 添加剂 | 添加剂能分散或者溶解在铸膜液中，并能与聚合物分子或者溶剂相互作用，从而影响形成基膜的孔结构、孔隙率及亲疏水性 | PVP[ | 基膜的孔径、孔隙率和交联程度降低 | 55.2 bar,3.2 g/L NaCl; 30 L·?m-2·h-1,99% |
| TA[ | 增加基膜的孔隙率和孔密度，提高基膜的亲水性 | 15.5 bar,2 g/L NaCl; 50 L·?m-2·h-1,99.24% | ||
| CNT[ | 基膜的孔隙率、孔径和亲水性增加，膜表面的电负性更强 | 20 bar,2 g/L NaCl; 24 L·?m-2·h-1,96.1% | ||
| GO[ | 提高了基膜的机械强度，降低了膜面的负电荷性，减小了孔隙率，增加了表面积 | 15.5 bar,2 g/L NaCl; 84 L·?m-2·h-1,98.2% | ||
| MOF-HKUST-1 [Cu3(BCT2)][ | 增加了基膜的亲水性、孔数及孔隙率 | 17.2 bar,2 g/L NaCl; 47 L·?m-2·h-1,96% | ||
| 表面改性 | 包括涂覆、等离子处理、紫外接枝等；表面改性可以改变基膜表面的孔结构、孔数、化学性质及机械强度等，同时不会破坏基膜内部的结构 | PEI/PAA[ | 减小基膜的孔径、孔隙率，增强基膜表面的电负性。 | 15.5 bar,2 g/L NaCl; 8.6~24 L·?m-2·h-1,98.2%~99.4% |
| 氧等离子处理[ | 增加基膜表面的亲水性，处理时间过长会破坏基膜的孔结构 | 15.5 bar,2 g/L NaCl; 27~28 L·?m-2·h-1, ≥99% | ||
| NaOH水解(聚丙烯腈基膜)[ | 基膜表面的亲水性增加，电负性增强 | 15.5 bar,2 g/L NaCl; 13~32 L·?m-2·h-1,99%~99.5% | ||
| 选择性去除 | 在铸膜液中引入纳米颗粒或者聚合物，成膜之后，通过溶解等方式选择性地去除，从而改变基膜的孔径、孔数及孔隙率等 | SiO2[ | 基膜的孔隙率和孔密度增加 | 15.5 bar,2 g/L NaCl; 55 L·?m-2·h-1,91% |
| 选择性溶胀 | 将基膜浸入选择性溶剂中，选择的溶剂与基膜上的聚合物分子有较强的亲和性，使得聚合物链段溶胀；干燥或进行其他处理时，溶剂挥发，聚合物链段收缩成孔，从而改变基膜的孔径、孔数及孔隙率 | DMAc[ | 基膜的孔数和孔隙率增加 | 15.5 bar,2 g/L NaCl; 66 L·?m-2·h-1,99.38% |
Table 4 Different support modification methods and performance of reverse osmosis membranes prepared with the modified supports
| 改性方法 | 目的 | 常用的改性剂 | 基膜的变化 | 测试条件及制备反渗透膜的性能 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 添加剂 | 添加剂能分散或者溶解在铸膜液中，并能与聚合物分子或者溶剂相互作用，从而影响形成基膜的孔结构、孔隙率及亲疏水性 | PVP[ | 基膜的孔径、孔隙率和交联程度降低 | 55.2 bar,3.2 g/L NaCl; 30 L·?m-2·h-1,99% |
| TA[ | 增加基膜的孔隙率和孔密度，提高基膜的亲水性 | 15.5 bar,2 g/L NaCl; 50 L·?m-2·h-1,99.24% | ||
| CNT[ | 基膜的孔隙率、孔径和亲水性增加，膜表面的电负性更强 | 20 bar,2 g/L NaCl; 24 L·?m-2·h-1,96.1% | ||
| GO[ | 提高了基膜的机械强度，降低了膜面的负电荷性，减小了孔隙率，增加了表面积 | 15.5 bar,2 g/L NaCl; 84 L·?m-2·h-1,98.2% | ||
| MOF-HKUST-1 [Cu3(BCT2)][ | 增加了基膜的亲水性、孔数及孔隙率 | 17.2 bar,2 g/L NaCl; 47 L·?m-2·h-1,96% | ||
| 表面改性 | 包括涂覆、等离子处理、紫外接枝等；表面改性可以改变基膜表面的孔结构、孔数、化学性质及机械强度等，同时不会破坏基膜内部的结构 | PEI/PAA[ | 减小基膜的孔径、孔隙率，增强基膜表面的电负性。 | 15.5 bar,2 g/L NaCl; 8.6~24 L·?m-2·h-1,98.2%~99.4% |
| 氧等离子处理[ | 增加基膜表面的亲水性，处理时间过长会破坏基膜的孔结构 | 15.5 bar,2 g/L NaCl; 27~28 L·?m-2·h-1, ≥99% | ||
| NaOH水解(聚丙烯腈基膜)[ | 基膜表面的亲水性增加，电负性增强 | 15.5 bar,2 g/L NaCl; 13~32 L·?m-2·h-1,99%~99.5% | ||
| 选择性去除 | 在铸膜液中引入纳米颗粒或者聚合物，成膜之后，通过溶解等方式选择性地去除，从而改变基膜的孔径、孔数及孔隙率等 | SiO2[ | 基膜的孔隙率和孔密度增加 | 15.5 bar,2 g/L NaCl; 55 L·?m-2·h-1,91% |
| 选择性溶胀 | 将基膜浸入选择性溶剂中，选择的溶剂与基膜上的聚合物分子有较强的亲和性，使得聚合物链段溶胀；干燥或进行其他处理时，溶剂挥发，聚合物链段收缩成孔，从而改变基膜的孔径、孔数及孔隙率 | DMAc[ | 基膜的孔数和孔隙率增加 | 15.5 bar,2 g/L NaCl; 66 L·?m-2·h-1,99.38% |
| 基膜类型 | 基膜的特点 | RO膜测试条件 | 纯水通量/(L·?m-2·h-1) | NaCl截留率/% | 文献 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 聚砜(PSF) | 具有较好的机械强度和热稳定性，较宽的pH操作范围；但孔径相对较小、孔隙率较低，耐溶剂、耐酸及耐氯的能力较弱 | 15.5 bar,2 g/L NaCl; | 16~85 | 92~99.6 | [21,40, 98-101] |
| 55.5 bar,32.8 g/L NaCl | 15~65 | 95~99.8 | [ | ||
聚醚砜(PES) | 高机械强度、高结构极性和柔韧性，耐高温，良好的环境耐受性; 耐溶剂、耐酸及耐氯的能力较弱 | 20 bar,2 g/L NaCl; | 24.2 | 96.1 | [ |
| 16 bar,2 g/L NaCl; | 19.68 | 96 | [ | ||
| 聚丙烯腈(PAN) | 优异耐溶剂性以及高亲水性 | 15.5 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 20~32 | 95.7~99.4 | [ |
| 聚乙烯(PE) | 孔径分布较均匀，表面孔隙率高，高机械强度和化学稳定性；表面疏水 | 15.5 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 27~28 | >99 | [ |
| 聚四氟乙烯(PTFE) | 较好的化学稳定性、热稳定性和较高的机械强度，膜表面较亲水 | 20 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 29.8 | 95.3 | [ |
| 聚酰亚胺(XP84) | 易制备，良好的热稳定性和耐溶剂性；易被氯化降解 | 20 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 6.4 | 97.9 | [ |
| 聚醚酰亚胺(XPEI) | 耐高温及较好的结构稳定性、化学稳定性，强度和刚性也较好 | 20 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 11 | 94.6 | [ |
| 聚氯乙烯(PVC) | 刚性较好，价格低廉，优异力学性能以及良好的热稳定性，耐有机溶剂；表面疏水 | 55 bar,32 g/L NaCl | >27 | <99 | [ |
| 聚偏二氟乙烯(PVDF) | 较好的化学、热和机械稳定性及耐腐蚀性；表面疏水 | 8 bar,1 g/L NaCl | 16.48 | >94 | [ |
Table 5 Different supports and performance of reverse osmosis membranes prepared with the supports
| 基膜类型 | 基膜的特点 | RO膜测试条件 | 纯水通量/(L·?m-2·h-1) | NaCl截留率/% | 文献 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 聚砜(PSF) | 具有较好的机械强度和热稳定性，较宽的pH操作范围；但孔径相对较小、孔隙率较低，耐溶剂、耐酸及耐氯的能力较弱 | 15.5 bar,2 g/L NaCl; | 16~85 | 92~99.6 | [21,40, 98-101] |
| 55.5 bar,32.8 g/L NaCl | 15~65 | 95~99.8 | [ | ||
聚醚砜(PES) | 高机械强度、高结构极性和柔韧性，耐高温，良好的环境耐受性; 耐溶剂、耐酸及耐氯的能力较弱 | 20 bar,2 g/L NaCl; | 24.2 | 96.1 | [ |
| 16 bar,2 g/L NaCl; | 19.68 | 96 | [ | ||
| 聚丙烯腈(PAN) | 优异耐溶剂性以及高亲水性 | 15.5 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 20~32 | 95.7~99.4 | [ |
| 聚乙烯(PE) | 孔径分布较均匀，表面孔隙率高，高机械强度和化学稳定性；表面疏水 | 15.5 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 27~28 | >99 | [ |
| 聚四氟乙烯(PTFE) | 较好的化学稳定性、热稳定性和较高的机械强度，膜表面较亲水 | 20 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 29.8 | 95.3 | [ |
| 聚酰亚胺(XP84) | 易制备，良好的热稳定性和耐溶剂性；易被氯化降解 | 20 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 6.4 | 97.9 | [ |
| 聚醚酰亚胺(XPEI) | 耐高温及较好的结构稳定性、化学稳定性，强度和刚性也较好 | 20 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 11 | 94.6 | [ |
| 聚氯乙烯(PVC) | 刚性较好，价格低廉，优异力学性能以及良好的热稳定性，耐有机溶剂；表面疏水 | 55 bar,32 g/L NaCl | >27 | <99 | [ |
| 聚偏二氟乙烯(PVDF) | 较好的化学、热和机械稳定性及耐腐蚀性；表面疏水 | 8 bar,1 g/L NaCl | 16.48 | >94 | [ |
Fig.2 The fabrication process of RO membrane via electrospray[154]
Fig.3 The fabrication process of RO membrane via support-free interfacial polymerization[155]
Fig.4 The fabrication of RO membrane via dual-layer slot coating[122]
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